
reading / British practice / Vol D - 1990 (ocr) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT
.pdf
System descriptions
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1 32 KV |
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1 32KV |
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EHV GRID |
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CONNECTIONS |
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400KV |
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400KV |
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GENERATOR |
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GENERATOR |
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TRANSFORMER 31 |
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TRANSFORMER 32 |
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GENERATOR |
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GENERATOR |
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UNIT |
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TRANSFORMER 31 |
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TRANSFORMER 32 |
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TRANSFORMER |
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11KV |
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i3Cw |
2 ) )))) |
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3 3XV |
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TURBINE |
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AUXILIARIES |
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LTURBINE HOUSE |
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415V |
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OTHER AREAS |
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ESSENTIAL |
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DIESEL |
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ELECTRICAL |
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GENERATORS |
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SYSTEM |
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3XV |
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3 3K V) |
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BATTERY CHARGERS AND LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS
FIG. 1.11 PWR electrical system showing inter-relationship with off-site systems
Earthing of the generator system is achieved in the normal manner using generator neutral earthing modules. To cater for the period when the generator circuit-breaker is open, system earthing, i.e., on the generator transformer side of the disconnector, is achieved by earthing the unit transformer HV winding rather than using a dedicated earthing transformer or
a system earthing module connected to the 18 kV System.
The number and rating of the unit auxiliaries led to the adoption of 415 V as the unit system voltage. On the station system however, because of some larger motors (up to about 850 kW), a station system voltage level of 3.3 kV was chosen.
The system design incorporates three station transformers, each rated at 10 MVA off the 18 kV to three of the six machines. In this way, station transformer capacity is available such that
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Electrical system design |
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Chapter 1 |
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400Av |
23 5.4001,V GENERATOR |
STATION |
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7pANsFoRmER |
TRANSFORMER I |
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5 " JR! , |
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TRANSFORMER |
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NEDTRAL EARTH |
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RESISTOR B |
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1 I kV STATION BOARD) |
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UNIT AUX
TRANS A
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?C |
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PUMPCWMAIN |
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ALIT TRANS |
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PUMPFEEDMAIN |
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NEUTRAL EARTH ‘-,-' |
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FEED PUMP |
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RESISTOR IA |
REACTOR |
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COOLANT |
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PUMPS |
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L-r1 3 3KV UNIT AUX BOARD 1 |
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33W UNIT AUX BOARD |
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6 iL |
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CONDENSATE |
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TURB HSE MAKEUP |
CWAUX |
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EXTRACTION |
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C.) |
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PUMPS |
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SERV |
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TRANS CA 30% |
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TuRB HSE. |
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SERv TRANS 18 |
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415V TUBE HSE |
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415V TURB. HSE |
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SERVICES |
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SERVICES |
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LOAD CENTRE ■ A |
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WAD CENTRE 1B y' |
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AUX BLDG |
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ALIT BLDG |
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TRANS 2 |
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TRANS |
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415V PLNT PROTN |
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BOARD |
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415V |
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NT' |
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415V AUX |
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‘T'' |
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BLDG TOAD CENTRE I |
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BLDG LOAD CENTRE 2 |
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STATION |
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Aux TRANS 1 |
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NEUTRAL |
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EARTH |
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EARTH |
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RESISTOR |
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RESISTOR.•„ |
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3 3X.V STATION AUX BOARD |
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A AAAA |
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0 0 0 C} |
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Cr |
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c4cc |
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0A?-1 |
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oota |
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Ott; |
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CHILLER |
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147 GEN PLNT |
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CENTRAL |
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BLDG TRANS 1 |
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RADWASTE |
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BLDG |
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FUEL |
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TRANS I |
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BLDG |
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415v |
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TRANS I |
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pH, GEN. PLNT BLDG |
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y |
LOAD CENTRE 1 |
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WATER |
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OT |
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TREATMENT |
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PLNT |
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TRANS |
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y 4,5v FUEL BLDG LOAD CENTRE y |
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PLNT |
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y 415V WATER TREATMENT PLANT LOAD CENTRE I y |
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TRANS , |
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(1, 1> |
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94p5v cw PUmPHOUSE HYPOCHLORITE PLNT LOAD CENTRE I
FIG. 1.12 PWR unit/station electrical auxiliaries system
the total station services requirements can be met, even with a 3.3 kV tailworks feeder outage, using only two transformers and leaving the third transformer to act as a standby. Each is therefore rated to meet the simultaneous duties of supplying half the cavern 3.3 kV and 415 V station services, the headworks and tailworks services and, when the normal Area Board supply is unavailable, the 400 kV
cable cooling plant.
To meet the requirements of the STPs, diesel generators are provided in order that the station can be started in the generating mode in the absence of grid supplies. In addition, the diesel generators maintain essential services in the cavern such as lighting, heating and ventilation plant to the personnel areas, battery chargers and normal drainage.
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System descriptions |
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4204V |
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STATION |
GENERATOR |
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TRANSFORMER 2 |
TRANSFORMER 2 |
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400kV |
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- 23 5ioe |
EARTHING |
235 • • |
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MODULE 24 |
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T RANSP cdP ME 2 |
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GENERATOR |
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NEUTRAL EARTH |
CIRCUIT |
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RESISTOR 2A |
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MAIN |
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21 5 ,, v |
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NEUTRAL EARTHING |
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TRANSFORMER 2 |
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Ilk's( STATION BOARD 2 |
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STATION AuX |
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TRANS 2 |
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UNIT |
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3.2 W STATION ADO BOARD 2 |
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NEUTRAL EARTH |
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1 NEUTRAL |
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RESISTOR 28 |
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REACTOR |
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A AA A AAA |
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TRANS 28 |
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7 |
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H2 ON PLANT BLDG |
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TURB HSE |
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LOAD CENTRE 2 |
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SERV TRANS 2A |
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415V TUFiB. |
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415V TURD. |
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0„ RAIDWA4 T5E4' BLDG |
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WATER |
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HSE SERVICES |
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HSE SERVICES |
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LOAD CENTRE 2B |
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LOAD CENTRE 2A |
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TREATMENT |
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PLNT |
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y LOAD CENTRE 2 1- |
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AUX. BLDG. |
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TRANS |
4 |
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ADO BLDG |
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Y 05v FUEL BLDG LOAD CENTRE 2 |
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TRANS 3 - |
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A |
y |
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A4:>—'1 |
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AdA. |
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2., 415v PLNT PROTN |
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0 |
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1 |
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415V AUX. BLDG |
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BO A R D 2 |
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4 i 5v WATER TREATMENT PLANT LOAD CENTRE 2 |
Cr- |
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4ISv A1.1%. BLDG |
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LOAD CENTRE 4 |
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LOAD CENTRE 3 |
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CW HOUSE
HYPOCHLORITE
PLNT TRANS. 2
0
y 415vcvo PUmPHOUSE HYPOCHLORITE PLNT LOAD CENTRE 2
Flo. 1,12 (cont'd) PWR unit/station electrical auxiliaries system
system design has to recognise the function of the pumped-storage scheme to provide very rapid response to extra load demand. The start-up supplies are arranged such that a fault on any machine
being started will not affect a unit which is operating in a generating or pumping mode by the provision of section isolators. This also enables starting busbar
maintenance to be carried out with minimum affect on
machine availability.
Considering the miscellaneous forms of power generation, the CEGB has considered several renewable energy sources. Of these sources, the most cost effective being pursued is wind turbine-generators (WTGs). These are mostly located in very remote locations and as such are generally unmanned. The CEGB has tried several sites, including the Orkneys, Carmarthen Bay
25

Electrical system design |
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Chapter 1 |
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FROM ilkV |
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FROM likV |
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STATION BOARD 1 |
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STATION BOARD 2 |
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ESSENTIAL |
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ESSENTIAL |
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DIESEL |
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DIESEL |
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GENERATOR |
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GENERATOR 4 |
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ESSENTIAL |
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TRANSFORMER 4 |
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NEUTRAL |
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NEUTRAL |
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NEUTRAL |
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EARTHING |
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EARTHiNG |
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EARTHING |
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RESISTOR |
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RESISTOR |
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RESISTOR |
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NER |
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NE R |
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0 |
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i |
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y),,„v,„ENT BOARD 1 Ti |
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j:f |
yA„,,,, ESSENTIAL |
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j\ |
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i |
r1 |
$$1666$1 |
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< O. uJ
X Q. 4[..x
op <72
LLp ,JJ CE CC
415V ESS DIESEL LOAD CENTRE ,y |
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415V ESS DIESEL LOAD CENTRE 4y |
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1/6 |
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RUHSLOADCENTRE1 |
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RUHS LOAD CENTRE 4 |
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415V ESS DIESEL MCC 1 |
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(, |
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( |
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415V ESS. DIESEL MCC 4 |
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PRESS HTRS LOAD CENTRE 4 |
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y |
415V ESSENTIAL LOAD CENTRE 4 |
6 6
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC lE |
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC 4E |
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e |
415V ESSENTIAL MCC 1C |
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC 4C |
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC |
I A |
e |
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e415V ESSENTIAL MCC 4A |
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d 5V ESSENTIAL MDC 1B |
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC 4B |
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FIG. 1.13 PWR essential electrical AC systems
26

System descriptions
E 55
5E Rv TRANS
2
,
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FROM 11EV |
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FROM I IkV |
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UNIT BOARD |
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UNIT BOARD 2 |
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ESSENTIAL |
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ESSENTIAL |
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DIESEL |
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DIESEL |
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GENERATOR 3 |
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GENERATOR 2 |
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EsSENTiAL |
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TRANSFORMER 2 |
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NEUTRAL |
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TRANSFORMER 3 |
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EARTHING |
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NEUTRAL |
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NEUTRAL |
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SART H INC |
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RESISTOR |
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EARTHING |
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EARTHING |
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RESISTOR |
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RESISTOR |
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RESISTOR |
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NER L |
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CD |
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NER |
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NER |
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NER |
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I |
3 „ V E „ ENTIAL „ARD 2 T |
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I |
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3. ESSENTIAL BOARD |
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1 |
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500 500 |
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415V ESS DIESEL MCC 2 |
SERV. |
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415V ESSENTIAL MCC 3A |
( 415v ESSENTIAL MCC 28 |
415V ESSENTIAL MCC 38 |
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NOTES
MOTOR RATINGS (SHOWN IN SHAFT kWI
ARE INDICATIVE ONLY
FIG. 1.13 (coned) PWR essential electrical AC systems
27

Electrical system design |
Chapter 1 |
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NG |
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STARTING |
EQUiPMENT 1 |
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EQUIPMENT 2 |
400,18k V GENERATOR-MOTOR TRANSFORMER 1
18kVn 1kV
STARTING
TRANSFORMER 1
18kV/3 3kV STATION
TRANSFORMER 1
18kV/41SV
UNIT SERVICES TRANSFORMER 1
18kW717V
GENERATOR-MOTOR EXCITATION
A A TRANSFORMER 1
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1 M3PP 1 M3G |
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Fic. 1.14 Dinorwig electrical system
28

and Richborough. In all these sites, the wind turbines have had ratings of between 1 and 3 MW. Present thinking is to develop 'wind parks', each wind park will have about 15-20 machines feeding into the Area Board system at 33 kV and 66 kV.
The 'needs' for an electrical system for such generators are very much less onerous than for a conventional power station, especially as they are intended to be unn nned. The machines will be self-starting and will syl,:hronise themselves onto the Area Board network automatically. A simple switching system is envisaged, with tee-off connections to supply 'unit' services, if required. Battery capacity will be installed in a limited form to provide essential lighting, heating and any control supplies which may be required.
The main WTG is mounted on top of a cylindrical steel pole which, at the bottom, houses the switchgear, etc. Power is transmitted to the wind park distribution network from the machine via a 'twisting' cable, necessary as the rotor and machine assembly follows the wind around.
4 System performance
4.1 Station and unit start-up
For all types of power stations, start-up can only be achieved if there is sufficient electrical power available from either a grid connection or a large on-site power source such as a gas-turbine generator.
Grid connections will be either 132 kV, 275 kV or 400 kV depending on the availability at the site. 132 kV would be preferred, due to the cost savings in switchgear cables and transformers. However this decision, made at the planning stage, must take into account factors such as:
•Is 132 kV available at the proposed site?
•Will the 132 kV system need to be reinforced to supply the power station requirements?
•If present, is it intended to be kept for the life of the new station (due for example to Area Board bulk supply requirements)?
•Is the 132 kV in the correct geographical location on the proposed site to avoid long and complicated cable runs?
•Are there sufficient spare circuit-breakers or bays available or the capacity for extension to feed the station requirements?
Another consideration is the phase angle difference
between the 132 kV system and the 400 kV system, since the unit system will be connected to 400 kV via the
generator transformer and there may be some electrical distance between the two voltage levels. In some cases this can be quite excessive and may well be outside
the range of the approved check synchronising equipment (see Chapter 12). In addition, large phase angle differences cause large circulating currents when the unit and station systems are paralleled. This will be reflected in a short time requirement for a high rating of the unit transformer which may well lead to unacceptable constraints. Phase angle differences of about 10 ° are considered acceptable.
Whichever primary voltage levels are chosen, startup power is usually supplied to the power station via station transformers. However, where, generators are connected to the system via generator voltage switchgear, start-up power may also be provided via the generator transformer/unit transformer route. Although stations have been built with generator voltage switchgear and no station transformers, it is not a practice which would be recommended today. This is because a complete loss of supplies to half the station could occur following the tripping of a generator
[-I V circuit-breaker as a result of a major fault |
in |
the zone protected by the overall unit protection |
(see |
Chapter 11 on Protection), causing immediate and longer term operational restrictions.
If a station requires start-up power when external grid supplies are not available, i.e., black start, it will be necessary to provide power sources at the II kV voltage level by means of on-site generation of sufficient capacity diesels or gas-turbines, or off-site generation, e.g., gas-turbines at another adjacent generating station with local interconnection. It -should be noted that GTs may have other duties such as 'peak lopping' or 'frequency support' or emergency generation. This is discussed more fully in Section 6.1 of this chapter.
For start-up conditions, the station electrical system is interconnected to the unit electrical system usually at 11 kV to provide power from the station transformer to the unit system. The generator transformer HV circuit-breaker and unit transformer LV circuitbreakers are open at this time. This arrangement is shown in Fig 1.15.
The method of achieving this differs from station to station, but the principle is the same. Most fossilfired stations have unit boards interconnected by cable, but nuclear stations have a variety of arrangements. Early magnox and AGRs differed widely in the method of achieving start-up supplies, but AGRs such as Hartlepool and Heysham / and 2 introduced a generator voltage switch, allowing the generator/unit transformer combination to provide starting power (see Fig 1.10).
An electrical auxiliaries system arrangement for start-up with a generator voltage switch is shown on Fig 1.16.
4.1.1 Plant required
All power stations require at least one CW pump and one 50 07a electric boiler feed pump available and running to start up a unit. In addition, fossil plant
29

Electrical system design |
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CIRCUIT BREAKER CLOSED |
# CIRCUIT BREAKER NORMALLY OPEN |
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FIG. 1.15 Arrangement for station start-up (direct connected generator) |
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(13 |
CIRCUIT BREAKER CLOSED |
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Iti t) CIRCUIT BREAKER NORMALLY OPEN |
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FIG. 1.16 Arrangement for station start-up (generator connected by a generator voltage switch)
requires either coal mills or oil pumps and draught plant, e.g., FD and ID fans, PA fans, etc. Gas-cooled nuclear plant requires gas circulators running on main motors or pony motors at approximately 15% speed, whereas water reactors require reactor coolant pumps. Both nuclear types require various supporting aux-
iliaries to be available during the run-up stages, the poor quality steam being dumped until the correct quality is achieved.
When steam of correct quality is being produced, the turbine-generator will be run up to speed with all the unit supporting auxiliaries being powered from
30

System performance
the station transformers via the unit/station inter-
connectors.
4.1.2 Synchronising to the grid
When the turbine-generator is run up to the correct
speed, it is synchronised to the grid via the generator transform - r HV circuit-breaker (see Fig 1, 17) if the
generator is directly connected to the generator transforme , or at the generator voltage switch if one
is provided (see Fig This is normally achieved using dedicated automatic synchronising equipment,
GRID (TYPICALLY 400kV)
UNIT
BOARD
control of which is located in the main control room. However, the turbine automatic
could well contain an automatic synchroniser and in this case the synchronising equipment mentioned above would no longer be required. Manual check synchronising may be achieved using portable check synchronising trolleys in the main control room.
4.1.3 Synchronising unit to station
When the generator is synchronised to the grid and lightly loaded, it is appropriate to transfer the unit
GRID (TYPICALLY 132kV)
11kV STATION BOARD
MANUAL CHECK SYNCHRONISING
VIA SYNCHRONISING TROLLEYS
AUTO SYNCHRONISING VIA
DEDICATED EQUIPMENT
FIG. 1.17 Synchronising points for a direct connected generator
GRID (TYPICALLY 132kV)
Fs] F_
Fi 71 MANUAL CHECK SYNCHRONISING
VIA SYNCHRONISING TROLLEYS
AS AUTO SYNCHRONISING VIA
DEDICATED EQUIPMENT
FIG. 1.18 Synchronising points for a generator connected via a generator voltage switch
31
Electrical system design |
Chapter 1 |
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loads to the unit transformer. This is achieved by paralleling the unit and station boards for a short time via the 11 kV interconnector. Check synchronising facilities, by means of control room located synchronising trolleys, will be necessary, as the two sources may be out of phase and frequency. The check synchronising relay has limits of ±20 0 within which successful paralleling will be achieved.
For stations with generator voltage switchgear, the unit transformer usually provides start-up supplies. However, the station transformer still supplies the station loads and the unit to station interconnection at 11 kV can provide a standby facility to the unit transformer (if it is out of service). Again, check synchronising facilities will be required to enable the supplies to be transferred without interruption. Details of the synchronising equipment are described in Chapter 12.
4.2 Shutdown and power trip
There are basically two types of shutdown:
•A controlled shutdown, due to a request for a reduction in generation or prior to an outage.
•An emergency shutdown, following an internal or external fault requiring disconnection of the unit from the grid.
4.2.1 Controlled shutdown
A controlled shutdown is basically the reverse of a start-up sequence. The unit power output is reduced to a level appropriate to the design, when the unit and station supplies may be paralleled and all unit auxiliaries transferred to a station transformer source. In the case of a generator voltage switch arrangement, the supplies do not need to be transferred, providing a grid connection is maintained. Section 4.3 of this chapter describes what is the expected sequence of events following a loss of grid supplies.
The AGR nuclear plant is arranged to have one generating unit associated with one reactor. The PWR differs in as much as present UK designs have two generators with one reactor. All nuclear plant requires post-trip cooling to remove the fission product decay heat, but due to differing reactor/turbine configurations, the functional requirements will vary from station to station. As post-trip cooling forms part of the safety function, it is quite normal to arrange for the emergency or essential system prime-movers to start for every reactor trip whether accompanied by loss of grid or not.
4.2.2 Power trip
There are a number of types of trip which may be experienced on power station plant. These are discussed briefly below and a more exhaustive treatment is given in Chapter 11:
(a)Grid fault disturbances on the national grid system may cause a loss of connection to a single generating unit, or all power station connections. This is discussed in more detail in Section 4.3 of this chapter. An electrical fault may occur which requires the power station to grid substation circuitbreaker to open.
(b)Generator system electrical faults in the generator unit zone, i.e., the generator, unit transformers and the main connections, will require both the generator HV and unit transformer LV circuitbreakers to open instantaneously.
(c)Generator mechanical faults on the generator or turbine such as loss of lubricating oil or control fluid, loss of condenser vacuum, require shutdown of the unit, but not necessarily instantaneous electrical disconnection. Indeed some benefit can be gained in limiting turbine-generator overspeed if the generator is left connected to the off-site power system for a short time.
(d)Electrical auxiliaries system faults on the electrical system at 11 kV or lower, may cause an unacceptable reduction in the plant necessary to continue running the unit. It should be noted here that the design philosophy is such that one fault should not cause the loss of more than one unit.
(e)Consequential trip due to loss of steam generation, i.e., failure of the steam raising plant will require the unit to be tripped.
Faults in group (a) above, normally subject the generator to 100 07o load rejection. The turbine-generator unit will accelerate due to the excess of input energy over demand. The steam (governor) and excitation (AVR) control mechanisms are designed to cope with this situation but some overspeed will occur, depending largely on the inertia constant of the unit and the speed of the control systems. Back-up overspeed protection, in the form of centrifugal force-driven bolts, is provided to trip the steam valves, should the control systems fail to control the unit below about 10 07o overspeed.
Faults in groups (c) above, leave the generator electrically connected to the grid and the unit load, so that the overspeed due to entrained steam is limited. Completion of unit trip by disconnection from the electrical system is achieved by a power measurement relay detecting low forward power, see Chapter 11.
In certain of the fault trip cases considered here, the auxiliaries system will be subjected to voltage and frequency transients. The safeguards are designed such that the mechanical systems are not subjected to transients outside their design codes.
For stations with direct connected generators, faults in groups (a)-(e) will generally cause a loss of supply to the whole unit electrical system. Essential plant is supplied from battery-backed systems or by local generation using diesel generators or gas turbines.
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