Английский язык. Практикум по чтению научно-технических текстов

Ex. 5. Choose and insert the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences.

a) are discharged, have been discharged, are being discharged.

1. Thousands of environmentally invested chemicals ... routinely ... into waterways. 2. An estimated 400 to 500 new compounds ... each year. 3. Acid waters that despoil the surrounding waterways ... now by strip mining.

b) are being built, were built, have been built.

1. New plants or enlarged old plants ... now to reduce pollutants from conventional waste sources by most industrialized countries. 2. Governments now impose discharge limits on the industrial plants that .... 3. A lot of purification facilities ... last year all over the world.

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c) were recorded, have been recorded, are recorded.

1. The environmental effects of exposure to high-level ionizing radiation ... in postwar studies on individuals who had been exposed to nuclear radiation in Japan. 2. Some forms of cancer show up immediately, but other radiation poisoning ... from 10 to 30 years after exposure. 3. The effects of exposure to low-level radiation ... to be not yet known.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing. State the form of the verb in the Passive Voice.

1. The environmental effects of exposure to high-level ionizing radiation have been extensively documented. 2. The effects of low-level radiation are not yet known. 3. Radioactive nuclear wastes cannot be treated by conventional chemical methods and must be stored in heavily shielded containers. 4. Deep caves and abandoned salt mines are currently used as the safest storage sites. 5. Most noise sources are measured in terms of intensity or strength of the sound field. 6. Noise may be generally associated with industrial society. 7. The substances that, in sufficient concentration, endangers human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials are accumulated in the atmosphere. 8. More persons have been seriously affected by smog than by any other type of air pollution. 9. Smog can be loosely defined as a multisource, widespread air pollution that occurs in the air of cities. 10. A coal economy has been replaced by a petroleum economy. 11. Air pollution concentration at a given place, especially locally and regionally, are greatly influenced by meteorological conditions. 12. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are carried long distances by the atmosphere and then precipitated in solution as acid rain. 13. Until the early 1970s, little attention was paid to the possible deleterious effects of pollution. 14. The Earth’s climate may be altered by the increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. 15. It is believed that some chemicals are responsible for the noticeable loss of ozone over the polar region that occurred in the 1980s. 16. After a forest is destroyed by a disturbance (such as fire or wind), trees or other plants reinvade the area. 17. The characteristic group of tree species in a given area is referred to as a forest type. 18. Wood has been used for lumber for construction purposes for thousands of years. 19. Paper was first made from wood about 150 years ago and it is still made primarily from wood. 20. The cellulose fibers in wood can be used to make rayon, photographic films, artificial sponges and other plastics. 21. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, forests were protected from fire by the establishment of grazing laws, fire control practices and harvesting regulation. 22. In parts of Africa, where the soils are easily eroded and the climate is unpredictable, forests and woodland are being diminished. 23. The motor-

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car is looked upon by many as the biggest culprit of all for contaminating the air. 24. The longer your car lives, the more effectively the raw materials have been utilized. 25. Few people did much to protect against the damage to the planet until Greenpeace was formed. 26. Much of Britain’s legislation on pollution control is being developed in collaboration with European Community member states and organizations such as the United Nations. 27. There is a growing concern that our future demands for ecological services may not be met with current approaches to ecosystem management and conservation. 28. The credibility of ecological engineering will be measured by its successes and its failures.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English in writing.

1. Огромное количество новой продукции, разработанной с ис- пользованием современных химических и фармацевтических процес- сов, используется ежедневно. 2. Меры по оказанию первой помощи на- правлены на предотвращение дальнейшего распространения яда в орга- низме. 3. Молоко, сырые яйца, а также смесь муки, крахмала и яиц с водой могут использоваться для замедления распространения яда в ор- ганизме. 4. При попадании яда на кожу и в глаза яд смывается водой. 5. Эти факты могут быть подтверждены статистическим анализом мно- гих факторов. 6. Повторное плавление стали было осуществлено немец- кими компаниями в 1981 году. 7. Сейчас повторное плавление радиоак- тивной стали и ее использование осуществляется повсеместно в Герма- нии. 8. Поскольку использованное радиоактивное топливо сохраняет радиоактивность долгое время, необходима гарантия его безопасности еще, по крайней мере, на 100 000 лет. 9. В настоящее время около поло- вины всего объема древесины, заготавливаемой (harvested) в мире, ис- пользуется в качестве топлива. 10. Много гектаров лесных площадей было подвержено воздействию кислотного дождя. 11. До конца не ясна степень влияния (the impact) цивилизации на экосистему Земли.

THE PARTICIPLE. THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL

CONSTRUCTION

Ex. 8. Translate the following word combinations into Russian. State the form and the function of the Participle.

1. The plan containing many details, hydrocarbons may produce damage raging from acute biological effects to chronic sublethal effects, sounds ranging from blasting stereo systems to the roar of supersonic transport jet, automobiles being polluters even in the absence of photo-

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chemical reactions, all types of smog irritating the respiratory system, our pollution including that produced by individual sources.

2.Using new equipment, following the disclosure of possible harmful effects to the public from nuclear weapons, decreasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, noise pollution causing damage to hearing, the effect of noise pollution depending upon the nature of noise, increasing the average global temperature.

3.Having calculated the distance, having been replaced by a petroleum economy, having been emitted by supersonic aircraft, having proposed the removing of pollutants from the atmosphere, having established both pollutant emission rate standards, having been responsible for the noticeable loss of ozone over the polar region, having become weakened and infected by insects and diseases, having been created by human or natural activity.

4.The research made in the laboratory, untreated and partially treated sewage, dissolved solids make the water undesirable for drinking, the series of changes in vegetation structure known as ecological succession, the discharge of heated water into a waterway often causes ecological imbalance, the controlled release of energy, individuals exposed to radiation in Japan, nuclear wastes must be stored in heavily shielded containers, the safest of storage sites currently used are deep caves, sounds generated by human activities.

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences according to the given models.

The discharge of heated water into a waterway often

Model I. causes ecologic imbalance. – Слив нагретой воды в во-

доем часто вызывает экологический дисбаланс.

1.The increased temperature accelerates chemical biological processes.

2.Thousands of environmental untested chemicals are routinely discharged in waterways. 3. An estimated 90 per cent of all water consumption is for cooling or energy dissipation. 4. Thus, rapid and dramatic changes in biologic communities often occur in the vicinity of heated discharges. 5. Industrial wastes of unknown content are commingled with domestic wastes.

Radiation pollution is any form of ionizing radiation that

results from human activities. – Радиационное загряз-

Model II. нение – одна из форм ионизирующего излучения, яв- ляющегося результатом человеческой активности.

1. The major sources of thermal pollution are fossil fuel and nuclear electric power generating facilities and cooling operations associated with

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industrial manufacturing. 2. The sources of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing plants, by-products of mining operations and experimental research laboratories. 3. The effect of noise pollution is variable, depending upon individual susceptibility, duration of exposure, nature of noise, time distribution of exposure. 4. Introduction of substances into city air to prevent the occurrence of reactions, producing photochemical smog has also been suggested but not implemented. 5. In the mid 20th century, unproductive farmland was converted to forests through the subsidizing of reforestation, thus halting erosion and providing for future forests. 6. Advanced treatment of waste, involving biological chemical and physical methods of disposal, is used to remote plants nutrients that promote excessive growth of algae in water. 7. There are four techniques, varying in cost and efficiency for removing air pollutants.

When removing the particles from the exhaust stream, the

electrostatic precipitator electrically charges them and Model III. attracts the particles to charged plates. – Удаляя частицы

из потока отработанных газов, электрофильтр заряжа- ет их и притягивает частицы на пластины.

1. When minimizing the effects of industrial activity on people and the environment, these methods of pollution control may be the most efficient. 2. When trying to write on both sides of the paper instead of just one-side, it halves the use of paper without having to recycle it or remake it in any kind of way. 3. When re-using and recycling glass bottles, you cannot do that as an individual unless there is a bottle bank at the end of the road. 4. When re-using plastic bags that people give you in supermarkets and shops is one very simple way of making plastic last longer. 5. When assessing removal efficiencies, it is important to determine the amount of smaller particles removed as well as the total removal of particulates of all sizes.

Ex. 10. State the sentences where the verb form with the suffix “ed” is Participle II. Translate them.

1. More and more people are becoming very worried about the state of the environment on a local scale as well as on a large one. 2. When you have worn out the clothes or you have got tired of clothes or the toys instead of just throwing them away, actually handing them to someone else is a very good way of recycling. 3. There are more sophisticated ways of recycling as well but they need help from local or central government. 4. Quite a lot of pollution around is actually caused by us in the way we

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live our everyday lives. 5. In the house too, there are a lot of chemicals used now, which were not invented more than thirty years ago. 6. Although humans apparently first appeared in Africa, they quickly spread throughout the world. 7. The domestication of plants also led to the destruction of natural vegetation to make room for crops. 8. Rapid technological advances after the Middle Ages culminated in the Industrial Revolution, which involved the discovery, use and exploitation of fossil fuels. 9. An electric motor is fitted between engine and transmission instead of the flywheel. 10. Galvanized sheet steel is sued for the parts of the bodywork mostly exposed to corrosion. 11. In June 1992 Britain participated in the “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro and signed the conventions negotiated there to protect biological diversity and to guard against global climate change through the “greenhouse effect”. 12. The longer your car lives, the more effectively the raw materials have been utilized.

Ex. 11. State the sentences where the verb form with the suffix “ing” is Participle I. Translate them.

1. If we are going to use things like oil, then the least we should do is to make sure we use those plastics as thoroughly as we possibly can. 2. Now, it is possible to recycle plastic as well, although there are still very few plastic recycling centers around. 3. Unprecedented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and accelerating decline in the quality of the environment. 4. The bird enjoys the freezing waterfalls and rapids of the country’s river. 5. Some of the several hundred mining lakes organizing from mining will be among the largest and deepest lakes in Germany. 6. Phytoplankton is introduced as an intriguing and simple indicator for different states of ecological quality of lakes. 7. Mining lakes result from the infilling of mine pits by rising groundwater and additionally by surface water from streams. 8. The Government supports the work of voluntary bodies in the protection of Britain’s heritage by making grants available. 9. Ice sheets advanced and retreated four times in North America and three times in Europe, swinging the climate between cold and temperature, influencing vegetation and animal life and ultimately forming the environment as it exists today. 10. Although atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has been banned by most countries, eliminating a large source of radioactive fallout, nuclear radiation still remains an environmental problem. 11. In recent years, more stress has been placed on improving the means of disposal of the solid residues from municipal treatment processes. 12. The significance of this change is its potential for

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raising the temperature of the earth through the process known as the “greenhouse effect”.

Ex. 12. Complete the sentences, then translate them into Russian.

1. When weakened and infected by insects or diseases, trees ...

2. When growing seeds on a large scale in forest tree nurseries to replant large deforested areas, the US ... 3. If used in consumptive purposes throughout the world, forests ... 4. In the face of increased population and continued industrialization, environmental activists in the US ... 5. If treated by different methods of disposal, wastewater becomes ....

Ex. 13. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English.

1. (Загрязненный) air can also contain gases, which do direct damage or which react with other substances. 2. Cities (расположенные) in bowls

and valleys suffer from incidences of severe smog. 3. The dipper (встре- чающийся) throughout the country pays little attention to the ice and snow. 4. It is interesting to know, that fire, once (считавшийся) as a destroyer of forests, is now recognized as a management tool (когда ис-

пользуется осторожно). 5. Acute effects include an (увеличившийся) mortality rate, especially among persons (страдающих) from respiratory

and coronary ailments. 6. Some striking effects of acid rain are: fish are (отравленная), trees are (ослаблены), people are (подвержены влиянию) by acid drinking water, toxic substances (накапливающиеся) in animals. 7. Costs of damages (образующиеся в результате) from pol-

lution can rarely be assessed in terms of dollars. 8. Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased (следуя за) the disclosure of possible harmful effects to the public from nuclear

weapons testing. 9. Such crops hold and protect the soil during growth and (когда их убирают) supply much-needed organic matter to the soil.

Ex. 14. Paraphrase the sentences using Participle II instead of clauses.

1. Mining lakes are artificial surface bodies comparable to reservoirs, which have to be monitored and managed in accordance to the EC Water Framework Directive. 2. When the majority of mining lakes are examined, they should meet the requirements of a specific economical use in the future. 3. When the water level uses rapidity, it is also an important support for stabilization of the bans of the infilling pits. 4. When very and extremely acidic lakes are selected, they should be considered as valuable and unique ecosystems and be protected as they are under appropriate legal regulations. 5. Noise pollution is a composite of sounds, which are

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generated by human activities, ranging from blasting stereo systems to the roar of supersonic transport jets.

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing. Mind the use of the participles.

1. Toxic substances absorbed by the creatures that form the diet of the dipper and therefore the bird builds up increasing amounts of toxic material in its body. 2. With the use of the chemicals banned by every gardener in his garden, then that really would make a big difference. 3. Now, we know that the fumes that come out of the exhaust pipes of the cars are aggravating problems. 4. A greater problem facing the nuclear industry is the storage of nuclear wastes, which remain toxic for 700 to 1 million years, depending on the type. 5. Untreated and partially treated sewage from municipal wastewater systems and septic tanks in unsewered areas contribute significant quantities of nutrients, suspended solids, dissolved solids, oil, metals and biodegradable organic carbon to the water environment. 6. Photochemical smog produces eye irritation and causes severe damage to many types of vegetation, including important crops. 7. Certain pollutants decrease the concentration of ozone occurring naturally in the stratosphere, which in turn increases the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. 8. Air pollution and water pollution created by human and natural activity can further damage trees. 9. Growing realization of the need to conserve the natural recourses, which in pioneer times seemed unlimited, brought about better management. 10. Eutrophication occurs when lake water becomes artificially enriched with nutrients, causing abnormal plant growth. 11. Often, industrial wastes of unknown content are commingled with domestic wastes. 12. Some sludges (the settled material from wastewater treatment) may be applied to the land, recycling their plant nutrients.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Some people getting lots and lots of letters through the post, new envelopes are not used. 2. New labels having been stuck on the front of the letters, people post them usually to the persons that sent them. 3. The clothes having been worn, actually handing them on to someone else is a very good way of recycling. 4. The gardeners using pesticides and weed killers in their gardeners, the damage to wildlife is caused. 5. The chemicals, the cleaning agents, the bleaches and the disinfectants being sloshed around us, a lot of pollution is actually caused. 6. Cars particularly in

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towns and cities being very noisy and smelly, people face such aggravating problems like the greenhouse effect and the hole in the ozone layer. 7. The car being used less, people become environmentally friendly. 8. Human populations remaining small and human technology modest, the impact on the environment was localized. 9. Population having increased and technology having improved and extended, more significant and widespread problems arose.

Ex. 17. Translate the following word combinations into English.

1.Более экономичное решение, демонстрирующее одну печь для всех материалов; реакции, приводящие к появлению фотохимическо- го смога; основная угроза, стоящая перед растительным миром; твердые отходы, содержащие фосфор.

2.Переработка стального лома, впервые планируемая немецкими компаниями; исследование, производимое во всем мире; радиоак- тивные изотопы, содержащиеся в использованном топливе; потреб- ляет растворенный в воде кислород.

3.Перерабатывая отходы; каждый изотоп, имея разные характе- ристики; отделяя уран и плутоний от остальных радиоактивных изо- топов; включая биологические, химические и физические методы уничтожения.

4.Приняв во внимание четыре вида продукта; значительно увели- чив количество центров по контролю за отравлением ядами; получив специфическую информацию для диагностики и лечения; удалив за- грязнения из атмосферы.

THE INFINITIVE. THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the function of the Infinitive.

1. The challenge of being environmentally friendly is to get as many people as possible. 2. Now it is possible to recycle plastics as well although there are still very few plastic recycling centers around. 3. If we are going to use things like oil in order to produce plastics, then the least we should do is to make sure we use those plastics as thoroughly as we possibly can. 4. Artificial lakes larger than 0,5 km2 have to be monitored and managed in order to establish or maintain a state of so-called good ecological water quality. 5. We recommend that extremely acidic lakes should remain in the acidic state to protect valuable ecosystems. 6. Moderately and weakly acidic lakes can be managed by external flooding, chemical or ecotechnological meas-

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ures to achieve neutral water quality conditions necessary for recreation use. 7. Based on a dataset of more than 10 years of physical, chemical and biological monitoring the scientists make the first attempt to classify the whole continuum of existing ecological conditions in mining lakes. 8. Which types of natural lakes are comparable to mining lakes and thus can be used to derive reference conditions? 9. At the beginning, clearly distinguishable types of lakes, typical for the catchments and landscape, have to be defined. 10. The species richness of planktonic organisms increases, while the productivity of algae and bacteria seem to be independent of acidity. 11. Up to now, it has not been possible to find weakly acidic mining lakes in nature. 12. Acidic seepage water from the overburden dumps continues to flow into the lakes. 13. The potential of mining lakes to become permanently stratified may be useful. 14. Meromixis can be expected in the deepest parts of the lakes with a high depth. 15. Selectively and extremely acidic lakes should be considered as unique ecosystems and be protected as they are under appropriate legal regulations. 16. Oxygen consumption may lead to an oxygen depression that is sufficient to cause a fish kill and seriously to disrupt the growth of associated organisms that require oxygen to survive. 17. The increased temperature accelerates chemical-biological processes and decreases the ability of the water to hold dissolved oxygen. 18. Electrostatic precipitators and filters are used in power plants to meet particulate emission standards and low sulfur content fuels can be used to limit sulfur dioxide emissions. 19. The cyclone separator causes air emissions to whirl around, forcing heavy particles to the outside and ultimately to remova val below. 20. The conversion to clean energy resources, new combustion process for coal and advanced scrubbers are approaches that may reduce total residuals at a lower cost than present methods.

Ex. 19. Choose the correct translation of the following sentences.

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