Across technology. Учебное пособие-1

general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.

2.Translate the sentences containing Participle I и Participle II.

1.When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are in a natural form for a digital computer. 7. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 9. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice – to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 10. As known all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting.

3.Translate the sentences containing Perfect Participle Active и Perfect Participle Passive.

1.Having finished the research the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 2. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 3. Having discussed the functions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit. 4. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives the computer designers expressed data by a combination of bits. 5. Having translated the program into machine language the computer architect put the program into the machine. 6. Having been coded the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 7. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations. 8. Having been regulated by the operator the equipment operated well. 9. Data having been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated. 10. Having been well prepared for the examination the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them.

4.Translate the sentences containing Participle I, Participle II, Perfect Participle Active и Perfect Participle Passive.

1.Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts for their operation. 2. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the access time. 3. Being not visible software makes possible the effective operation of computer system. 4. Having invented magnetic tapes the Germans used them as the secondary storage medium. 5. When properly programmed computers don't make computational errors. 6. Having been introduced in the early 1960s magnetic disc storage has

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replaced magnetic tape storage. 7. The control unit interpreting instructions is one of the important parts of any computer system. 8. Data recorded in the form of magnetized dots can be arranged to represent coded patterns of bits. 9. As contrasted with magnetic tapes magnetic discs can perform both sequential and random processing. 10. While having no moving mechanical parts electronic memories can transfer data at very high speed.

5. Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary: affect – влиять

common good – общее благо crucial – важнейший, ключевой development – развитие

enforce, v – зд. приводить в силу (закон) face, v – сталкиваться

highly qualified – высококвалифицированный otherwise – иначе, в противном случае peculiarities – особенности

postpone, v – откладывать, переносить (во времени) properly – как следует, должным образом

rapidly – быстро

renewable natural resources – возобновляемые природные ресурсы to solve a problem – решать проблему

solution – решение

transmit, v – передавать, переслать unemployment – безработица up-to-date – новейший, современный

Scientific and technical progress

The basis of scientific and technical progress of today is new informational technology which is very different from all the previous technologies. Thanks to up-to-date software and robots new informational technologies can make many processes much faster and transmit information more quickly. It is important today because the quantity of information grows rapidly.

New informational society has its peculiarities. Firstly, more and more employees work in the sphere of service and information. Secondly, more and more huge databases appear to collect and store the information. And finally, information and IT become goods and start playing important part in the country's economy.

These processes affect social structures and values.

It becomes important to learn to get new knowledge quickly and sometimes to change your qualification. IT can first lead to unemployment, but later create even more workplaces especially for highly qualified professionals. While the hardest work can be performed by robots and routine calculations by computers, in

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the future people with the most creative mind and numerous fresh ideas will get better career chances.

On one hand technology development gives more access to professional and cultural information and leads to new forms of individual enterprises, but on the other hand there is a danger of total control of private life unless special laws are enforced by the government.

Another danger is «intellectual terrorism» when computer viruses block important programs.

There are other directions of technical and scientific progress of today.

One of them is the development of new ecologically clean sources of energy using sun, gravitation, winds or rain. New kind of transports and new agricultural methods that do not harm our nature are being developed today.

Breakthroughs in science have led to creation of artificial viruses for new medicines and products, body organs for transplantation and productive soils for growing vegetables and crops. Many new materials and technologies are being used in our everyday life.

All these innovations may have influence on our life, social relations and globally on our Earth.

The influence can be very different: from psychological and health problems of children who spend too much time online to an opportunity to prevent genetic diseases for future generations.

But the most difficult problems the humanity faces are global problems. The first and foremost is ecological problem: pollution of air, water and soil,

exhaustion of natural resources. Renewable natural resources such as oxygen, forests, flora and fauna do not have enough time to regenerate. This leads to different changes in climate and nature such as depletion of ozone layer and other things that has not been properly studied by scientists yet.

Other crucial problems include wars, epidemics, and demographic problems. The only way to solve them is to work globally and in cooperation with other countries. And here the humanity should find a way to use new technologies for the common good. The solution of these problems cannot be postponed

because otherwise people will have fewer chances to survive on this planet.

Answer the questions after reading the text:

1.Why is IT progress different from other progresses?

2.What are the peculiarities of information society?

3.What is the role of information in this society?

4.According to the text who will have better career chances in the near future and why?

5.What are the possible dangers of wide access to information?

6.What ecologically clean sources of energy do you know?

7.How can scientific innovations influence our everyday life?

8.What are the key problems that humanity faces today?

9.How can these problems be solved?

10.What ecological problems are mentioned in the text?

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11.What are the benefits of the scientific and technical progress?

12.What are the drawbacks of the scientific and technical progress?

13.Find in the text synonyms to the words «new», «fast», «important» and «to send». Can you think of other synonyms to these words?

14.Translate the underlined words and use them in your own sentences.

Infinitive

Инфинитив называет действие без указания лица или числа.

В предложении инфинитив может выступать в следующих функциях: -подлежащее (To compromise appears advisable – Компромисс кажется целесообразным)

-часть составного именного сказуемого (His greatest wish was to tell her everything – Его самым большим желанием было все ей рассказать)

-часть составного глагольного сказуемого (He seemed to know all about it – Казалось, он знает об этом все)

-дополнение (He didn’t want to be left alone – Он не хотел, чтобы его оставляли одного)

-определение (He gave her permission to leave – Он разрешил ей уйти) -обстоятельство (I did my best to stop her – Я сделал все от меня зависящее, чтобы ее остановить)

-вводный член предложения (To tell the truth, I’m sick and tired of this nonsense

– Честно говоря, мне надоела вся эта ерунда)

Случаи употребления инфинитива без частицы to:

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Образование форм времени и залога инфинитива:

Упражнения на инфинитив

1. Translate the sentences or phrases with Infinitive:

А. 1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computational time. 4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.

Б. The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors; operations to be performed.

2.Remember the forms of Infinitive and translate the sentences:

1.A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a breakthrough of the second part of the 20-th century. 4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU. 7. Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic purposes are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts attention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor. 10. Russia was the first country to start the cosmic era.

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3. Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary:

virtual reality – виртуальная реальность invention – изобретение

helmet – шлем surgeon – хирург

Virtual Reality

Not long ago computers were considered an amazing invention. Today they form part of our everyday life. The latest thing today is Virtual Reality. A Virtual Reality system can transport the user to exotic locations such as a beach in Hawaii or the inside of the human body.

The Virtual Reality system is still in the early stages of its development. At the moment it is necessary to put a large helmet on your head to see the simulated world and you have to wear a special glove on your hand in order to manipulate the objects you see there. Lenses and two miniature display screens inside the helmet create the illusion that the screen surrounds you on every side.

You can «look behind» computer– generated objects, pick them up and examine them, walk around and see things from a different angle.

Already today Virtual Reality is used in medicine. In hospitals, surgeons could plan operations by first «travelling» through the brain, heart or lungs without damaging the body. It is also used in police training schools. In schools pupils could explore the Great Pyramid or study molecules from the inside. Developers of Virtual Reality say its potential is powerful.

The word which comes closest to describing Virtual Reality is «simulator». Virtual Reality technology resembles the flight simulators that are used to train pilots. But of course there are dangers as well as benefits.

Answer the questions after reading the text:

1.What is Virtual Reality?

2.Why do you need to wear helmet and special glove?

3.What are the possible uses of Virtual Reality?

4.What are some of the disadvantages of Virtual Reality?

5.Do you think Virtual Reality is an important invention or not?

Gerund

Герундий выражает название действия и обладает свойствами существительного и глагола. В русском языке такая форма отсутствует. Образование формы герундия:

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Функции герундия в предложении:

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Упражнения на герундий

1.Translate in Russian:

1.Debugging a program is a hard job.

2.One of the benefits of buying a system is that it has detailed documentation with it.

3.By performing different kinds of operations on a computer, people solve a lot of different problems.

4.Programming is the process of preparing, testing, correcting instructions for a computer.

5.Logical operations consist in comparing, selecting, sorting, matching & determining.

6.After performing calculations a computer displays some result.

7.(His) Ivan's being a brilliant programmer is a well-known fact.

8.We saw the operator having made the machine operate.

2.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Gerund.

1.Dr. Hollerith suggested (to use) punched cards to record census data.

2.In 1642 B. Pascal succeeded in (to invent) desktop machine that could add and subtract.

3.After (to appear) in the microcomputer market in 1981 the IBM PC appealed to an expanding business clientele.

4.The role of cybernetic philosophy consists in (to analyse) the influence of computer on human life.

5.A great variety of tasks began (to solve) more rapidly with the help of the new generation of computers.

3.Form a gerund from these verbs and complete the gaps. Translate sentences into Russian:

to follow, to own, to cook, to grow, to lose, to listen, to read, to smoke, to lie, to joke

1._________ is important because it enriches you in all aspects.

2._________ makes people laugh.

3._________ flowers adds some freshness in our lives.

4._________ is the art of preparing food with the use of heat.

5._________ is harmful to health.

6._________ a pet provides love, companionship, and hours of entertainment.

7._________ to music increases self-esteem, and decreases the feeling of isolation.

8._________ instructions is an important skill used by everyone.

9._________ a voice is often associated with throat problems.

10._____ to close people is probably one of the most common wrong acts that we carry out.

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4. Choose the right translation of the verb with following forms: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II.

1.That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.

а) Машину обеспечили необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему.

б) То была машина, снабженная необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить.

в) Эту машину обеспечили необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче.

2.The computers designed to use 1С were called third generation computers.

а) Компьютеры сконструировали для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением.

б) Компьютеры назывались третьим поколением, потому что в них использовались ИС.

в) Компьютеры, сконструированные, чтобы использовать ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения.

3.Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems.

а) Первая машина для вычисления математических проблем была Марк

I.

б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для вычисления математических задач.

в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая вычисляла математические задачи.

4.Early computers using vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds.

а) Первые компьютеры, использующие электронные лампы, могли выполнять вычисления в течение миллисекунд.

б) Ранние компьютеры использовали вакуумные лампы, которые выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.

в) Рано компьютеры, использующие электронные трубки, выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.

5.Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann.

а) Изобретенные Нойманом вакуумные лампы регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы.

б) Нойман изобрел электронные лампы для управления и усиления электрических сигналов.

в) Электронные лампы, которые регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы, были изобретены Нойманом.

6.Neumann's machine called the EDVAC was designed to store both data and instructions.

а) Неймановскую машину, называемую EDVAC, сконструировали для хранения информации и команд.

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б) Машина Ноймана, названная EDVAC, была создана, чтобы запоминать как информацию, так и команды.

в) Машину Ноймана, которая хранила данные и инструкции, назвали

EDVAC.

7.Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes.

а) Компьютеры были созданы, чтобы выполнять вычисления для военных и научных целей.

б) Компьютеры создали для выполнения военных и научных вычислений.

в) Созданные компьютеры выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения.

8.An American clerk invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards.

а) Американский служащий изобрел посредством кодирования информации перфокарту.

б) Американский клерк изобрел перфокарту, кодируя информацию. в) Американский служащий изобрел средство шифрования информации путем пробивания отверстий в карте.

5.Open the brackets using:

A. The right non-finite form of verb:

1. Computing is a concept (embraced; embracing; for embracing) not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input; by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switches on and off. 3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of communicating; communicated) with the user. 4. Computers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to give) to it by users. 5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948 completely changed the vacuum tubes.

Б. Verb in Passive or Active:

1. Computers (applied; are applied; are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. 2. The programs (write; have written; are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 3. As digital computers (count; counted; are counted) quickly, they widely (use; used; are used) in business data processing. 4. Once data (entered; have entered; have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced; is reduced; are reduced). 5. It is known that an analyst (use; uses; is used) a computer to solve specific problems.

6.Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary: captivate, v – пленить last, v – длиться

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