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British Electricity International
Modern Power Station Practice
Third Edition incorporating Modern Power System Practice
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND
EQUIPMENT
Volume D
Pergamon Press
MODERN
POWER STATION PRACTICE
Third Edition (in 12 volumes)
incorporating Modern Power System Practice
Main Editorial Panel
D. J. Littler, BSc, PhD, ARCS, CPhys, FInstP, CEng, F1EE (Chairman) +Professor E. J. Davies, DSc, PhD, CEng, F1EE
F.Kirkby, BSc, CEng, MIMechE, AMIEE H. E. Johnson
P. B. Myerscough, CEng, I-IMechE, FINucE
W. Wright, MSc, ARCST, CEng, FIEE, FIMechE, FInstE, FB1M
Volume Consulting Editor
Professor E. J. Davies, DSc, PhD, CEng, FLEE
Volume Advisory Editor
F. Beach, BSc(Eng), ACGI, DIC, CEng, F1EE, MIMechE
Authors
Chapter 1 A. E. Clegg, CEng, FIEE
E. C. Adams, DipEE, AMIEE
R.A. Colley, DipEE, CEng, MIEE
J. E. Durrant, BSc(Hons), CDipAF, CEng, MIEE
T. Lepojevic, DipING(Belgrade), AM1EE
J.E. Simpson, BSc(Hons), CEng, MIEE P. J. Simpson, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 2 J. N. Dodd, CEng, MIEE
F.J. W. Preece, BSc, MSc, CEng, MIEE
G.T. Williams, DipEE, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 3 M. J. Heathcote, BEng, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 4 L. T. Smith, BSciFlons), CEng, MIEE
Chapter 5 D. F. Oldfield, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 6 P F. Partridge, BSc, CEng, M1EE
F.Beach, BSc(Eng), ACGI, DIC, CEng, FIEE, MIMechE B. R. Hill, BSc, CEng, MIEE
C. W. Poole, BSc(Hons), DipMS, CEng, MIEE
D. L. Threlfall, BSc, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 7 B. Barker, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 8 E. C. FitzGerald, CEng, M1EE
F. Ashurst, KEE
Chapter 9 C. H. Spear, BSclEngi, CEng, F1EE
Chapter 10 M. Ballinger, MIEEIE
Chapter 11 J. t3. Hadwick, BEng, MIEE
W. Morgan, BSc, CEng, MIEE
Chapter 12 B. R. Hill, BSc, CEng, MIEE
Series Production
Managing Editor |
P. M. Reynolds |
Production Editor |
H. E. Johnson |
Resources and |
T. A. Dolling |
Co-ordination |
J. R. Jackson |
MODERN
POWER STATION PRACTICE
Third Edition
Incorporating Modern Power System Practice
British Electricity International, London
Volume D
Electrical Systems and Equipment
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD • NEW YORK • SEOUL . TOKYO
U.K. |
Pergamon Press plc, Headington Hill Hall. |
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Oxford 0X3 OBW, England |
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U.S.A. |
Pergamon Press, Inc., 395, Saw Mill River Road, |
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Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. |
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KOREA |
Pergamon Press Korea, KPO Box 315, Seoul 110•603, |
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Korea |
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JAPAN |
Pergamon Press Japan, Tsunashima Building Annex, |
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3-20-12 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan |
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Copyright © 1992 British Electricity International Ltd |
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AN Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be |
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reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted |
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in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, |
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magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or |
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otherwise, without permission in writing from the copy- |
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right holder. |
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First edition 1963 |
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Second edition 1971 |
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Third edition 1992 |
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data |
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Modern power station practice: incorporating modern |
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power system practice/British Electricity International.— |
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3rd ed. p. cm. |
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Includes index. |
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1. Electric power-plants. I. British Electricity Inter- |
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national. |
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TK1191,M49 1990 62.31'21 — dc20 |
90-43748 |
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
British Electricity International
Modern power station practice.-3rd. ed.
1. Electric power-plants. Design and construction I. Title II. Central Electricity Generating Board 621.3121.
ISBN 0-08-040510-X 112 Volume Set)
ISBN 0-08-440514-2 (Volume DI
Printed in the Republic of Singapore by Singapore National Printers Ltd
Contents
COLOUR PLATES |
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Vi |
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FOREWORD |
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Vii |
PREFACE |
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iX |
CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES |
Xi |
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Chapter |
1 |
Electrical system design |
I |
Chapter |
2 |
Electrical system analysis |
84 |
Chapter |
3 |
Transformers |
193 |
Chapter |
4 |
Generator main connections |
287 |
Chapter |
5 |
Switchgear and controlgear |
325 |
Chapter |
6 |
Cabling |
427 |
Chapter |
7 |
Motors |
623 |
Chapter |
8 |
Telecommunications |
649 |
Chapter |
9 |
Emergency supply equipment |
748 |
Chapter 10 Mechanical plant electrical services |
799 |
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Chapter 11 |
Protection |
868 |
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Chapter |
12 Synchronising |
948 |
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INDEX |
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987 |
V
Colour Plates
(between pp 496 and 497)
FIG, 3.11 Large core being built (GEC Alsthom)
FIG. 3.12 Completed core, showing frame bolts (GEC Alsthom)
Eic,, 3.58 Core and windings of single-phase CEGB generator transformer (GEC Alsthom)
FIG. 3.60 800 MVA generator transformer bank at Drax power station (GEC Alsthom)
Pc. 3.64 Cast-resin transformers for installation in 415 V switchgear (GEC Alsthom)
FIG. 5.1/ Two poles (of a three-phase group) of a forced-air cooled generator circuit-breaker installed at Dinorwig pumped-storage power station (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
FIG. 5.12 One pole of a forced-air cooled generator circuit-breaker, with side covers and the connection to generator busbar removed (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
FiG. 5.13 Three-phase water cooled generator circuit-breaker showing connection into the generator phase-isolated busbar system (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
Fic, 5.14 Generator circuit-breaker control panel (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
FIG. 5.15 Cooling water plant (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
FIG. 5.18 Air plant control panel (British Brown-Boveri Ltd)
FIG. 5.29 Typical 3.3 kV switchboard of Reyrolle manufacture
FIG. 5.48 3.3 kV switchboard of Reyrolle manufacture. The three left hand units are 'fused equipment Class SI4A' and the three right hand units are 'air circuit-breakers Class SA'.
FIG. 5.49 Typical 415 V switchboard of GEC manufacture
FIG. 5.51 Typical 415 V switchboard of Electra-Mechanical Manufacturing Co manufacture
Fic., 5.69 Switchboard formation of control gear featuring vacuum interrupters in association with HBC fuse protection for 3.3 kV service (GEC Industrial Controls Ltd)
1-ro. 5.70 Example of control gear featuring vacuum interrupters in association with HBC fuse protection — for 3.3 kV service, showing the demonstration of the circuit earthing switch (GEC Industrial Controls Ltd)
vi
Foreword
G. A. W. Blackman, CBE, FEng
Chairman, Central Electricity Generating Board
and Chairman, British Electricity International Ltd
since its formation in 1958, the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) has been at the forefront of technological advances in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of power plant and transmission systems. During this time capacity increased almost fivefold, involving the introduction of thermal and nuclear generating units of 500 MW and 660 MW, to supply one of the largest integrated power systems in the world. In fulfilling its statutory responsibility to ensure continuity of a safe and economic supply of electricity, the CEGB built up a powerful engineering and scientific capability, and accumulated a wealth of experience in the operation and maintenance of power plant and systems. With the privatisation of the CEGB this experience and capability is being carried forward by its four successor companies — National Power, PowerGen, Nuclear Electric and National Grid.
At the heart of the CEGB's success has been an awareness of the need to sustain and improve the skills and knowledge of its engineering and technical staff. This was achieved through formal and on-job training, aided by a series of textbooks covering the theory and practice for the whole range of technology to be found on a modern power station. A second edition of the series, known as Modern Power Station Practice, was produced in the early 1970s, and it was sold throughout the world to provide electricity undertakings, engineers and students with an account of the CEGB's practices and hard-won experience. The edition had substantial worldwide sales and achieved recognition as the authoritative reference work on power generation.
A completely revised and enlarged (third) edition has now been produced which updates the relevant information in the earlier edition together with a comprehensive account of the solutions to the many engineering and environmental challenges encountered, and which puts on record the achievements of the CEGB during its lifetime as one of the world's leading public electricity utilities.
In producing this third edition, the opportunity has been taken to restructure the information in the original eight volumes to provide a more logical and detailed exposition of the technical content. The series has also been extended to include three new volumes on 'Station Commissioning', `EHV Transmission' and 'System Operation'. Each of the eleven subject volumes had an Advisory Editor for the technical validation of the many contributions by individual authors, all of whom are recognised as authorities in their particular field of technology.
All subject volumes carry their own index and a twelfth volume provides a consolidated index for the series overall. Particular attention has been paid to the production of draft material, with text refined through a number of technical and language editorial stages and complemented by a large number of high quality illustrations. The result is a high standard of presentation designed to appeal to a wide international readership.
It is with much pleasure therefore that I introduce this new series, which has been attributed to British Electricity International on behalf of the CEGB and its successor companies. I have been closely associated with its production and have no doubt that it will be invaluable to engineers worldwide who are engaged in the design, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance of modern power stations and systems.
March 1990
vii