Английский учебник

вес животных. 8. Используя высококачественные корма, фермер получил хороший результат. 9. Так как силос был приготовлен неправильно, он потерял свою питательную ценность. 10. Древние люди носили одежду, сделанную из шкур и меха животных.

V. Replace the following Participles Constructions by subordinate clauses:

Model: Being badly fed, the cows gave less milk.

1.Having fed the lambs the sheep man began cleaning the sheep pen.

2.Providing good feeding and management for the poultry, we obtain more eggs per bird per year.

3.Being on pasture, animals take a lot of exercise.

4.Doing heavy work, the horse needs proper feeding.

5.Poultry breeders obtain good results by keeping the poultry on pasture.

6.Being high in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture, concentrates are very valuable for all classes of animals.

7.Keeping sheep on the same pasture during summer the farmer can't a get a good result.

8.Having been enriched by bran mashes, the ration became laxative and suitable for sick animals.

9.Being well manured and tilled, the soil improve its fertility.

10.We are reading about the factors decreasing the productivity of duopurpose animals.

VI. Define the function of the word "one" and "that" , translate the following sentences:

1.Give me another pen, this one is bad.

2.I met him one winter day.

3.The pasture in this area is more better than that one.

4.Legumes that the farmer will grow are used for feeding.

5.One knows very well that the succes of the fattening depends on balanced rations.

6.These concentrates are not so nutritious than those.

7.Animals raised foe milk tipically reguire more daily care than those raised foe meat.

VII. Read the text A and make up the outline of it:

A. CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS

Various feeds are used by man in feeding livestock. Feeds are classified into three groups, depending on their fibre content and nutritive value. They are succulents, roughages and concentrates. Succulents have a low dry matter content. Succulent feeds are pasture grasses, silage and root crops. Roots contain a large amount of water and are laxative to stock. They are low in protein, but comparatively high in carbohydrates. Being fed together with hay and straw,

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roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle. Green grass should be grazed when it is 4-8 inches high. Young grass is very rich in protein and animals eat it readily but its low fibre content may cause scours. The feeding value of grass is the highest in spring and early summer. With increasing age fodder crops become less nitrogenous, while the proportion of carbohydrates increases. Silage is made from a variety of plants. Good silage is the one that is green in colour. Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover. Having been prepared in this way, silage is always of high feeding value. Silage is a succulant substitute for green fodder or roots at a season when they are not available.

Roughages are bulky feeds. They are high in fibre content which is poorly digestible. For this reason they are not suitable for pigs, but one can give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep. Good hay is the one that contains plenty of green leaf. The quality of hay varies with the kind of grass and the stage of growth at which it is cut. Hay made from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made from mature grass. Oat straw is a valuable feed for providing bulk in the rations of beef animals and low yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beer cattle. It is more digestible than wheat straw. Wheat straw is high in indigestible fibre. Most of it is, therefore, used for bedding. Concetrates are feeds which are rich in protein and energy. Being high in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible fibre, concentrates are very valuable in feeding all classes of animals. General grains, cakes and bran are illustrations of concentrates. Having supplied the animals with proper kind and amount of feed, the farmer will obtain good results.

Active words

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VII. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:

IX. Read the words given below. Note part of speech of each word and translate them:

to produce — produce, producing, producer, production, productivity, productive; to use — use, using, user, useful, useless; to feed —feed, feeder, feeding; to help-help, helper, helpful, helpless; to found-founder, foundation; to valuevalue, valuable, valuation; to differ-difference, different; to resistresistance

X. Read the text В.

B. CONCENTRATES

Concentrates are foods which are rich in either protein or energy, or both. They are usually low in moisture and indigestible fibre but because of their high feeding value they are expensive. Many farmers produce energy rich concen-

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trates, particularly barley, on their own farms whereas most protein rich concentrates, which are more costly, have to be purchased.

Fish meal produced from white fleshed fish is suitable for feeding to young pigs and calves. In addition to being an excellent source of animal protein it contains a good supply of calcium and phosphorus. It can be included in cattle rations and may help to improve fertility, but high cost limits its use.

Meat and bone meal is only slightly inferior to fish meal in feeding value. Groundnut cake is an extremely palatable food which can be used for all

classes of stock.

Soya bean meal or cake is the residue from soy beans which have had the oil extracted from them by a chemical solvent. It is lower in energy than groundnut cake but it can be used as a source of protein for all classes of stock as well.

Linseed cake is a palatable and slightly laxative food which is used in rations for calves, cattle and sheep.

Pea and bean meal is the main source of home-grown protein, however harvesting problems limit the area grown.

Bran is the fibrous outer coat of wheat and is a by-product of flour milling. Bran mashes are laxative and very suitable for sick animals. It is usually included in the rations for dairy cows.

There are some more energy rich foods. These are oats, wheat, barley, maize, beans and dried sugar beet pulp.

Active words

fibre - клетчатка, волокно

flour milling - мукомольное производство mash - мешанка, кормовая смесь

pulp - мякоть (плода) purchase - покупать

inferior - низший, худший (по качеству) residue - отход, остаток

slightly - незначинельно (незначительный) white fleshed fish - рыба с белым мясом

XI. Name all grain crops and products being of use by preparing of concentrates.

XII. Answer the following questions in English:

1.Почему концентраты считаются ценным кормом?

2.Какая мука используется для кормления сельскохозяйственных животных?

3.Какой жмых является чрезвычайно вкусным кормом?

4.Какие культуры выращиваются в хозяйствах для получения корма, богатого белком?

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5.Что такое отруби?

6.Какая пища употребляется для больных животных?

XIII. Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner variety of rations for farm animals.

Unit 6. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

Grammar: 1) Infinitive

2)Function of Infinitive

I. Revise § 11–15 in the Grammar Reference.

II.Translate the sentences paying attention to Infinitives, their forms and functions:

1.To improve housing conditions for animals the farmer must built a new cowshed.

2.It is necessary to compensate dry fodder by supplying water to drink.

3.In order to feed the animals properly the farmers should grow various types of grass and grain.

4.Cows should be given nutritious feeds (in order) to produce much milk.

5.(In order) to grow well the animals should be kept well in dry, clean, ventilated farmbilfings.

6.The cost of this product is too high to buy it in large quantity.

7.The farmer must grow cereals, grass, kale, lucerne to provide succulent foods for his animals.

8.Different measures are taken to increase profits of this enterprise.

9.To finish the work tomorrow we must begin it today

10.It required some more experiments for the scientist to prove the correctness of the results obtained.

III. Define the function of Infinitives in following sentences and translate them:

1.To obtain good gains the animals should be provided with proper feeding and management.

2.It is necessary to conserve hay with a minimum of weather or mechanical damage.

3.The animals should receive all the substances in proper proportion in order to develop properly.

4.This ration is used to supply the necessary protein rate for the milking cows.

5.These plants are known to be widely used for feeding animals.

6.The farmers consider these protein-rich diet to be especially useful for develop unborn calf.

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7.To satisfy fully country’s needs in animal products the collective and state farms must have much more livestock.

8.It is more economical to feed a small number of pigs to 200 pounds live weight than a larger number that are killed at a lighter weight.

9.To have cows suckling calves is economically profitable on farms having not less than 200 or 300 cows.

10.To transport oxygen from the lungs and nutritive substances from the digestive organs to all organs and tissues is one of the circulation’s most important functions.

11.To keep a steady supply of milk throughout the year the cows must not calve in the same month.

12.To produce milk cows must be provided with enough carbohydrates and fats.

13.To do work the animals need carbohydrates.

V. Read the text А.

A. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

The animal body is in constant state of breaking down and building up. The raw materials for the building up of an animal are the foods consumed. Good results in feeding are not determined only by the chemical composition of the foods. The physical condition and digestibility of the food, its palatability, its supply of vitamins and the condition of the animal, are all important factors.

The animal body is built up of 4 main substances: water, fats, proteins and ash or minerals. These are the materials to be included in the animal’s diet.

Water

Water is an essential need for livestock. Water participates chemically in a number of reaction such as the hydrolysis (addition of water) of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It serves as a medium for movement of such materials as foods, wastes, hormones. It serves to stabilize and distribute body heat.

The amount of water varies in different feeds. With succulent forage and root crops, there is sometimes more water then the animal needs. With dry fodder like hay, the deficiency can be compensated by supplying water to drink. Cattle drink as a rule much water. Dairy cows should drink as much water as possible for the production of milk as milk is 87% water. And sheep in dry weather may drink up to half a gallon per head a day.

Proteins

Proteins are complex substances used to build up tissue, promote growth, maintain and stimulate milk and fat production, develop the unborn calf and supply the protein in the milk. Under present economic conditions animals are frequently expected to subsist on a diet deficient in protein. A cow producing 25 pounds of milk daily must receive 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. The lack of protein will reduce the amount of milk produced by a cow. The neces-

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sary amount of protein may be provided by feeding both roughage and concentrated feeds, such as linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soybeans, alfalfa and clover hay, green crops and others.

Fats

Fats in the diet are also used as a source of energy. But excessive fat in the ration is undesirable because it may lead to digestive troubles. Fats supply more heat and energy than carbohydrates. Fat is present in all foods, but the quantity varies greatly. The term "fat" is usually applied to oil. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat.

Active words

VI. Write the dictionary forms of each word:

owned, yields, calves, branches, pigsties, succulents, laboratories, substances, adjectives, stronger, highest, better, more, larger, earlier, easier, farther, less, participles, obtained, mixed, produced, fed, feeding, breeding, developing, verbs, varies, supplies, build, does, made, developed, classified, known, bred.

VII. Answer the following questions:

1.What are the raw materials for the building up of an animal?

2.What do good results in feeding depend on?

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3.What main substances is the animal body built up of?

4.How can water deficiency be compensated with dry foods?

5.Why should dairy cows consume plenty of water?

6.What are proteins used for?

7.How many pounds of proteins is it necessary to give a cow producing 25 pounds of milk a day?

VIII. Read the text В.

B. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are starches, sugars and fibre. They supply most of the energy required by the animals in order to do work, to keep themselves warm and to produce milk. Concentrated feeds such as oats, barley, corn, wheat, rye are high in carbohydrates. That is why to provide the animals with concentrates is very important.

Minerals

Minerals are essential for the growth of the skeleton and all body processes. About 80 per cent of the mineral matter, chiefly calcium and phosphorus is found in the sceleton. It is therefore very important to supply the young animals whose sceleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals.

Vitamins

Vitamins play an important part in the feeding of all classes of livestock. They are required in small amounts for the normal growth and health of the animals.

To be in thrifty condition farm animals are to be provided with all these substances in proper proportion.

Cows require most of the known vitamins. These are usually supplied in sufficient amounts when good quality feeds are fed in winter and when cattle are on pasture during summer.

Vitamin A is supplied largely by feeding fresh grass and clover and well-made green coloured hays. Vitamin B is largely supplied by the grains and vitamin D through sunlight. Vitamin D is necessary for the proper assimilation of minerals.

Active words

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IX. Answer the following questions:

1.What substances are carbohydrates?

2.What do carbohydrates supply animals?

3.What do fats supply animals?

4.What feeds are the main source of fat?

5.What are minerals essential for?

6.What mineral matters are found in skeleton?

7.What do feeds vary in?

8.Why are minerals essential for the young animals?

9.Do fats supply less energy than carbohydrates?

10.Are vitamins required by the animals in great amounts?

X. Speak on the importance of a balanced ration for maintain animal good condition and production.

Unit 7. CALF MANAGENT AND FEEDING.

Grammar: 1) Absolute Participle Construction

2)Form – ing / Revision

I. Revise § 23 in the Grammar Reference.

II. Translate the sentences paying attention to Absolute Participle Construction.

1.Roughages being high in fibre, pigs are not fed such feeds.

2.Concentrates supplying much energy, farmers should provide the animals with them.

3.It is necessary to supply dairy cows with protein, the amount varying with their productivity.

4.Minerals being highly important for the young stock, the farmers provide them in necessary amounts.

5.The cattle are kept on both natural and cultivated pastures, the natural ones being more widely used here than in the central part of the country.

6.Farmers keeping the animals in warm and dry buildings, their animals grow well.

7.Proteins stimulating milk and fat production, the food rich in protein should be provided.

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III.Translate the sentences paying attention to the wolds in bold type:

a)1. The calves for vealing are fed whole milk until they reach the weight of about 300 pounds.

2.Young grass should not be grazed until it is 4-8 inches high.

3.The calf usually sucks its dam until it is about a week old.

b)1. Carborhydrates and fats are very important for the animals for they supply most of the energy.

2.The feeding value of this silage is very high, for it is made of young leafy grass.

3.Whole milk is fed to the calf for 8 or 10 weeks.

c)1. The animals should not be given too cold water.

2.This calf house is too old too.

3.Wheat straw is too high in indigestible fibre.

4.This grass is too young to pasture the cattle on it.

5.The bulls are on pasture too.

IV. Find Absolute Participle Construction in following sentences, translate them:

1.A cow producing 25 pounds of milk, 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein must be provided in her ration.

2.Wheat straw containing large amounts of indigestible fibre, the farmers use it for bedding.

3.Farmers using rational grazing, the animals eat fresh and clean grass all the time.

4.The calf being healthy at birth, whole milk from pail was given to it on the third day.

5.Feeds are composed of many substances, some of them being required in small amounts for the growth of the animals.

6.Spring grass being high in water, cows should not eat it too much.

7.In fattening the animals are fed highly nutritious feeds, feed, low in nutrients being given in small amounts.

V.Read the text А.

A. CALF

Cattle are kept for two main purposes: beef production, and milk production. The management of a dairy herd differs markedly from that of beef producing animals, for milk production is a daily process.

The life of a dairy cow may be divided into three periods. The first period is the one which lasts from the birth of a dairy calf up to about the age of 6 months. The second period lasts from 6 months until the heifer calves for the first time, usually at about 2.5 years or age. The last period is the period of the maturity of a dairy cow.

The calf being normal after birth, the cattleman should leave it with its mother. Being healthy, the calf will soon get to its feet and start nursing. The

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