Английский для магистрантов. Практикум
.pdftrying to evade its attention. A mixture of Ravens and Switchblades could thus make an effective hunter-killer team.
As electronics get ever smaller, small drones get more capable. At the moment, Ravens cost around $56,000 each, and economies of scale should bring this down. By contrast, machines like the Predator cost at least $5m, and another $5,000 an hour to fly. That is how the Pentagon can afford to buy so many Ravens, compared with just a few dozen Predators and Reapers each year. From the army’s point of view, small is definitely beautiful.
2.Переведите словосочетания на английский язык:
самоходная машина, щелкнуть мышью по названию объекта на карте, повлечь серьезные разрушения, цифровой фотоаппарат, ударить противника кулаком по лицу, обновить программу, вооруженный «до зубов» боец, запустить воздушного змея, подниматься в воздух при помощи пропеллера, современное транспортное средство, перевозить взрывчатые вещества, ядерное оружие, переносное записывающее устройство.
3.Прочитайте и переведите статью из World Science. Выразите свое отношение к прочитанному в нескольких предложениях на английском языке:
Tattoos, Piercings May Advertise Good Health
Dec. 3, 2009
Special to World Science
Tattoos and body piercings — common worldwide since ancient times — may exist because they effectively advertise robust health and good genes to potential mates, a study proposes.
Biologists theorize that many risky, costly and apparently useless behaviors persist among animals because of what they communicate to potential mates, rivals and others. For example, an expensive Rolex watch may be no more useful or prettier than a Timex, but for some people it serves a function by creating an aura of wealth.
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Tattoos and body piercings — common worldwide since ancient times — may persist because they effectively advertise robust health and good genes to potential mates, a study proposes (Image courtesy CDC).
A field of evolutionary biology called signaling theory examines such behaviors.
«Honest signals» are defined as signals that are hard to fake and thus make better advertisements. For instance, the Rolex may not show true financial solidity; you might have just overdrawn your credit card or be running a Ponzi scheme.
On the other hand, if you stick a metal pin through your cheek without suffering any ill effects that may actually say something about your immune system, especially if disinfection hasn’t been invented yet. Thus, it could be an honest signal of health, if perhaps not of the sharpest mind.
Slawomir Koziel of the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Institute of
Anthropology in Wroclaw, Poland, and colleagues decided to explore whether body-decorated people actually do have better health than average.
They measured levels of bodily symmetry in 200 people with and without tattooes and unconventional piercings. Many scientists consider such symmetry as an indicator of healthy development.
Symmetry was significantly higher in the tattooed-and-pierced group, especially in men, the researchers found.
«Higher body symmetry of the men having tattoos or piercing indicates that this type of body decoration in the Western society can be related to the honest signal of biological quality only for men», Koziel and colleagues wrote, describing their findings in a paper slated for publication in the research journal Evolution and Human
Behavior.
4. Найдите в прессе информацию о последних достижениях в области науки и техники и подготовьте сообщение о них на английском языке в форме презентации. Используйте приведенные ниже рекомендации:
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10 Powerpoint Tips for Preparing a Professional Presentation
Posted on May 23, 2009 by Tina Sieber
Ads by Google
Presentations — whether they are made with Powerpoint or other applications, are a great way to support a speech, visualize complicated concepts or focus attention on a subject.
However, a bad presentation can achieve the opposite. Badly designed slides with too much text or bad graphics can distract or worse, irritate the audience.
Here’s is a short guide that will help you create presentations with a professional look and concise content, avoiding the most common mistakes.
Design
The first thing that gives a professional touch to any presentation is the design.
Presentation Helper has a large selection of free Powerpoint templates for a variety of topics. However, whether you download a free template or create your own, keep the following in mind:
1. Compose Slides
Don’t copy & paste slides from different sources.
Keep the design very basic and simple. It shall not distract. Pick an easy to read font face.
Carefully select font sizes for headers and text.
Leave room for highlights, such as images or take home messages. Decorate scarcely but well.
Restrict the room your design takes up and don’t ever let the design restrict your message.
2. Use Consistency
Consistently use the same font face and sizes on all slides. Match colors.
You may use your company logo, highlight headers, create a special frame for figures/images or the whole slide but don’t overload your slides with these elements.
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Colors
A poor choice of colors can shatter a presentation.
If you’re unsure which colors match best, use ColorBlender to get a set of up to six matching colors, simply by moving a set of RGB sliders back and forth.
3. Use Contrast
Black text on a white background will always be the best but also the most boring choice.
If you want to play with colors, keep it easy on the eyes and always keep good contrast in mind so that your readers do not have to strain to guess what you’ve typed on your slide.
4. Apply Brilliance
Carefully use color to highlight your message!
Don’t weaken the color effect by using too many colors at an instance.
Make a brilliant choice: match colors for design and good contrast to highlight your message.
5. KISS
Keep It Straight and Simple. Keywords only.
No sentences!
Never read your slides, talk freely.
Remember that your slides are only there to support, not to replace your talk! You’ll want to tell a story, describe your data or explain circumstances, and only provide keywords through your slides. If you read your slides and if you do it slow and badly, the audience will get bored and stop listening.
6. Take Home Message
Always express a Take Home Message.
It’s your message, a summary of your data or story.
Make it a highlight that stands out.
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Images
Images are key elements of every presentation. Your audience has ears and eyes — they’ll want to see what you’re talking about, and a good visual cue will help them to understand your message much better.
7. Add Images
Have more images in your slides than text. But do not use images to decorate!
Images can reinforce or complement your message. Use images to visualize and explain.
A picture can say more than a thousand words.
If you don’t have your own images, you can browse Flickr or Google’s image search for material. If this is a very public and official presentation however, you need to keep copyrights in mind.
Animations & Media
In animations, there is a fine line between a comic or professional impression. However, animations can be rather powerful tools to visualize and explain complicated matters. A good animation can not only improve understanding, but can also make the message stick with your audience.
8. Don’t Be Silly
Use animations and media sparingly.
Use animations to draw attention, for example to your Take Home Message.
Use animations to clarify a model or emphasize an effect.
Target & Content
Your target i.e. your audience, defines the content of your presentation. For example, you won’t be able to teach school kids about the complicated matters of economy. However, you may be able to explain what economy is in the first place and why it is important.
9. Keep Your Audience In Mind What do they know?
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What do you need to tell them? What do they expect?
What will be interesting to them? What can you teach them?
What will keep them focused?
Answer these questions and boil your slides down to the very essentials.
In your talk, describe the essentials colorfully and choose your weapons i.e. text, images and animations wisely (see above).
If you lose the attention of your audience, everything will be lost — it won’t matter how ingenious your design is or how brilliantly you picked colors and keywords.
10. Practice
A well-prepared and enthusiastic talk will help you convince your audience and maintain their attention. There are some key points that define a good talk.
Know your slides inside out. Speak freely.
Speak with confidence — loud and clear.
Don’t speak too fast.
Maintain eye contact with the audience.
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РАЗДЕЛ 7 Applying Your Knowledge
1. Передайте данную информацию, используя прямую речь:
1.Yesterday spokesman informed the public about the company’s plans to expand to Asia.
2.Mr. Brooks believes they will earn big profit the following year.
3.Reporter doubts whether the star was sober.
4.This team was supposed to inform the public of what is happing during the trial.
5.A retired American general claimed that Dutch soldiers failed to prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 in part because the presence of gay troops in the Dutch military.
6.Lisa Singleton, an Energy Future spokeswoman, said in a telephone interview that they were taking advantage of the current markets.
7.The Head of the Board insisted on Vice-President’s resigning.
8.They had to reject the idea that every time a law's broken, society was guilty rather than the lawbreaker.
9.Majority of Americans thought it was time to restore the American precept that each individual was accountable for his actions.
10.Society and housewives in particular were enraged about new law passed a week before.
2. Прочитайте статью и сформулируйте ее основную идею на английском языке:
Work911.com Business, Management and Personal Development
Resource Center
Reprintable Articles by Robert Bacal
Customer Service Only As Good As What YOU Create
When you see these words: Customer Service, what comes to mind?
Speedy service? Low prices? A ‘no-questions-asked’ return policy?
Okay, these attributes certainly define some of the aspects of customer service, but speak more to the overall company policies and
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guidelines that have been crafted, not specifically to the individual providing the service.
It’s all very well for a small business to advertise its customer service policies by publishing such statements as: ‘We guarantee your order will be delivered to you within 24 hours of placement’ or how about the ubiquitous ‘We are so confident you’ll love our product, we offer a «no-hassle» return policy should you be dissatisfied.‘ These are fine customer service practices, but may be rendered useless if the employee who interacts with your customers has an attitude that totally negates your company’s customer services practice with regard to friendly service.
Consider this scenario between a customer and company sales representative. A customer is attempting to take advantage of a timelimited instant rebate that expired two minutes ago:
Сustomer: I would have been here earlier in the day, but my babysitter was late, then my car wouldn’t start so I had to wait for the tow-truck for over an hour, then …………………!
Sales rep: The ad clearly states that the rebate is effective only from
9:00 a.m. ’til 11:00 a.m. You are late.
Customer: I realize that I’m late by a few minutes………..
Sales rep: Rules are rules, and you weren’t here between 9 and 11.
I cannot give you a rebate.
Customer: I was hoping you could make an exception for me. I’m a regular customer in good standing and ……
Sales rep: I will not make an exception. I will not give you the rebate.
Does this sound like an employee concerned about delivering customer service? The employee sounds more concerned about following the company policy to the letter and less concerned about manners. So anxious was he (let’s hope) about following the rules, he constantly interrupted the customer, and he showed no empathy for the customer’s situation. So how could the sales rep have better handled the exchange? He could have demonstrated empathy for the customer’s unfortunately hectic morning. And also, he could have offered to speak with his supervisor about making an exception for
‘a valuable customer’.
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So we can see that the sales rep really knows the store rule with regards to this particular offer, but very little else about good customer service. Bad for business, and bad for your company’s reputation.
Ensure that potential employees know how much you value (and reward!) civility, empathy, and the ability to know when to bend the rules occasionally.
This business brief is based on, or excerpted from Perfect Phrases for Managing Your Small Business, published by McGraw-Hill. It's an outstanding book for all small business owners and covers everything from starting up, determining whether small business ownership is for you, customer service issues and much more. Best of all it's under $10.00.
3. Переведите приведенную ниже информацию на русский язык. Выразите свое мнение по поводу обсуждаемой проблемы в письменной форме. Используйте выражения из статьи:
Economist, Aug 9th 2011 | London
David Goodhart believes that immigration is endangering European society. These are his remarks:
The open societies of modern Europe — combining individual rights, social market economies and welfare states — are the closest the world has yet come to the good society. Mass immigration into these societies, without the appropriate integration of newcomers, is endangering that unique combination of individual liberty and social solidarity.
It is doing so by changing the face of many towns and cities too rapidly, eroding the belief that existing citizens come first and weakening a sense of mutual obligation expressed through the tax and benefit system.
There is nothing mystical about the nation-state. Anyone can join (if invited) so long as they learn the language and respect the traditions of the country. And a commitment to the nation-state is compatible with internationalism, and support for bodies like NATO and the EU to which countries have ceded some of their sovereignty.
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But after a long and often bloody pre-history the modern nation-state is the only institution that can currently deliver what liberals, of both right and left, want: democratic legitimacy for the exercise of power; cross-class and cross-generational solidarity and even, in Europe's post-religious age, a sense of collective identification that is bigger than families and neighbourhoods but more tangible than the whole world. It is possible in the future that more global institutions might be able to deliver democracy and welfare, but there is little sign of it yet.
And for the nation-state to work it must entail borders and boundaries and it must «belong» to existing citizens—on important matters they must have special rights over non-citizens. That means immigration must be managed with the interests of existing citizens in mind. The question is what are those interests?
Immigration does not in itself endanger the European nation, but when it happens very quickly and on a very large scale and when many immigrants choose to live in cultural enclaves it does do so.
That, alas, is what has been happening in Europe. The unintended consequences of liberal immigration policies and multicultural politics (with the exception of France) — which said that you can come here and remain the same — have alienated voters across the continent and given rise to populist parties in once tolerant places like the Netherlands.
In several European countries the immigrant and ethnic minority population is rising to 15 % or 20 % (one leading demographer has said that on current trends Britain will be «majority minority» by 2066). Many large towns are already around 40 % minority: Birmingham, Malmo, Marseilles. This sudden and largely unplanned demographic shift has damaged trust between citizens and generated segregation, fear and, in some countries, extremism.
The «rights revolution» from the 1970s onwards, partly designed to atone for the racism of the first period of immigration, has if anything exacerbated the «parallel lives» problem. Other factors have played a role: the sheer size of some minority communities which has made it easier to live apart in «little Pakistan», and so on; the rising influence of a conservative Islam; the growth of trans-national
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