Across technology. Учебное пособие-1

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Simple Tenses

Времена группы Simple употребляются для констатации факта – действие происходит в прошлом, настоящем или будущем, длительность и время завершения действия не указываются.

Образуются времена группы Simple следующим образом:

Present Simple

Для образования Present Simple обычно используется глагол в первой форме1.

*Стоит обратить внимание, что в 3 лице ед. числа к глаголу добавляется окончание «(е)s». В прошедшем простом времени и будущем глаголы во всех лицах и числах одинаковы.

В предложениях с настоящим простым временем используются слова always, sometimes, often, usually.

Present Simple употребляется:

-обычное, постоянное действие (действие происходит вообще): She lives in Rome. Она живет в Риме.

-действие в широком смысле (происходит в течение времени): Jim studies Chinese. Джим изучает китайский.

-общеизвестные истины: The sun rises in the morning. Солнце всходит по утрам.

Past Simple

Для образования прошедшего времени используется глагол во второй форме (если он неправильный) (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов на странице 57) Если глагол правильный, то к нему добавляется окончание –ed (live – lived). Прошедшее простое время часто употребляется с обстоятельствами времени

(yesterday, a month ago, last week).

Past Simple употребляется:

-обычное, повторяющееся действие в прошлом: Last year I visited my parents a lot. В прошлом году я часто навещал своих родителей.

-Перечисление действий: I entered the house, came up to the window and opened it

1 См. таблицу неправильных глаголов на странице 57.

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Future Simple

Для образования будущего простого времени используется форма will+Infinitive (will do)

В предложениях с Future Simple используются следующие слова-маркеры: tomorrow, next week, next year.

Future Simple употребляется:

-Описание известных фактов: iPhone 8 will come with a stainless steel frame.

Айфон 8 выйдет в обрамлении нержавеющей стали.

-Простое действие в будущем: I will study programming. Я буду изучать программирование.

Упражнения на времена группыSimple

1.Put the verbs in the Present Simple. Translate the sentences.

1.Workers (use) handheld computer devices to collect data at customer site.

2.Computers (be) part of many machines and devices that once required continual human supervision and control.

3.Smart cards (store) vital information such as health records, drivers’ license, bank balances and so on.

4.A smart house (have) a built-in monitoring system that can turn lights on and off, open and close windows, operate the oven, and more.

5.Multimedia (combine) text with sound, video, animation, and graphics, which greatly (enhance) the interaction between user and machine.

6.ROM (hold) instructions which are needed to start up the computer.

2.Put the verbs in the present form.

go, use, prefer, surf, check, like, walk, come, do, use

My name is Jack. In the evening I usually (1) ___________ my homework. Then I

___________ Periscope. She (10) ___________ it every day.

3.Put the verbs in the Past Simple. Translate the sentences.

1.There isn't a cloud in the sky, but it (be) cloudy in the morning.

2.Mrs. Clay usually finishes her work at half past three, but she (finish) it later yesterday afternoon.

3.Every day I help mom about the house, but last week I was very busy with my exam. So I (not/help) her much.

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4.Tom isn't playing tennis tomorrow afternoon, he (not/play) tennis yesterday.

5.We generally have lunch at 12.30, but yesterday we (have lunch) later.

6.Now my brother smokes a lot, but he (not/ smoke) before.

7.My dad always goes to work by car, but last week he (go) to work on foot.

8.The weather is nice today, but it (be) bad yesterday.

9.We seldom watch television, but last week we (watch) a lot of interesting programs.

10.I sleep well, but last night I (not/sleep) at all.

11.Usually my brother comes home from work at 18.00 a.m., but last week he was on duty and (come) home a little later.

12.I walked quickly because I (feel) cold.

13.It (take) him two hours to get to London.

14.My husband (speak) to his boss last week.

Для того чтобы выполнить следующее упражнение, необходимо изучить следующее правило – условное предложение 1ого типа.

В условных предложениях первого типа обычно используются два времени – это Future Simple и Present Simple. Этот тип предложений обозначает реальные, осуществимые в будущем или настоящем условия. Образуется такое предложение по следующей схеме: If+Present Simple, Future Simple.

Приведем пример: If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk. В главном предложении, без if, используется Present Simple. В придаточном, с if используется Future Simple. Обращайте внимание, что придаточное предложение может находиться как в начале, так и после главного предложения. (We will go for a walk, if the weather is fine).

4.Choose Future Simple or Present Simple. Translate the sentences.

а) 1. If you (not be) at home by six, I (eat) without you.

2.If mother (not go) to the market early, she (not get) fresh fish.

3.If nothing (go wrong), they (deliver) the furniture today.

4.I (take) an umbrella in case it (rain).

5.If the situation (get) worse, I (lose) my job.

b)1. He (become) an architect after he (graduate) from the university.

2.I (have) to stop my daughter before she (get) into trouble.

3.The information (study) carefully as soon as it (deliver).

4.The weather certainly (change) for the better after the rain (stop) and the sky (clear up).

с) 1. The secretary (want) to know if the new head (make) any changes.

2.Tell me if you (finish) your book in summer and when exactly you (do) it.

3.People standing on the bus stop (wonder) if it (stop) raining soon.

4.Nobody (know) if he (keep) his promise.

5.It's interesting if he (be) late again.

6.Tell me the exact time when they (come).

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5.Put the verbs in the Future Simple. Translate the sentences.

1.Approaching this limit (require) new technologies.

2.In theory, AFM (atomic force microscopy) (allow) densities of 300 to 400 gigabits per square inch.

3.Recordable CD-ROM’s and DVD’s (remain) the dominant high-capacity removable storage media for the next decade.

4.These developments (drive) the industry in the next few years.

5.Speech (become) a major component of user interfaces, and applications (be) completely redesigned to incorporate speech input.

6.Multimodal interfaces (involve) more than just traditional input devices and speech recognition.

6.Put the verbs in the Past Simple. Translate the sentences.

1.SRI International and Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (do) their pioneering research into graphical user interfaces in 1970s.

2.I (try) to print a document but nothing came out of the printer.

3.Hackers (close) Hotmail for five hours.

4.Japan (produce) the first commercially available robotic pet.

5.Bill Gates (introduce) the Windows NT operating system in 1993.

6.The first Apple-IBM (appear) in 1984.

7.Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary

carry out – выполнить storage – хранение enhance – улучшать used to – привыкнуть cycle – цикл

defense – защита

attain – достигнуть, добиваться

Computers

Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on.

Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.

There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of

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computer is widely used today. That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.

Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.

Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086.

The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486.

There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.

Answer the questions after reading the text

1.What is computer?

2.What for it is used?

3.What are the main types of the computer?

4.Which type of the computer is used more widely nowadays?

5.How many operations per second can a microcomputer do?

6.How many generations of processors exist?

Continuous Tenses

Времена группы Continuous употребляются для выражения длительного действия, которое совершается в настоящий момент или совершалось в прошлом в определенный момент или произойдет в будущем также в определенный момент.

Образуются времена группы Continuous следующим образом:

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Present Continuous

Для образования Present Continuous обычно используется вспомогательный глагол to be в настоящем времени (am, is, are) и причастие настоящего времени смыслового глагола (V-ing).

Present Continuous употребляется:

-Длительное действие, совершающееся в момент речи (Jane is checking her Twitter – Джейн проверяют свой Твиттер)

-Длительное действие, совершающееся в настоящий период времени (I’m studying mathematics at the university – Я изучаю математику в университете) -Заранее запланированное и подготовленное действие в ближайшем будущем

(I’m seeing my solicitor tomorrow morning - Завтра утром я встречаюсь со своим адвокатом)

В предложениях во времени Present Continuous часто используются следующие обстоятельства времени: now, today, at the moment, this week, this year (I’m not playing football today – Сегодня я не играю в футбол)

Past Continuous

Для образования прошедшего времени используется вспомогательный глагол to be в форме прошедшего времени (was, were) и глагол с окончанием -ing.

Past Continuous употребляется:

-Два длительных действия, совершавшихся одновременно.

While Jim was watching a new film, Sarah was doing her Chinese lessons.

Пока Джим смотрел фильм, Сара делала свои задания по китайскому. -Длительное действие в прошлом, прерванное другим действием в прошлом. I was drinking my coffee, when the phone rang. Я пила кофе, когда зазвонил телефон.

В предложениях во времени Past Continuous часто используются следующие обстоятельства времени: all day long, all day yesterday, all the time, at that moment, at six o’clock, the whole evening, etc.) (At six o’clock he was having breakfast – В шесть часов он завтракал.)

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