- •Chapter 1 (pages 1-2)
- •Chapter 1 (pages 3-4)
- •Chapter 2 (pages 5-6)
- •Chapter 2 (pages 7-8)
- •Chapter 3 (pages 9-12)
- •Chapter 4 (pages 13-17)
- •Chapter 5 (pages 18-22)
- •Chapter 7 (pages 34-38)
- •Chapter 8 (pages 43-47)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 48-50)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 52-55)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 55-59)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 59-62)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 62-66)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 66-69)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 69-72)
- •Chapter 9 (pages 72-75)
- •Chapter 10 (pages 76-79)
Chapter 9 (pages 62-66)
Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
crown – шелыга
extrados - верхняя выпуклая поверхность между пятами арки или свода
keystone – замковый камень
intrados – внутренняя поверхность арки
rise – стрела арки
abutment – опора, пята
springer – пятовый камень арки или свода
curvature – изгиб
centring, centering – кружало
flashing – гидроизолирующая прокладка
Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
bricks, rise, separate, width, pressure, cemented, space, determined, arch, sedimentary, centering, span
a The … of the semicircular arch is … by the … of the opening.
b Battens help to maintain the … of the arch, if … is made of two timber ribs.
c In the process of arch construction … should be placed one at a time and … together.
d Cavity walls are the walls built in two … layers with a … between them.
e Heat and … changes in igneous and … rocks create metamorphic rocks.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a be / and / working / must / of /drawings / the / arches / The rise / segmental / on / shown / the / semicircular /
b of / curvature / to / a / arch / the / identical / completed / timber / the / must / The curvature / shape / of / be
c the / supporting / is / weight / the / on / masonry / the / centering / crucial / The strength / for / of /
d if / not / weather / out / rainfall / is / considerable / or / there / cold / Moisture / kept / is /
e insects / level / cavity / skin / the / open / at / prevents / through / joins / the / ground / Mesh / external / in / the / entering /
Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Segmental and semicircular arches are the easiest to build with bricks, blocks, and stone.
b An arch may curve in any direction to be self-supporting.
c The centering should stay in its place until the cement mortar is hard.
d Cracks are possible in the arch if there is no movement before the mortar sets.
e Because of wall ties cavity walls have the same strength and stability as solid walls.
Answer the following questions:
a What are the stages of construction of an arch?
b What is a centering and what is it used for?
c What should one do with the mortar that falls down the cavity in a cavity wall?
d When do damp patches appear on the inner skin of a cavity wall?
e What types of stone are used for building? What is the difference between them?
Give a summary of the fragment.
Chapter 9 (pages 66-69)
Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
dressing – шлифовка, выравнивание
mason’s hammer – молоток-кирочка каменщика
chip – откалывать, отбивать
pitcher – долото
stonemason (mason) – каменщик
header (bonding) stone – тычок каменной кладки
rough stone – бут
jamb – косяк, боковой откос
plaster – штукатурка (внутренние работы)
render – штукатурка (внешние работы)
Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
alternate, mason, stone, bed, vertical, rock, mortar, raked, overlap, irregular, hold, dressed, spaces
a Each … for a wall must be selected and … by a skilled stonemason.
b Saving of … is possible if smaller pieces of stones are used to fill the … between the irregular stones.
c Straight … joints should be avoided by using large stones to … each other in … courses.
d The … always lays the rocks so that the natural … remains horizontal.
e An additional … for plaster or render is sometimes provided by … out joints.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a both / dress / the / and / face / to / Chisel / stones / the / used / pitcher / to / of / are /
b of / wall / back / bonded / by / should / The front / stones / properly / a / and / be / long /
c header / wall / be / meter / for / least / square / of / There / stones / two / at / each / should / the /
d should / openings / stretcher / at / Closers / maintain / used / bonding / true / to / the / be /
e are / building / blocks / openings / span / for / to / Concrete / not / the / used / archers / normally /
Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Coursed random rubble walls consist of rough stones used in an almost natural state.
b Only an experienced mason working with rough stones can build a stable and pleasing to look at wall.
c In regular coursed rubble walls the height of the stones should be the same in all courses.
d All the aggregates for blocks shouldn’t be covered by quality standards.
e The factory-produced blocks must be tested for strength and density.
Answer the following questions:
a What types of blocks do you know? What’s the difference between them?
b What are the general principles of block manufacture?
c Are there any special tools used in stone masonry?
d What are the types of stone walls? What’s the difference between them?
e Do you know any rules for working with stone? What are they?
Give a summary of the fragment.