- •Unit 1 petroleum and natural gas
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •III. Translate the following phrases into Russian without dictionary:
- •Petroleum
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Retell the text using the questions in IV.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Degrees of Comparison.
- •VIII. Find one sentence in Present Perfect Tense in the text. Natural gas
- •II. Read and translate the text. Natural gas
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •Unit 2 oil and gas fields development
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •III. Translate the following expressions into Russian without a dictionary.
- •Oil and gas fields development
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Make up proper expressions using the words given in the following columns. Give the Russian translation.
- •VII. Retell the text “Oil and gas fields development” using the questions in V.
- •XI. Find in the text “Oil and gas fields development” the sentences containing the Participle.
- •XII. A) Read and render the contents of the text below in Russian. Give it a title.
- •Unit 3 historical development of oil pipe line
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Historical development of oil pipe line
- •IV. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the passive constructions. Remember the underlined verbs.
- •Unit 4 pumping stations
- •Pumping stations
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Translate the following text into English.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle. Explain the difference between them.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations into English.
- •Unit 5 manufacture of pipelines
- •III. Translate the following words.
- •IV Read and translate the following text. Manufacture of pipe lines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Find in the text the English equivalent to the following Russian words and expressions.
- •VII. Deny the wrong statements. Use the following expressions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “would”.
- •X. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “should”.
- •XI. Translate the following conditional sentences.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract into Russian with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 6 methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •I. Study the following words before reading the text.
- •II. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •III. Find the corresponding Russian equivalents.
- •Methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •VII. Translate the phrases into English using the Infinitive as an attribute.
- •I'm afraid that’s wrong.
- •It seems to me, it’s not true.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Moving oil and natural gas
- •XII. Give a summary of the text. Unit 7 types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •Types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the form and the voice of the Gerund.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •X. Translate paragraphs 3-6 in a written form. Pipeline components
- •Unit 8 construction of pipelines
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.
- •Construction of pipelines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Retell the text “Construction of pipelines” according to the following plan:
- •Unit 9 materials
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Materials
- •VI. Answer the following questions. Use the questions as a plan for your retelling of the text.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •IX. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
- •X. Translate into Russian using the proper function of the Infinitive.
- •XI. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object and the Complex Subject. А
- •XII. Translate into Russian using the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •II. Find out in the dictionary and remember the pronunciation of the following words.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Say a few words about a) trunk pipelines; b) multi-product pipelines. Make up a short plan of your speech.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •XI. Translate into Russian. Define the form of the Infinitive and its function.
- •XII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the use of the Participle and the Gerund.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract using a dictionary.
- •XIV. Find out if the following statements are true or false.
- •Unit 11 pipeline operation and safety measures
- •Pipeline operation and safety measures
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Describe the pipeline operation according to the following plan.
- •VIII. Translate into Russian. Find out if the underlined words are the Gerund or the Participle.
- •IX. Define the function of the Infinitive used in the following sentences. Translate them.
- •X. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Participle II.
- •XI. Read and translate the following extracts with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 12 types of coatings
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write out the proper transcription to the following words from the dictionary.
- •V. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
- •VI. Read and translate the following text. Types of coatings
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Retell the text “Types of Coatings” using the questions from the previous exercise.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
- •Unit 13
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Find out the proper transcription of the following words in the dictionary.
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •IV. Translate the following phrases into Russian without a dictionary.
- •VI. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XI. Retell the text “Integrated Systems for Pipeline Security” using the questions in VIII.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice.
- •XIII. Remember the meaning of the following verbs.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •XV. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the phrases given in brackets. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •Unit 14
- •In-tube magnetic examination of lined tubuing
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write the proper transcription to the following words.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •XI. Retell the text “In-tube Magnetic Examination of Lined Tubing” using the questions in IX.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •Contents
V. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
A.
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B. a. problems b. health objections c. defects d. petroleum asphalts e. the demands f. precautions g. coating’s integrity h. high temperature i. greater bonding strength j. hydrocarbons |
VI. Read and translate the following text. Types of coatings
Different types of coatings are available to meet the contractual demands set out by the pipeline owners as well as to accommodate the preferences of individual contractors. The most widely used types are bituminous enamels, epoxy resins, and tapes.
Enamel Coatings. Bituminous enamels are derived from coal-tar pitches or petroleum asphalts. Because of their wide availability, low cost and ease of application, they have been widely used throughout the industry almost since its inception. Enamel coatings include a wide variety of petroleum-based derivatives such as asphalts, coal tars, greases and waxes, mastics, and asphalt mastics. Asphalts are substances that occur both naturally and as a byproduct of petroleum distillation, while coal tar is a mixture of tars formulated from the byproducts of coal distillation to which various filler substances have been added. Grease and wax are petroleum-based coatings containing corrosion inhibitors and fillers.
The use of grease and wax has declined markedly, and they are only rarely used in modern pipeline construction. Mastics are a mixture of asphalt, sand and miscellaneous fillers. They are used when a thicker, more durable consistency and greater adhesion are needed. Asphalt mastic, a form of coating that has been in use in the industry for over 50 years, is a dense mixture of sand, crushed limestone and fiber bound together with asphalt. As it is the thickest of all corrosion coatings, it is generally used in offshore pipelines.
Both asphalt mastics and the other enamel coatings are not suitable for use in areas where the soil has been contaminated with hydrocarbons.
With enamel coatings, the material in intimate contact with the pipe surface is the enamel. The sand, felt, fiberglass and other materials used as fillers function as mechanical reinforcement to protect the pipe during construction.
Enamel coatings are most effective when the pipeline’s operating temperature range is between 300F and 1800F. Below 400F precautions must be taken to guard against cracking and subsequent bonding problems.
Fusion-bonded Epoxy Coatings. Fusion-bonded epoxies are powdered resins that form a virtual skin over the steel surface when applied to heated pipe. They are usually applied at the mill because of the specialized equipment needed and the exacting pre-application requirements.
For maximum effectiveness and bonding strength, pipe surfaces must be blast-cleaned to a near-white finish. The entire pipe is then heated to a specified temperature, and a fine spray of powdered epoxy resin is directed onto the pipe surface. The resin melts on contact, and the residual heat of the pipe cures the coating and bonds it to the pipe.
The principal advantages of the fusion-bonded epoxies:
the relatively thin coating they leave. Because defects are not hidden under a thick layer of coating or outer wrap, final inspection of the pipe surface is considerably easier.
the coating’s strong resistance to handling damage and its overall durability and flexibility;
fusion-bonded epoxies can also be applied to the internal surfaces of pipelines. Gas transmission lines in particular are more susceptible to internal corrosion because of the hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and water found in natural gas.
fusion-bonded epoxies can withstand the high operating temperatures (2000F or higher) commonly found in gas transmission lines.
Tape Coatings. Polyethylene tape is now being used more and more for line travel applied external pipe coatings. Although polyethylene is the most commonly used tape coating, several other types are also available. These include polyvinyl, coal tar base, and butyl-mastic adhesive coatings. New adhesives and primers that offer greater bonding strength are also being developed. Since the coating is applied on the line, its integrity can be immediately verified, and any defects can be repaired quickly and simply. The application procedure does not raise any serious environmental or health objections.