Across technology. Учебное пособие-1

-С обстоятельствами времени for a long time, for a month, for an hour, etc. (I had been knitting for an hour when my husband came – К моменту, когда пришел мой муж, я вязала уже около часа)

-Длительное действие, начавшееся ранее другого прошедшего действия, выраженного Past Simple и еще происходившее в момент совершения второго (It had been snowing for an hour when I left home – Когда я вышел из дома, уже час как падал снег)

-Длительное прошедшее действие, которое закончилось перед моментом наступления другого прошедшего действия (He was very tired when he came home as he had been playing tennis – Так как он играл в теннис, то пришел домой уставшим)

Future Perfect Continuous

Для образования будущего совершенного длительного времени используется вспомогательный глагол to be в форме Future Perfect (will have been) и

причастие настоящего времени смыслового глагола.

Future Perfect Continuous употребляется:

-С обстоятельствами времени, начинающимися с by (By this year I’ll have been acting for ten years – В этом году исполнится 10 лет, как я играю на сцене)

-Длительное будущее действие, которое начнется ранее другого будущего действия (или момента) и будет еще совершаться в момент его наступления

(By the end of the month, I'll have been working at this factory for twenty years –

К концу этого месяца я буду работать на этой фабрике уже 20 лет).

Упражнения на времена группыPerfect Continuous

1.Fill the gaps with for, since or ago. Translate the sentences.

1.Dad isn't at home. He went to the work an hour … .

2.Jill hasn't been there... three years.

3.–Is it snowing? –Yes, it started two hours ... .

4.They have lived there … 1984.

5.They got that flat twelve years … .

6.We haven't seen each other … 5 years.

7.Our family haven't heard from him … five months.

8.Oh, John! As usual you are late. I've been waiting for you … 9 a.m.

9.He has worked for this company … April.

10.Two years … Deny bought a new car.

21

11.We have been waiting here now … an hour.

12.He has been working hard … he entered the University. 13.My friend has been learning Spanish … three years. 14.I sent a letter to my parents a week … .

15.… when have you been working for this company?

2. Choose the right form (Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous). Translate the sentences.

1.He (play) the piano since six o'clock in the morning. He only just (stop).

2.–What you (do) up to now? –Nothing special, but I (cook) dinner.

3.The police (not find) the criminal yet. They (look) for him since Saturday.

4.Ann (fail) her exam three times because she is so bad at doing sums. But she (practice) for a week now, I hope she will pass it in the end.

5.I know him well. I (know) him since our childhood.

6.Where you (put) my keys? I can't find them.

7.Your eyes are red. You (cry)?

8.Do you think George (finish) the translation? He (write) for so long!

9.I think I can smell smoke on Debbie's clothes. I'm sure she (smoke).

10.Here you are! I (look for) you everywhere. Where you (be)? 11.–Since when (sit) her? Have you (wait) long? – For three hours. 12.He (have) a very interesting and brilliant career.

13.She (play) chess since she was nine.

14.I bought a new car last summer but I (not/sell) my old car yet, so now I’ve got two cars.

3.Choose the right form of the verb (Present Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous). Role-play the dialogue.

Mr. Smith: So tell me a little bit about yourself, Mr. Harris. I would like to find out a little bit more about your background.

Mr. Harris: I (work) in the programming industry for over ten years. I worked for Google for six years and Microsoft for four and a half. During that time, I heard many good things about Cardiff Electric and that's why I (apply) for the new sales position.

Mr. Smith: Tell me a little about your hobbies and interests.

Mr. Harris: In my spare time, I hike in the mountains outside of town, volunteer at the Sierra Club and play tennis. In fact, I (compete) in a tennis tournament this weekend.

Mr. Smith: Really, how long (you, play) playing tennis? Mr. Harris: I (play) since high school. I love the sport.

Mr. Smith: Great! We like dedication here at Cardiff Electric. You mentioned you volunteer at the Sierra Club. My daughter (work, currently) with them on the sea turtle project. They (try) to create a wildlife sanctuary near the bay.

Mr. Harris: Do you know Kyle Harris? He's my brother. He (work, presently) on the same project.

22

Mr. Smith: I know Kyle quite well. Any brother of Kyle's would be a welcome addition to Cardiff Electric. Just one more thing, we (look) for somebody who is fluent in Spanish; we are working with people from Mexico very often.

Mr. Harris: No problem. I (study) Spanish since elementary school. Mr. Smith: Sounds like you are the perfect candidate.

4.Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary. Vocabulary:

found, v – основать

extend, v – расширяться, увеличиваться spreadsheets – программа табличных вычислений word processing – текстовый редактор

employee – служащий

shareholder – акционер, пайщик, владелец/держатель акций doubt – сомнение

Microsoft Company

Paul Allen and Bill Gates founded the Company in 1975.

Microsoft is best-known American company involved in software production. Microsoft's wealth and power is growing up for years. It is a giant company. Microsoft's $25 billion market value tops that of Ford, General Motors.

Some time ago, Microsoft dominated the PC market with its-MS-DOS operating system, the basic software that let the computer understand your commands and carry them out, appeared in the beginning of 80s. MS-DOS ran on 90 percent of the worlds IBM and IBM-clone computers. Then, Microsoft has extended that presence with releasing of Windows, which is probably the most important and popular operating system in the World. And now it dominates the market.

Firstly, Microsoft released Windows '95 in 1995. It was a graphics interface environment that ran on top of MS-DOS and replaced DOS in future versions. Then, Microsoft released Windows '98, Windows NT, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP.

Microsoft also supplies about 50 percent of the world's software applications. Among them, there are three well-known Office Packs; they are also called Microsoft Office programs such as Excel (spreadsheets), Microsoft Word (word processing), Access (databases) and Outlook Express (e-mail)- There were releases in 1997, 2000, and 2002, when appeared Microsoft Office XP. Microsoft is also in the market of networking, multimedia and even books. And as an early supporter of the Macintosh computer, Microsoft virtually owns the Mac application market.

It has been calculated that Microsoft controls 80-85 % of the entire PC software industry. The company has hundreds of products and thousands of employees, making it one of the largest companies. Many of the company's shareholders are now millionaires and a few including Bill Gates and Paul Allen

23

are billionaires. Microsoft is no doubt the fastest growing company in the PC software industry.

Answer the questions:

1.Who founded the Company?

2.When was Microsoft founded?

3.What does the company produce?

4.What was the first Microsoft operating system that dominated the PC market?

5.How many Windows operating systems did Microsoft release?

6.Is it a rich company?

7.Does the Company dominate the PC market?

Passive voice

Пассивный залог обозначает действие, которое совершается над предметом. Он образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и при помощи причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

Употребление пассивного залога:

-Лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно – My purse has been stolen (Мой кошелек украли)

-Лицо, совершающее действие, не имеет значения в данной ситуации – I was advised to obtain a visa in advance (Мне посоветовали получить визу заранее) -Лицо, совершающее действие, очевидно и не нуждается в упоминании – Ann has been arrested! (Энн была арестована!)

-Лицо, совершающее действие, можно заменить существительным «люди» или местоимением «ты/вы» - Bicycles are widely used in rural areas (Велосипеды широко используются в сельской местности)

-При описании процессов, когда акцент делается на действии – Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty four (Потом пакеты складываются в коробку, по 24 штуки в каждую)

-Для того, чтобы не называть лицо, ответственное за конкретное действие – It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 5 % (Было решено сократить все зарплаты на 5 %)

-В центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию – The prize was won by Jack (Джек выиграл этот приз)

Упражнения на Passive voice

1. Define, which of these sentences can be transformed in Passive voice.

24

1.They didn't ask her name.

2.Michael saw Mary in the park.

3.Has anyone answered your question?

4.They danced all night.

5.On Sunday evening we all met at my friend's.

6.Someone told us a funny story yesterday.

7.You can't park your car in the street before this office.

8.This kind of flowers doesn't bloom very often.

9.His parents have brought him up to be polite.

10.The plane from Los Angeles was several hours late.

11.The fire has caused considerable damage.

12.My shoes don't fit me.

13.People must obey the law.

14.He was having a bath.

15.A famous designer will decorate the hall.

2. Make the sentences as in example, using following words:

to discover, to invent, to write, to make, to sing, to compose, to design, to

3.Translate the sentences with Passive Voice

1.The article has been often referred to.

2.The listener was listened to with great attention.

3.The date of the visit was agreed upon at last.

4.In this hospital the patients are well looked after and provided with all the necessary medicines.

5.Their persistence in work was well thought of.

6.New taxation laws were widely commented on in press.

7.The problem of unemployment is only briefly touched upon in the paper. 8. Several changes in the factory management were brought about by important economic factors.

9.When they tried to put forward their proposal, they were only laughed at. 10. As soon as the fire broke out the firemen were sent for.

25

11.A radical change in the payment practices was insisted upon by the trade unions.

12.His skill and experience can be relied upon.

13.Differences in education must be taken into account when considering the job applications.

14.The cat was looked for everywhere.

15.Our arguments were listened to with great attention.

4.Transform the following sentences from active to passive voice:

People widely use electronic devices - Electronic devices are widely used by people.

1.Electronic devices control the work of power stations.

2.They calculate the trajectories of spaceships.

3.People discover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices.

4.Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions.

5.American scientists invented the transistor in 1948.

6.Integrated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices.

7.New types of integrated circuits increased packing density.

8.Electronics has extended man's intellectual power.

9.Scientists are looking for new ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology.

10.Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating device and built the first 1С in 1958.

5.Open the brackets and choose the verb in active or passive.

1.Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of discrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately.

6.Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary:

embrace, v – охватывать, окружать

design, v– задумывать, придумывать, разрабатывать survive, v– выжить

nuclear war – ядерная война path – путь, маршрут

26

available – доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный packet switching – пакетное переключение

accurate – точный

approximately– приблизительно, примерно receive, v – получать

reliable – надежный

intercept, v – перехватить (сигнал и т. д.) encode, v – кодировать, шифровать notwithstanding – тем не менее, однако, все же crack, v – взломать

circulate, v – передвигаться/двигаться в пределах чего-то tremendous –разг. огромный, гигантский, громадный; потрясающий

Internet and Modern Life

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

27

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwithstanding, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words– an anarchist's dream.

Answer the questions after reading the text:

1.What is the Internet?

2.When and where did the history of Internet begin?

3.Why was the Internet designed?

4.What is modem?

5.Where are most of the Internet host computers?

6.What is the accurate number of internet users?

7.What is the most popular Internet service today?

8.What are other popular services available on the Internet?

9.What is the most important problem of the Internet?

10.Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?

11.Is there a commercial use of the network today?

Participle

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола. Она обладает свойствами, как глагола, так и прилагательного и наречия.

Существует три типа причастий: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) и Perfect Participle.

Как образуются причастия:

Переходные и непереходные глаголы

Переходные глаголы обозначают действие, которое по своему смыслу переходит на некий предмет, который может быть выражен прямым дополнением (переводится на русский как дополнение в винительном падеже без предлога).

28

The girl is writing a letter.

Девочка пишет (что?) письмо.

Непереходные глаголы выражают действие, которое не переходит непосредственно на некий предмет, они не могут иметь при себе прямого дополнения.

Например, «собирать» можно только что-то: марки, грибы или автомобиль, само значение глагола подразумевает наличие дополнения. Такие глаголы, как «путешествовать» и «отдыхать», такого дополнения не требуют.

My friend lives in Cardiff.

Мой друг живет в Кардиффе.

Функции причастий в предложениях: Participle I:

-Именная часть составного сказуемого (The thought of dying alone was horrible

– Мысль о смерти в одиночестве была ужасной)

-Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (I see him passing my house every day – Я вижу, как он ежедневно проходит мимо моего дома)

-Определение (Look at the trees growing in our garden. Посмотри на деревья,

растущие в нашем саду.)

-Обстоятельство образа действия (He rode away whistling – Он уехал прочь, насвистывая)

-Обстоятельство времени (Having come back from the chapel they immediately set down to breakfast – Вернувшись из часовни, они сразу же сели завтракать) -Обстоятельство причины (Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey he took large supplies with him – Зная, что во время путешествия у него не будет возможности купить еду, он взял с собой внушительный запас продуктов)

-Обстоятельство сравнения (He is still smiling as if expressing god’s joy and the happiness of humanity – Он все еще улыбается, словно испытывает неземную радость и все человеческое счастье)

-Обстоятельство сопутствующих обстоятельств (Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands – Гвендолен молчала и снова не отрывала взгляд от своих рук)

-Сложное дополнение (Did you hear the clock striking? – Ты слышал, как били часы?)

29

Participle II:

-Именная часть составного именного сказуемого (I am deeply impressed at his devotion to Jane – Его привязанность к Джейн производит на меня глубокое впечатление)

-Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (his aunt Polly stood surprised a moment, and then broke into a gentle laugh – На мгновение тетя Полли замерла от удивления, а потом тихонько рассмеялась)

-Определение (A pair of homeless collectors of recyclable materials found bags stuffed with stolen money – Пара бездомных сборщиков мусора нашла сумки, набитые украденными деньгами)

-Обстоятельство уступки (Staff are friendly though tired – Персонал ведет себя дружелюбно, несмотря на усталость)

-Обстоятельство сравнения (As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried – Он заплакал так, словно его терзал внутренний конфликт и неуверенность)

-Обстоятельство условия (If questioned by the police, your child may be searched, but not strip searched – При допросе полицейские могут обыскать вашего ребенка, но производить полный личный досмотр не имеют права)

-Обстоятельство времени (We respond well when questioned – Когда нас спрашивают, мы хорошо отвечаем)

Perfect Participle:

Обстоятельство времени – (Having finished his last book the famous writer decided to take a long holiday - Закончив свою последнюю книгу, известный писатель решил отправиться на продолжительные каникулы)

Обстоятельство причины – (Having lost his wallet, he could not buy the present to his wife. - Потеряв свой бумажник, он не смог купить подарок своей жене.)

Упражнения на причастия

1.Translate the phrases with: А. Participle I

Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying -electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic . pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.

Б. Participle II

The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the

30