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Electrical System Design

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Electrical System Design

Designers follow a process in developing their vision for their projects. Electrical engineers start the process of designing electrical systems by estimating the total building electrical power load. Then they plan the space is required for electrical equipment such as transformer rooms conduit chases and electrical closets the amount of energy that a building as permitted to consume is governed by building codes. A building energy consumption analysis determines whether the building design will meet the target electrical energy budget. If not the engineer must modify the electrical loads and reconsider the projected system criteria. The engineer will incorporate energy conservation devices and techniques and draw up energy use guidelines to be applied when the building is occupied. These techniques depend on the day-to-day voluntary actions of the building`s occupants which are hard to determine during the planning phase.

Once the electrical load is estimated the engineer and utility determine the point at which the electrical service will enter building and the meter location.

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They also will decide on the type of service run service voltage and the building utility voltage with the client the engineer looks at how all areas of the building will be used and the type and rating of the client`s equipment including specific electrical ratings and service connection requirements. The electrical engineer gets the electrical rating of all of the equipment from the HVAC plumbing elevator interior design and kitchen consultants. This communication often takes place at conferences during which the electrical consultant makes recommendations to the other specialists regarding the comparative costs and characteristics of equipment options.

The electrical engineers is responsible to determine the location and estimated size of all required electrical equipment spaces including switchboard room`s emergency equipment spaces and electrical closets. Panel boards are usually located in closets but may be in corridor walls or other locations. The architects reserve spaces for electrical equipment.

Next all lighting electrical devices and power equipment is circuited to appropriate panels. The engineer will detail of circuits needed to carry the electrical load the types and sizes of electrical cables and materials and electrical equipment and their placement throughout the building. Panel loads are computed that show how much power is circuited through that panel. The engineer prepares riser diagrams that show how wiring is run vertically and designs the panels switchboards and service equipment. After computing the wiring sizes and protective equipment ratings the engineer checks the work then the engineer coordinates the electrical design with the other consultants and the architectural plans and continues to make changes as needed.

Interior designers are also responsible for showing electrical system information on their drawings. The electrical engineer uses the interior design drawings to help design the electrical system. In new buildings the location and size of equipment rooms including switching rooms and electrical closets should be coordinated with the electrical engineer. The interior designer should be familiar with the location and size of the electrical panels and with building system that affect the type of wiring used such as plenum mechanical systems must know the location of existing or planned outlets switches dedicated outlets and ground fault circuit interrupters must coordinate lighting fixtures appliances equipment and emergency electrical systems with the interior design. May need to coordinate the location of equipment rooms, should be aware of the presence of an uninterrupted power supply or standby power supply.

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Frequency Matters

The interior designer does not usually need to be completely familiar with Electrical Code requirements but there are several areas that may affect interior design work. Building code set limits on the total amount of energy used by the building including equipment and lighting. The NEC is also known as NFPA 70 it is revised every three years. The NEC sets the minimum standards for all electrical designs for construction. Interior designers rarely use the NEC because it is responsibility of the electrical engineer to design the electrical system. On smaller projects a licensed electrical contractor will know the codes however since interior designers typically specify the location of electrical outlets and fixtures they need to know basic code requirements for example the NEC includes restrictions on the proximity of electrical components and plumbing. Standards for electrical and communications systems are set by the following American National Standards Institute, National Electrical Manufacturers Association underwriters laboratories. The Americans with Disabilities Act specifies mounting heights for outlets and fixtures in handicapped accessible spaces.

Frequency Matters

-Welcome to Frequency Matters! We are from microwave update series on Pat Hindu. I'm here with my co-host Gary Lee Ruud. This episode we're going to continue our coverage of the October passive and control components issue. As a reminder the cover story was written by SoyTech. It talks about their new piezo on insulator engineered substrates for 5G front end filters and it's really a unique that it can now be put the soft filters right on the integrated circuits, can realize high performance and more compact RF modules for 5G.

-Yeah, it's pretty cool!

-So, we covered the technical features last time. Can we take a look at products?

-Yeah. We have three product features in this issue's starting with analog devices. They have a cool switch LNA module. Actually it's a dual module for massive MIMO. They have three different products in the family, so they cover the bands from basically 1.8 up to above 5 gigahertz. So, everything for 5G and also some of the 4G bands. It's a multi-chip module. They incorporate a highpower silicon switch with a gas LNA to get the best performance.

Our second product is from John Kosha. They have developed a very rugged cable assembly that can be used in high flexure high-temperature

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environments. When it's flexed that has very little amplitude and phase change. So, that's good and they offer four different connectors styles, so you can go up to 67 gigahertz depending upon what connector you pick.

And our third product is from RF Savi. It's an antenna coupler. It's developed for smart city light poles. So an installation, where you can imagine a small cell or some other kind of radio mounted on a city light pole and this basically isolates the antenna from the electronics in the pole or on the pole also from the power for the lights. So it protects the electronics from, say, a lightning strike to the antenna, likewise the antennas protected and from any kind of voltage, high-voltage, in the in the lamp. So those are our product features.

-So, for tech briefs we had two. We had 125 million samples per second average waveform generator that does multi-channel from spectrum instrumentation. And we had a second one - it's custom thin-film filters and switch filter banks from Networks International. So, two more to add to the list there.

-Right. A lot of interesting products this month.

-So, turning to the news, I want to cover some of the mobile news. We’ve seen the release of the Google pixel 4 and that incorporates the 60 gigahertz. So, I project radar for gesture control. So, the first mobile device with radar integrated into the unit which is amazing. I mean, 60 gigahertz on a single chip to be able to detect that kind of fine movement, it's very impressive. And then I also took a look at the teardown for the iPhone 11, and the big winner there, I think, is Skyworks. It’s six RF modules in there. So, everywhere from LNAs and GPS to PAs and all kinds of modules. And then, Errata had four, and Qorvo and Avago had one. So it's always interesting to look at the architecture of the more advanced phones, because you really get to see how they're isolating all the signals and they still have to worry about GPS, Wi-Fi, and bluetooth, and addition to all, the cellular bands.

-Exactly, and it's only going to get worse.

-It is idea. What did you see in the news?

-Interesting report that's just been released by signals research. They're a wireless consultancy firm, they do a lot of field testing, and they basically were contracted by Qualcomm to write a report that summarizes a lot of the work they've been doing evaluating 5G networks. So, they released that this week. It's interesting, they evaluated 5G networks at three and a half gigahertz in Korea,

London and Bern (Switzerland) and then they looked at 28 gigahertz

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Frequency Matters

deployments of Verizon in Minneapolis as well as T-mobile in New York City. They also did a recent evaluation of the deployment in the Minnesota Vikings stadium. Verizon is deploying in NFL stadiums. So, some really interesting results coming out of that. Basically, as you would expect, at 3 and 1/2 gigahertz pretty good coverage, they're showing that 5G is doing higher data rates than LTE. Their work in SoHo was about 512 megabits per second which was almost 2x what LTE was providing. Of course, LTE would be an LTE Advanced or LTE Advanced Pro. 28 gigahertz was more interesting. Pretty good coverage. Not as bad as some people have indicated. But the propagation characteristics are really interesting, and it kind of goes back to some of the early work that Ted Rappaport did about the multipath, the signals bouncing around. In one case, where they did a walk test and they looked at what cell sites the phone was connected to. There was actually a connection to a cell site a block and a half away that was actually pointing away from the phone. But the difference was it was reflecting off a glass building. And apparently enough signal to get to the phone, and the data rate was still 2 of megabits per second. So... so pretty, impressive. So, the report overall is positive, they also looked at what they called the... the grip of death. You know, people worry about the hand holding the phone is going to destroy the propagation. Didn't find that to be the case. And they also did an analysis of the battery life of the phone. A Galaxy S10 said, you know, with their particular use case, that they thought was reasonable, the phone should last for 14 hours. So, overall, a very positive outlook, and Qualcomm wanted them to put all this information together. Much of it they had gathered even before Qualcomm asked them to. But to try to provide a snapshot, here was six or eight months into 5G deployment.

-Well, turning to impressive events, I was just recently at the Mobile World Congress, Los Angeles. It used to be CTIA being taken over by GSM a couple of years ago, and I think it's good for the RF engineers because they really still are focusing on the technology. And it's not just all about the accessories like CTIA seem to be getting toward for a while there...

-Mm-hmm…

-But the big hot topic was dynamic spectrum sharing, and what this is allows you to do 4G and 5G signals over the same spectrum. So, you divide up the channel, you can do like half 4G, half 5G, and then the 4G phone will only pay attention to 4G , and 5G vice-versa. So, why is this important? It's for the low band rollouts. So, when you're doing low band rollouts in rural areas, the

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number of 5G users can be very small, so there's no way you're going to justify the case financially. But if it allows you to share both 4G and 5G together it makes a business case much more compelling. So, that was a topic Andreas Wrestler from Rohde & Schwarz gave a nice technical talk on. Then even though it was packed, I mean, it was standing room only. So, he had over hundred people listening to that. And then I was, like, to follow the millimeter wave phased array technology and there were quite a few announcements there. Moe Von D and Karina telecom announced that they will be demonstrating all-rand compatible 5G radio.

-Hmm…

-And then we had a release from Sivir and NXP saying that they will supply RFICs for millimeter wave 5G, so they entered the realm of ABI, Qorvo and OKE wave, etc. And I saw a couple of demos there, and Pivitol had a demonstration where they were relaying the signal around a corner and then through the glass, into their unit inside. And they were getting good results. So, that was pretty interesting, and they used the holographic beamforming technology. And so, I saw a new technology there from an antenna company. And they are doing a dielectric resonator based on antenna system from millimeter wave applications. And what's really neat is it's polymer based, so it can just be molded directly on the PCB material.

-Interesting.

-And it gives you an improvement in performance. A lot of the commercial phased arrays when they go beyond plus or minus 45 degrees, they significantly lose power, but with the dialect resonator antenna system they can go plus or minus 60 degrees and still not lose as much signal.

-Oh, interesting.

-And I think because of the isolation between the elements is better, you also might be able to reduce the spacing. So it has a lot of advantages of being interesting to follow this.

-Yeah. So, how would you compare Los Angeles to Barcelona?

-A lot smaller. Not as many crowds. I mean, it was still a significant event but it's nowhere near the size of Barcelona. But, on the hand, it's really good because you can make it to everything. You know, divide and conquer, and only do a few halls because it's just pretty much - it's two halls and most of everything we'd be interested in was in one hall.

-Well, you didn't get your steps in them.

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Understanding Microwave Antenna Sidelobes

-I didn't.

-Well next week I'm heading, as you know, to the association of Old Crows Conference in Washington, so I'll report on that in our next episode. And I think that's it.

-It is.

-Well we want to thank you for watching this episode. We also want to thank our sponsor Maycom for making it possible, Maycom as your partner from RF to light. Until next time!

Understanding Microwave Antenna Sidelobes

As a network manager, you’ve got lots of microwave backhaul links. You have a lot riding on them and a lot invested in them. So when they aren’t operating at peak efficiency, you wonder why? Try taking a closer look at your antennas.

Imagine you and a friend in the dark, messaging each other wish flashlights. No problem, right? Now add dozens of people, each doing the same.

Suddenly, reading the message meant for you isn’t so easy. Microwave links are no different.

When multiple antennas are in the same area, transmit signals from some can spell into the receive path of others, particularly where low-cost noncompliant antennas are deployed. That’s sidelobe interference. It’s a problem and it’s getting worse. Newer radios actually mask interference.

In the past a weak link would be dropped. Instead weak links are kept in daily operations occupying bandwidth. You can attempt to mitigate the effects of interference by using a larger antenna. But this increases capital and operational costs. But if you can’t reuse the frequency, purchasing more spectrum may be your only option.

The greater the interference from excessive sidelobes, the higher the chances of an outage. And that means lost revenue and increased cost.

A high quality antenna fully compliant to regulatory standards, can reduce or eliminate these issues. Using the latest designs of antenna with lowest sidelobes such as those meeting ETSI’s class 4 standards bring additional benefits. Good sidelobe performance means better frequency – reuse. Fewer bottlenecks, no need to buy more frequency or larger antennas.

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In fact, ETSI class-4 compliant antennas can increase data rates and frequency reuse. Over 40% in many cases compared to class 3 antennas. So think about it! The antenna is among the first components to be installed and the last to be considered when it comes to network issues. To keep microwave backhaul links operating at peak efficiency and your R-packs down, make sure your antennas are certified and qualified. For more information, contact CommScope. We’ll arm you with the new microwave backhaul solutions you need.

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