История английского языка. Часть II. Задания, тесты и древнеанглийский глоссарий. Учебно-методическое пособие

по закону Вернера:

лат. māter – д.а. mōdor греч. plōtos – гот. flōdus

рус. свекровь – нем. Schwager лат. caput – д.а. hēofod греч. decās – гот. tigus лат. auris – д.а. ēare

4. Определите фонетические процессы, произошедшие в приведенных ниже д.а. словах. Переведите эти слова. Приведите соответствия из немецкого (если возможно,готскогоидвн.)языка.Дайтеобщегерманскуюформукаждогослова (т.е. форму, восстанавливаемую гипотетически без изменений, возникших в

5.Объясните закономерные фонетические изменения в каждой из основных форм глагола sēon. Благодаря какому фонетическому процессу глагол имеет сокращеннуюформуинфинитива?Чемобъясняетсяналичиекраткогодифтонга во второй форме? Чем объясняется появление ᵹ вместо h в четвертой форме?

6.Объясните происхождение корневой гласной в следующих словах на основе сравнения их с соответствующими словами других германских языков:

7. Вставьте отсутствующие согласные в соответствии с законом Гримма.

лат. trans – н.а. …rough санскр. …ūsara dust-coloured – н.а. dust греч. eikanos cock – н.а. …en греч. keuthein to conceal – н.а. …ide лат. pluva rain – н.а. …low санскр. dhāvati it flows –н.а. …ew лат. …ūcere to lead – н.а. tug лат. …umēre to swell – н.а. thumb лат. sē…um tallow – н.а. soap греч. gráphein to write – н.а. …arve лат. …uter rotten – н.а. foul рус. вы…ра – н.а. otter

лат. …īcere to show – н.а. teach лат. …rū…ere to push – н.а. thread

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8.Найдите соответствия между исконными английскими словами (I) и заимствованиями (II). Объясните фонетические соответствия между ними. I. fee, nephew, slippery, fish, hen, hearty, guest, brother, eat, father, acre, thin, kin, cold, three, horn, corn;

II. patriot, agriculturae, cordial, host, pecuniary, grain, edible, gelatin, ternary, nepotism, genus, fraternity, lubricate, cornet, tenuous, canto, piscatorial.

9.Вставьте отсутствующие согласные в д.а. словах. Дайте их русские и двн. эквиваленты.

1) wide, even лит. plautus, лат. platus д.а. …lat 2) a numeral греч. pénte, лит. penki д.а. …īf 3) lull smb to sleep лат. sōpīre д.а. swe…an 4) abundant лат. plenus, лит. pilnas д.а. …ul

5) part of the leg греч. pedis, лат. pes д.а. …ō… 6) weak, relaxed лит. slabnas д.а. slǣ…an

7) persperation лат. sūdor, санскр. svedas д.а. swā… 8) marsh лит. bala д.а. …ōl

9) alive лат. vīvus, греч. bios д.а. …wic

10) without clothes on лит. nougas, пол. nagi д.а. na…od 11) to form лат. scabere, лит. skabeti д.а. scy…an

12) frozen лат. geledus д.а. …old

2. Read and analise the text:

Þæt Estland is swȳðe myċel, and þǣr bið swȳðe maniᵹ burh, and on ǣlċere byriᵹ bið cyninᵹ. And þǣr bið swȳðe myċel huniᵹ, and fiscað, and sē cyninᵹ and þā rīcostan men drincað mȳran meolc, and þā unspēdiᵹan and þā þēowan drincað medo. Þǣr bið swȳðe myċel ᵹewinn betwēonan him. And ne bid ðǣr nǣniᵹ ealo ᵹebrowen mid Estum, ac þǣr bið medo ᵹenōh. And þǣr is mid Estum ðēaw, þonne þǣr bið man dēad, þæt hē līð inne unforbærned mid his māᵹum and frēondum mōnað, ᵹe hwīlum twēᵹen; and þā cyninᵹas, and þā ōðre hēahðunᵹene men, swā micle lenċᵹ swā hī māran spēda habbað, hwīlum healf ᵹēar þæt hī bēoð unforbærned, and liċᵹað bufan eorðan on hyra hūsum.And ealle þā hwīle þe þæt līc bið inne, þǣr sceal bēon ᵹedrync and pleᵹa, oð ðone dæᵹ þe hī hine forbærnað. Þonne þȳ ylcan dæᵹe þе hī hine tō þǣm āde beran wyllað, þonne tōdǣlað hī his

feoh, þæt þæt tō lāfe bið æfter þǣm ᵹedrynċe and þǣm pleᵹan, on fīf oððe syx, hwȳlum on mā, swā swā þæs fēos andefn bið. Ālеċᵹаð hit þonne forhwæᵹa on ānre

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mīle þone mǣstan dǣl fram þǣm tūne, þonne ōðerne, ðonne þǣne þriddan, oþ þe hyt eall ālēd bið on þǣre ānre mīle; and sceall bēon sē lǣsta dǣl nȳhst þǣm tūne ðe sē dēada man on lið.

Ðonne sceolon bēon ᵹesamnode ealle ðā menn ðe swyftiste hors habbað on þǣm lande, forhwæᵹa on fīf mīlum oððe on syx mīlum fram þǣm fēo. Þonne ærnað hȳ ealle tōweard þǣm fēo: ðonne cymeð sē man sē þæt swiftoste hors hafað tō þǣm ǣrestandǣleandtōþǣmmǣstan,andswāǣlcæfterōðrum,oþhitbiðeallᵹenumen; and sē nimð þone lǣstan dǣl sē nȳhst þǣm tūne þæt feoh ᵹeærneð.And þonne rīdeð ǣlc hys weᵹes mid ðǣm fēo, and hyt mōtan habban eall; and for ðȳ þǣr bēoð þā swiftan hors unᵹefōᵹe dȳre.And þonne his ᵹestrēon bēoð þus ealle āspended, þonne byrð man hit ūt, and forbærneð mid his wǣpnum and hræᵹle; and swīðost ealle hys spēda hȳ forspendað mid þǣm lanᵹan leᵹer þæs dēadan mannes inne, and þæs þe hȳ be þǣm weᵹum āleċᵹað, þe ðā fremdan tō ærnað, and nimað.And þæt is mid Estum þǣw þæt þǣr sceal ǣlces ᵹeðēodes man bēon forbærned; and ᵹyf þār man ān bān findeð unforbærned, hī hit sceolan miclum ᵹebētan.And þǣr is mid Estum ān mǣᵹð þæt hī maᵹon cyle gewyrcan; and þȳ þǣr liċᵹað þā dēadan men swā lanᵹe, and ne fūliað, þæt hȳ wyrcað þone cyle him on.And þēah man āsette twēᵹen fǣtels full ealaðoððewæteres,hȳᵹedōðþætǣᵹþerbiðoferfroren,samhitsȳsumorsamwinter.

Perform a tasks:

1.Найдите в тексте числительные. Определите, в какой форме они выступают в тексте.

2.Определите, в какой форме стоит в тексте прилагательное dēada.

3.Найдитевтекстесупплетивныеформысравненияприлагательных.Дайтеих исходные формы.

4.Найдите в тексте наречие nēah в превосходной степени. Определите, с помощью какого суффикса оно образовано.

5.Найдите в тексте все указательные местоимения. Определите их падежный формы.

6.Замените местоимения со значением тот, та, то во втором абзаце текста соответствующими формами местоимений со значением этот, эта, это.

7.Найдите в тексте все прилагательные, определите тип их склонения, в какой падежной форме они употреблены и какую синтаксическую функцию выполняют в предложении. Дайте формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней сравнения этих прилагательных.

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8. Найдите в тексте наречия. Определите их структуру и выделите суффикс. Дайте сравнительную и превосходную степень сравнения наречий

Seminar 4: Questions and Tasks

1. Read and analyse:

(Anglo-SaxonChronicle)HēronðissumᵹēarecōmAnlāfandSweᵹentōLundenbyriᵹ on Natiuitas

Sancte Mārie mid fēower and hundniᵹontiᵹum scypum, and hīe ðā on þā buruᵹ fæstliċefeohtendewǣronandēachīemidfȳreontendanwoldan,achīeþǣrᵹefērdon māranhearmandyfelþonnehīeǣfrewēndonþæthimǣniᵹburhwaruᵹedōnsceolde. Ac sēo hāliᵹe Godes mōdor on þam dæᵹe hire mildheortnesse þǣre burhware ᵹecȳdde, and hīe āhredde wið heora fēondum.And hīe þanone fērdon, and worhton þæt mǣste yfel ðe ǣfre ǣniᵹ here ᵹedōn meahte on bærnette and hereᵹunᵹe and on manslyhtum ǣᵹþer ᵹe be ðam sǣ-riman and on Ēastseaxum and on Centlande and on Sūðseaxum and on Hāmtūnsċīre.And æt nēaxtan nāmon him hors and ridon him swā wīde swā hīe woldan, and unāseċᵹendliċe yfel wyrcende wǣron. Þā ᵹerǣdde sē cyninᵹ and his witan þæt him man tōsende and him behet ᵹafol and metsunᵹe, wið þon ðe hīe þǣre hereᵹunᵹe ᵹeswicon.And hie ðā þæt underfēnᵹon, and cōm þā eall sē here tō Hāmtūne, and ðǣr wintersetl nāmon, and hīe mon þǣr fēdde ᵹeond eall Westseaxena rīċe, and him mon ᵹeald feos siextīene ðūsend punda. Þā sende sē cyninᵹ æfter Anlāfe cynᵹe, Ælfēah bisceop and Æþelweard ealdorman, and man ᵹīslude þā hwīle into þǣm scipum, and hie ðā lǣddonAnlāf mid miclum wurðscipe tōþǣmcyninᵹetōAndeferan.AndsēcyninᵹÆþelredhisonfenᵹætbisceopeshanda and him cyneliċe ᵹifode. And him þā Anlāf behēt, swā hē hit ēac ᵹelǣste, þæt hē nǣfre eft tōAngelcynne mid unfriðe cuman nolde.

Answer the questions:

1.Найдите в тексте существительные. Определите их тип склонения и форму в тексте.

2.Найдите в тексте глаголы. Определите их форму в тексте. Найдите случаи употребления глагольных конструкций, из которых позднее сформировались аналитические формы глагола.

3.Найдите в тексте предложения с множественным отрицанием и с отклонениями от прямого порядка слов.

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2. Read and analyse:

(G. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Prologue, bw. 1384-1400)

Whan thatAprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour,

Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halve cours y-ronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open ye – So priketh hem nature in here corages –

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes, To ferne halwes, couthe in sondry londes; And specially, from every shires ende

Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende, The hooly, blisful martir for to seke,

That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke; Bifil that in that seson on a day

In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay, Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage To Caunterbury with ful devout corage, At nyght were come into that hostelrye Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye Of sondry folk by aventure y-falle

In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle, That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde. The chaumbres and the stables weren wyde, And wel we weren esed atte beste.

And shortly, whan the sonne was to reste, So hadde I spoken with hem everichon, That I was of her felaweshipe anon, And made forward erly for to ryse,

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To take oure wey ther, as I yow devyse.

But nathelees, whil I have tyme and space,

Er that I ferther in this tale pace,

Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun

To telle yow al the condicioun

Of ech of hem, so as it semed me,

And whiche they were, and of what degree,

And eek in what array that they were inne;

And at a knyght than wol I first bigynne.

Answer the questions:

1.Найдите в тексте слова, в которых произошли следующие фонетические изменения:

a) качественные изменения гласных: /æ/ → /a/, /æ:/ → /ɛ:/, /a:/ → /ɔ:/; b) количественные изменения гласных;

c) монофтонгизация д.а. дифтонгов;

d) появление новых звуков, которых не было в д.а.

2.Найдите в тексте существительные во множественном числе и объясните на их примере тенденцию к унификации парадигмы существительного.

3.Какие типы склонения существительных сохранились в с.а.? По форме мн. числа опеределите тип склонения следующих с.а. существительных: dogges, cowen, shoon, eyen, stones, yeeres, applen, honden.

4.Найдите в тексте слова, в которых произошла написательная метатеза.

5.Найдитевтекстеприлагательные.Сохранилосьливс.а.различениесильной и слабой формы прилагательного?

6.Найдите в тексте местоимения 3 лица мн. числа. Какие изменения произошли с ними при переходе от д.а. к с.а.?

7.Найдите в тексте глаголы в личной форме. Дайте их основные формы. Как в парадигме с.а. глагола проявляется общая тенденция к унификации, характерная для с.а.?

8.Форма Tj/TT1 bifil (прошедшее время от глагола befellen) соотносится с древнеанглийским глаголом befeallan (прош. befeol). Дайте основные формы этого глагола в древнеанглийском и среднеанглийском языках.

9.Д.а. глагол befeallan падать в с.а. языке приобрел значение случаться, происходить. Какие другие случаи изменения значения д.а. слов вы знаете?

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10. Найдите в тексте аналитические формы глагола. Какие категории глагола они выражают? Какие вспомогательные глаголы участвуют в их образовании?

Test I

1) Languages change very rapidly compared to complex animal species such as primates.

TrueFalse

2) Languages change is not constant, but varies within certain limits.True

False

3) Which of the following is not a type of sound change?assimilation

dissimilationdeletion

insertionmetathesisbleaching

4)Which of the following sound changes is not an example of assimilation? (Forms are given in IPA.)

maror > marol

bimp > bimb

singa > siŋga

bapa > baba

5)The sound change k > t in skama > stama is an example of regressive assimilation.

True

False

6)According to Grimm’s law, proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives in Germanic. Is this an example of a chain shift?

Yes

No

7)Which of the following is an example of metathesis? (Forms are given in IPA.)

aks > ask

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aks > akas

aks > akɣ

aks > ats

aks > ak

8)Which of the following is an example of assimilation? (Forms are given in IPA.)

film > fiml

film > firm

film > filəm

film > filn

film > fim

9)Only free morphemes can be borrowed.

True

False

10)Which of the following hypothetical changes in English plural forms would be an example of an analogical levelling?

kæts > kætn̩

mɛn > mænz

bændz > bɛnd

dɔgz > dɔks

11)The humorous plural spice of the singular spouse illustrates which sort of morphological change?

analogical levelling

analogical extension

reanalysis

grammaticalization

12)Word order patterns are too abstract to be borrowed.

True

False

13)In a certain language we find that what used to be a reflexive construction a century ago is now used also to express reciprocal meanings (i.e. acting on one another). Which of the following processes does this illustrate?

borrowing

extension

reanalysis

dissimilation

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14)If a grammatical structure or construction is borrowed from one language to another, the grammatical morphemes marking it in the source language will always be translated into the borrowing language.

TrueFalse

15)Which of the following processes does not normally happen to a morpheme when it undergoes grammaticalization?

semantic bleaching

concretisation of meaningphonological reduction

16)Which of the following pair of changes is the more likely?

change from verb to preposition

change from preposition to verb

17)Which of the following types of marker is the most likely for be going to to grammaticalize into?

a marker of present tensea marker of past tensea marker of future tense

a marker of continuous aspect

18)Is pejoration the process by which a word takes on a more positive connotation?

YesNo

19)Achange in the meaning of a verb from ‘hit’to ‘kill’is an example of which sort of semantic change?

pejoration

understatementbleaching

elevationhyperbole

20)Achange in meaning from ‘left hand’to ‘evil’illustrates which of the following types of semantic change?

pejoration

understatementbleaching

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elevation

hyperbole

21)Which of the following is the least likely or poorest explanation for a sound change from [ng] to[ŋ]?

laziness

economising of articulatory gestures

22)There is a tendency for grammatical systems to change so as to become (more) symmetrical, filling in gaps in paradigms.

TrueFalse

23)The replacement of the pronoun /ŋaju/ ‘I’by /miː/ in a language because of its phonological similarity to the name of a deceased person is an example of what type of change:

semantic bleacingregularisation

taboo replacementpejoration

foreign influence

Test II

1) The linguistic diversity of the world is decreasing rapidly.

True

False

2)Which of the following corresponds best to the linguistic conception of a single language?

mutually intelligibile varietiesvarieties associated with a religion

varieties associated with an individual speakervarieties associated with a nation state

3)If you were to draw a graph showing the number of speakers of languages against numbers of languages with those speakerships, would this look like a normal bell curve?

YesNo

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