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.pdfЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛ
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Таблица 13 |
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Многофункциональное слово “it” |
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Функция и значение |
Примеры |
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Перевод |
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1. Личное местоимение «он», «она», |
I have heard the news and find it very |
Я слышал новость и считаю, что она |
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«оно» (неодушевленный предмет) |
important. |
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очень важная. |
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2. Указательное местоимение «это» |
The day will be fine; no one doubts it. |
День будет отличный, никто в этом не |
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сомневается. |
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3. |
Формальное |
подлежащее |
It is essential |
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Важно |
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безличного |
предложения. |
It is impossible |
to |
restore |
this |
Невозможно |
отреставрировать |
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Самостоятельно не переводится |
It is important |
historical building. |
Важно |
это историческое |
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It is expected |
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Ожидается, что |
здание. |
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It is necessary |
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Необходимо |
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4. |
Формальное дополнение после |
I consider it |
important to |
begin |
Я считаю важным начать переговоры |
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некоторых глаголов. |
Самостоятельно |
the negotiations at once. |
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немедленно. |
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не переводится |
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5. Часть выделительной конструкции it |
It was Shakespeare who wrote “King |
Именно Шекспир написал «Король |
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is … that (who, which). Переводится |
Lear” . |
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Лир». |
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«именно», «это», «только», «что» |
It was not until 11 o’clock that the |
Представление началось только в 11 |
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performance started.. |
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часов. |
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70 |
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ИОННЫЙ
ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛ
Таблица 14
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
Положительная степень |
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Сравнительная степень |
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Превосходная степень |
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Односложные прилагательные |
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long – длинный |
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longer – длиннее, более длинный |
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the longest – самый длинный, длиннейший |
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easy – легкий |
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easier – легче, более легкий |
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the easiest – самый легкий, легчайший |
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Многосложные прилагательные |
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important – важный |
more important – более важный, важнее |
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the most important – самый важный, важнейший |
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Исключения |
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good – хороший |
better – лучше |
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the best – наилучший, самый хороший |
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bad – плохой |
worse – хуже |
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the worst – наихудший, самый плохой |
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little – маленький |
less – меньше |
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the least – наименьший, самый маленький |
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many, much – |
more – больше |
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the most – больше всего |
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много |
further – дальше, далее |
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the furthest – дальше всего |
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far – далеко |
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Союзы сравнения: as…as – так (же)…, как; такой (же)…, как
the higher… the better – чем выше…, тем лучше
71
ИОННЫЙ
ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛ
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Таблица 15 |
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Модальные глаголы |
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Модальный |
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Значение |
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Времена |
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глагол |
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Present |
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Past |
Future |
эквивалент |
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must |
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должен, надо, нужно |
must work |
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had to work |
shall (will) have to work |
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to have to |
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have (has) to work |
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can |
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могу, умею |
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can work |
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could work |
shall (will) be able to |
to be able to |
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am (is, are) able to work |
was (were) able to |
work |
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work |
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may |
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могу, |
можно, |
may work |
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might work |
shall (will) be allowed to |
to be allowed to |
разрешено |
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am (is, are) allowed to work |
was (were) allowed |
work |
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to work |
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to be to |
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должен, |
предстоит |
am (is, are) to work |
was (were) to work |
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(обусловлено |
заранее |
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намеченным планом) |
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should |
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должен, |
следует, |
This machine |
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(+ инфинитив |
без |
следовало бы (совет, |
handled carefully. |
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“to”) |
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рекомендация) |
С этой машиной следует |
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обращаться осторожно. |
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ought to |
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должен, следует (совет, |
The result of this experiment |
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моральный долг) |
ought to be checked. |
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Результат этого |
эксперимента |
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следует проверить. |
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72
ИОННЫЙ
ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛ
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Таблица 16 |
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Типы условных придаточных предложений |
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Тип |
условного |
придаточного, |
Пример |
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Перевод |
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употребляемые времена |
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1. Реальное условие |
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If you give him the book, he will read it. |
Если вы дадите ему книгу, он ее |
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После союза (if) – Present Simple, |
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прочитает. |
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в главном – Future Simple |
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2. Не вполне реальное условие |
If you gave him the book, he would read |
Если |
бы |
вы дали ему книгу, он |
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После союза (if) – Past Simple, |
it. |
прочитал |
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бы |
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в главном – should, would, could, |
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might + Infinitive |
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3. Нереальное условие |
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If you had given him the book yesterday, |
Если |
бы |
вы дали ему вчера книгу, он |
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После союза (if) – Past Perfect, |
he would have read it. |
прочитал |
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бы |
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в главном – should, would, could, |
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might + have + Participle II |
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смыслового глагола |
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73
ИОННЫЙ
ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛ
Бессоюзные условные предложения
1.Were I there, I could help him. Если бы я был там, я мог бы помочь ему.
2.Had he time, he would come. Если бы у него было время, он пришел бы.
3.Could he speak English, he would help him. Если бы он умел говорить по-английски, он помог бы ему.
4.Should the temperature fall, condensation of the steam would result. Если бы температура понизилась,
последовала бы конденсация пара.
74
ИОННЫЙ
НАУЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ
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Словарь |
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компетентный, |
able (adj) |
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знающий, талантливый |
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акадмический, |
academic (adj) |
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университетский |
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accept (v) |
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принимать |
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acquire (v) |
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получать, преобретать |
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activity (n) |
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деятельность |
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острый, сильный, |
acute (adj) |
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крайний |
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адаптироваться. |
adapt (v) |
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приспосабливаться |
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admission (n) |
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принятие, доступ |
adult (adj, n) |
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взрослый |
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advanced (adj) |
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передовой, развитый |
advantage (n) |
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преимущество |
advertising (n) |
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реклама |
advise (v) |
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советовать |
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aesthetics (n) |
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эстетика |
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aid (n) |
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помощь |
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aim (n) |
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цель |
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amateur (adj) |
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любительский |
anathema (n) |
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анафема, проклятье |
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ancient (adj) |
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древний |
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anger (n) |
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злость |
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antiquity (n) |
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античность, древность |
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appoint (v) |
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назначать |
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appreciate (v) |
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ценить |
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approach (n) |
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подход |
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approve (v) |
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одобрять |
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arrange (v) |
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размещать, располагать |
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организация, |
arrangement (n) |
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расположение |
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art (n) |
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искусство |
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article (n) |
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статья |
artist (n) |
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художник |
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associate (n) |
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товарищ, коллега |
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at length |
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наконец, в итоге |
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75 |
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НАУЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ
attempt (v) |
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пытаться |
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посещать, |
attend (v) |
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присутствовать на |
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award (v) |
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присуждать |
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background (n) |
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фон |
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band (n) |
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диапазон, полоса частот |
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barbarian (n) |
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варвар |
behaviour (n) |
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поведение |
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behind (a) |
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позади, сзади |
belief (n) |
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убеждение, мнение, вера |
belong (v) |
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принадлежать |
belt (n) |
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зона, пояс |
benefit (n) |
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преимущество |
breaker (n) |
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нарушитель |
broadcast (v) |
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вещать, транслировать |
break up (v) |
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делить, разбивать |
business reception |
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деловой прием |
business trip |
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командировка |
cave painting (n) |
' |
пещерная живопись |
cement (v) |
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скреплять, сплачивать |
changeable (adj) |
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изменчивый |
chapell (n) |
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часовня |
charity (n) |
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благотворительность |
cheerful (adj) |
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веселый, радостный |
chest (n) |
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ящик, сундук |
chiefly (a) |
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главным образом |
circulation (n) |
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тираж |
circus (n) |
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цирк |
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гражданин, городской |
citizen (n) |
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житель |
Classics |
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античная литература |
co-educational |
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(adj) |
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с совместным обучением |
come across (v) |
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случайно встретиться |
commercial (adj) |
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коммерческий |
communicate (v) |
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передавать, сообщать |
communication |
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общение, коммуникация |
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76 |
НАУЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ
(n) |
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completely (a) |
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полностью |
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complex (adj) |
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сложный |
complicated (adj) |
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сложный |
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составлять, заключать в |
comprise (v) |
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себе |
compulsory (adj) |
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обязательный |
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conceive (v) |
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задумывать |
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представление, |
conception (n) |
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понимание |
concern (n) |
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быть важным |
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cone (n) |
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конус |
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заточать, заключать в |
confine (v) |
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тюрьму |
connect (v) |
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связывать(ся) |
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consensus (n) |
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согласие, единодушие |
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consent (n) |
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согласие |
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consider (v) |
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считать, полагать |
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consist (v) |
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состоять |
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construe (v) |
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использовать |
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contribute (v) |
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вносить вклад |
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cornerstone (n) |
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краеугольный камень |
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сельская местность. |
countryside (n) |
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деревня |
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couple (n) |
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пара |
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court (n) |
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cуд |
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create (v) |
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создавать |
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cubism (n) |
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кубизм |
curious (adj) |
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любопытный |
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custom (n) |
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обычай, традиция |
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daily (adj) |
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ежедневный |
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deal with (v) |
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иметь дело с |
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debt (n) |
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долг |
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decidedly (a) |
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бесспорно, явно, точно |
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decision (n) |
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решение |
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приходить в упадок, |
decline (n, v) |
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идти на убыль |
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отсроченный, |
deferred |
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отложенный |
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77 |
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НАУЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ
degree (n) |
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степень |
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deliver (v) |
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доставлять |
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demand (v) |
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требовать |
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department |
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кафедра, подразделение |
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derive (v) |
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получать |
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descendant (n) |
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потомок |
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desire (v, n) |
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хотеть; желание |
destitute (n) |
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бедняк, неимущий |
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develop (v) |
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развивать, разрабатывать |
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development (n) |
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развитие, разработка |
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devote (v) |
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посвящать |
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digital (adj) |
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цифровой |
district (n) |
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округ, район |
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diverse (adj) |
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разнообразный |
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diversity (n) |
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разнообразие |
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divide (v) |
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делить, разделять |
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division (n) |
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разделение |
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divorce (n, v) |
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развод; разводиться |
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domestic (adj) |
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домашний, внутренний |
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главный, основной, |
dominant (adj) |
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доминирующий |
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преподаватель (в |
don (n) |
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Оксфорде и Кембридже) |
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dozen (n) |
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дюжина |
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drag on (v) |
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продолжаться |
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draw (v) |
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притягивать |
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обучать строевой |
drill (v) |
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подготовке, муштровать |
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drop (v) |
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оставлять, бросать |
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dumb (adj) |
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немой, молчаливый |
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копирование, |
duplication (n) |
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размножение |
duty (n) |
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налог |
death duty |
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налог на наследство |
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early (a, adj) |
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в начале; ранний |
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easel (n) |
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мольберт |
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эклектичный, |
eclectic (adj) |
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эклектический |
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elsewhere (a) |
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где-то в другом месте |
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78 |
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НАУЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ
emerge (v) |
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возникать |
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empiricist (n) |
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эмпирик |
employment (n) |
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работа, служба |
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enable (v) |
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давать возможность |
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entertainment (n) |
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развлечение |
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entirely (a) |
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полностью |
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environment (n) |
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окружающая среда |
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equal (adj, n) |
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равный |
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escape (v) |
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избегать, спасаться |
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establish (v) |
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учреждать, основывать |
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гравирование |
etching (n) |
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(травлением) |
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exception (n) |
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исключение |
excite (v) |
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удивлять |
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exciting (adj) |
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захватывающий |
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exercise (n) |
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упражнение |
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утомительный, |
exhausting (adj) |
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изнурительный |
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exhibition (n) |
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выставка |
exist (v) |
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существовать |
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expell (v) |
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исключать. выгонять |
experience (n) |
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опыт |
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expression (n) |
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выражение |
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extent (n) |
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протяженность, рамки |
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extra (adj) |
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дополнительный |
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выдающийся, |
extraordinary (adj) |
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исключительный |
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facilities |
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возможности, средства |
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faculty (n) |
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факультет |
familiar (adj) |
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знакомый |
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fashion (n) |
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мода |
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fashionable (adj) |
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модный |
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feature (n) |
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черта |
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Federal |
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Федеральная Комиссия |
Communications |
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Связи |
Commission |
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младший научный |
fellow (n) |
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работник университета |
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79 |
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