!Корпоративное право 2023-2024 / Sukhanov_E_a_Sravnitelnoe_Korporativnoe_Pravo_2014 2
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ɑɵɴɽɬɶɽɯʆ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽɧɼ ɖɷɵɬɱɹ
ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯɬ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴɵɸɹɯ ɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɸɹɧɹʃ ɨɬɮ ɺɸɲɵɩɴʂɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɴʂɳ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯɬɳ ɵɹɱɧɮɧ ɩ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɰ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧ ɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ
ɖɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɴɬɽɬɲɬɸɵɵɨɷɧɮɴʂɳ ɶɷɵɩɬɷʆɹʃ ɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴɵɸɹʃ ɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɧɫɷɬɸɧ ɳɬɸɹɧ ɴɧɼɵɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ɵɷɪɧɴɧ ʅɷɯɫɯ ɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɶɵɫɶ jɩy ɶ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɯ ɯɴɫɯɩɯɫɺɧɲʃɴʂɼ ɶɷɬɫɶɷɯɴɯɳɧɹɬɲɬɰy ɋɧɴɴɧʆ ɶɷɵ ɩɬɷɱɧ ɴɬ ɫɧɬɹ ɴɯɱɧɱɯɼ ɪɧɷɧɴɹɯɰ ɮɧɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩɧɴɴʂɳ ɲɯɽɧɳ ɯɨɵ ɳɬɸɹɵ ɴɧɼɵɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɵɷɪɧɴɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɯɮɳɬɴʆɹʃɸʆ
ɉ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ʄɹɯɳ ɹɷɬɨɺɬɹɸʆ ɩɴɬɸɹɯ ɩ Ɋɑ ɶɵɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ ɸɵɪɲɧɸɴɵ ɱɵɹɵɷɵ ɳɺ ɷɯɸɱ ɶɵʆɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɨɲɧɪɵɶɷɯʆɹɴʂɼ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯɰ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɿɯɼ ɩ ɸɩʆ ɮɯ ɸ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴɵɸɹʃʅ ɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɵ ɳɬɸɹɬ ɴɧɼɵɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɵɷɪɧɴɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯ ɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴʂɼ ɩ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɳ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɬ ɲɵɭɯɹɸʆ ɴɧ ɸɧɳɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɲɯɽɵ ɧ ɩɸɬ ɵɹɶɷɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɫɵɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɴʂɬ ɶɵ ɧɫɷɬɸɺ ɺɱɧ ɮɧɴɴɵɳɺ ɩ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɳ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɬ ɸɾɯɹɧʅɹɸʆ ɶɵɲɺɾɬɴɴʂɳɯ ʅɷɯ ɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɳ ɲɯɽɵɳ
ɘɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɯɹʃ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɴɺʅ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɺʅ ʄɱɸɶɬɷɹɯɮɺ ɸɵ ɫɬɷɭɧɴɯʆ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɵɩ ɴɧ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɯɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃ ɸɹɩɺ
ɋɲʆ ɨɵɲʃɿɬɰ ʄɻɻɬɱɹɯɩɴɵɸɹɯ ʄɹɵɪɵ ɶɷɵɽɬɸɸɧ ɧ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɸ ɽɬɲʃʅ ɵɨ ɲɬɪɾɬɴɯʆ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɵɩ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃ ɺɹɩɬɷɭɫɬɴɯɬ ɹɯɶɵɩʂɼ ɺɸɹɧɩɵɩ ɴɧɯɨɵɲɬɬ ɷɧɸ ɶɷɵɸɹɷɧɴɬɴɴʂɼ ɩɯɫɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɩɧɷɯɧɴɹ ɴɧɨɵɷ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴʂɼ ɴɧɯɨɵɲɬɬ ɹɯɶɯɾɴʂɼ ɯɮɳɬɴɬɴɯɰ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴɵɪɵ ɺɸɹɧɩɧ ɩɧɷɯɧɴɹ ɫɵɶɺ ʀɬɴɯɬ ɯɴʂɼ ɶɵɲɵɭɬɴɯɰ ɩɧɷɯɧɴɹ
ɖɷɯ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɬɪɵ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɯ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɩʂɨɷɧɹʃ ɲʅɨɵɰ ɯɮ ɩɧɷɯɧɴɹɵɩ ɲɯɨɵ ɯɼ ɱɵɳɨɯɴɧɽɯʅ ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɰ ʄɱɸ ɶɬɷɹɯɮɬ ɶɵɫɲɬɭɧɹ ɲɯɿʃ ɶɵɲɵɭɬɴɯʆ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɵɹɷɬɴɴʂɬ ɩɧɷɯɧɴɹɵɳ
ɝɬɲɬɸɵɵɨɷɧɮɴɵ ɮɧɱɷɬɶɯɹʃ ɻɺɴɱɽɯɯ ɶɵ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ɩɸɬɼ ʅɷɯ ɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɯ ɩɬɫɬɴɯʅ Ɍɫɯɴɵɪɵ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɧ ɮɧ ɵɷɪɧ ɴɧɳɯ ʅɸɹɯɽɯɯ
ɔɧɯɨɵɲɬɬ ʄɻɻɬɱɹɯɩɴɵ ʄɹɧ ɻɺɴɱɽɯʆ ɳɵɪɲɧ ɨʂ ɨʂɹʃ ɷɬɧɲɯɮɵɩɧɴɧ ɧɷɨɯɹɷɧɭɴʂɳɯ ɸɺɫɧɳɯ ɖɵɮɯɹɯɩɴʂɰ ɵɶʂɹ ɩɬɫɬɴɯʆ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɧ ɸɺɫɧɳɯ ɯɳɬɬɹɸʆ ɩ ɬɩɷɵɶɬɰɸɱɵɰ ɶɷɧɱɹɯɱɬ ɴɧɶɷɯɳɬɷ ɩ ɇɩɸɹɷɯɯ ɯ Ɋɬɷɳɧɴɯɯ ɤɹɵ ɶɵɮɩɵɲɯɲɵ ɨʂ ɸɵɮɫɧɹʃ ɶɵɫɲɯɴɴɵ ɬɫɯɴʂɰ ʄɲɬɱɹɷɵɴɴʂɰ ɷɬɬɸɹɷ ʅɷɯ ɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɶɷɬɫɵɹɩɷɧʀɧɹʃ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɹɯɩɴʂɬ ɱɵɴɻɲɯɱɹʂ ɴɧɷɺɿɬɴɯɬ ɶɷɧɩ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɯ ɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩɴɵ ɷɧɸɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃ ɩɵɮ ɴɯɱɧʅʀɯɬ ɩ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɬɰ ɹɬɼ ɯɲɯ ɯɴʂɼ ɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɧ ɸɶɵɷʂ
ɖɷɯɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ
ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɩ Ɋɑ ɯ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɬ ɵ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɺɸɹɧɴɧɩɲɯɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɹɷɬɨɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɵɨ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲɬɴɯɯ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɵɴ ɴʂɼ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɰ ɯ ɶɵɲɺɾɬɴɯɯ ɸɩɬɫɬɴɯɰ ɴɬ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɶɵ ɳɬɸɹɺ ɴɧɼɵɭɫɬɴɯʆ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ
Ɏɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ Ɋɑ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɩɮʂɸɱɧɴɯʆ ɸ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɺɨʂɹɱɵɩ ɬɸɲɯ ɵɴɯ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɲɯ ɩɸɲɬɫ ɸɹɩɯɬ ɴɬɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɸɩɵɬɩɷɬɳɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɯɲɯ ɶɷɬɫ ɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴʂɼ ɸɩɬɫɬɴɯɰ ɩ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɰ ɷɬɬɸɹɷ ʅɷɯ ɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ
ɘɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɯɹʃ ɾɹɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɲɯɽɵ ɴɬ ɩɶɷɧɩɬ ɸɸʂ ɲɧɹʃɸʆ ɴɧ ɫɧɴɴʂɬ ɴɬ ɩɴɬɸɬɴɴʂɬ ɩ ɗɬɬɸɹɷ ɷɧɩɴɵ ɱɧɱ ɯ ɴɧ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷ ɴʂɬ ɫɧɴɴʂɬ ɸɵɫɬɷɭɧʀɯɬɸʆ ɩ ɗɬɬɸɹɷɬ ɩ ɵɹɴɵɿɬɴɯɯ ɲɯɽ ɫɵɨɷɵɸɵɩɬɸɹ ɴɵ ɶɵɲɧɪɧɩɿɯɼɸʆ ɴɧ ɫɧɴɴʂɬ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɧ
Ɏɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɴɺʅ ɶɷɵ ɩɬɷɱɺ ɮɧɱɵɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɯ ɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴɵɸɹɯ ɩɴɵɸɯɳʂɼ ɯɮɳɬɴɬɴɯɰ ɩ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃ ɴʂɬ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹʂ ɖɷɵɩɬɷɱɬ ɶɵɫɲɬɭɯɹ ɸɵɨɲʅɫɬɴɯɬ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɹɯɩɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɶɷɯ ɶɷɯɴʆɹɯɯ ɷɬɿɬɴɯɰ ɵɨ ɯɮɳɬ ɴɬɴɯɯ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɵɩ ɯɲɯ ɯɴʂɼ ɸɩɬɫɬɴɯɰ ɸɵɫɬɷɭɧʀɯɼɸʆ ɩ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɳ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɬ
ɋɲʆ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɼ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩ ɫɧɴɴɧʆ ɻɺɴɱɽɯʆ ɳɵɪɲɧ ɨʂ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲʆɹʃ ɸʆ ɶɷɵɻɬɸɸɯɵɴɧɲʃɴʂɳɯ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɧɳɯ ɷʂɴɱɧ ɽɬɴɴʂɼ ɨɺɳɧɪ ӎ ɷɬɪɯɸɹ ɷɧɹɵɷɧɳɯ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɩɬɫɺɹ ɷɬɬɸɹɷ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɵɩ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧ
ɉ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɬ ɵ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɸɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɮɧ ɱɷɬɶɯɹʃ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹʃ ɸɩɵɬɩɷɬɳɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɯɴɻɵɷɳɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɮɧɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩɧɴ ɴʂɼ ɲɯɽ ɵ ɶɷɬɫɶɵɲɧɪɧɬɳʂɼ ɯɮɳɬɴɬɴɯʆɼ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɵɩ ɯɲɯ ɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɸɵɫɬɷɭɧʀɯɼɸʆ ɩ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɳ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɬ ɴɧ ɵɸɴɵɩɬ ɷʂɴɵɾ ɴʂɼ ɳɬɼɧɴɯɮɳɵɩ ɯ ɴɧ ɨɧɮɬ ɸɵɩɷɬɳɬɴɴʂɼ ɯɴɻɵɷɳɧɽɯɵɴɴʂɼ ɹɬɼɴɵɲɵɪɯɰ
ɚɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɫɵɲɭɴʂ ɯɳɬɹʃ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɮɧɱɲʅ ɾɯɹʃ ɫɵɪɵɩɵɷ ɸ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɬɰ ɸɶɬɽɯɧɲɯɮɯɷɺʅʀɬɰɸʆ ɴɧ ɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯɯ ɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩɴɵɰ ɯɴɻɵɷɳɧɽɯɯ ɵ ɷɧɸɶɷɵɸɹɷɧɴɬɴɯɯ ɯɴɻɵɷɳɧɽɯɯ ɵ ɸɵɵɹ ɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ɯɮɳɬɴɬɴɯʆɼ ɉ ɾɧɸɹɴɵɸɹɯ ɵɴɯ ɩɶɷɧɩɬ ɮɧɱɲʅɾɯɹʃ ɫɵɪɵɩɵɷ
ɴɧ ɯɴɻɵɷɳɧɽɯɵɴɴɵɬ ɵɨɸɲɺɭɯɩɧɴɯɬ ɸɵɪɲɧɸɴɵ ɱɵɹɵɷɵɳɺ ɶɷɯ ɶɵɸɹɺɶɲɬ ɴɯɯ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɵɩ ɴɧ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯʅ ɩ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɯɷɺʅʀɯɰ ɵɷɪɧɴ ɵɴɯ ɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩɴɵ ɯɮɩɬʀɧʅɹɸʆ ɵɨ ʄɹɵɳ ɶɵɸɷɬɫɸɹɩɵɳ ʄɲɬɱɹɷɵɴɴɵɰ ɶɵɾɹʂ ɸɵɵɨʀɬɴɯɰ ɶɵ ɯɴʂɳ ɱɧɴɧɲɧɳ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɹɬɲɬɻɵɴɺ ɻɧɱɸɺ ɯ ɹ ɫ
ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɵ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɶɷɯɵɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɵɴɴʂɼ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɰ ɶɵ ɮɧʆɩɲɬ ɴɯʅ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɧ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɬɪɵ ɵɷɪɧɴɧ ɯɲɯ ɯɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵ
ɑɵɴɽɬɶɽɯʆ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽɧɼ ɖɷɵɬɱɹ
ɩɧɴɴɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɬɸɲɯ ɩ ɮɧʆɩɲɬɴɯɯ ɺɱɧɮʂɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɴɧ ɴɧɷɺɿɬɴɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧ ɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɯɲɯ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɵɩɬɷɴɵɸɹʃ ɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɴʂɼ ɴɧ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯʅ ɫɧɴ ɴʂɼ əɧɱɵɰ ɱɵɴɻɲɯɱɹ ɫɵɲɭɬɴ ɷɧɮɷɬɿɧɹʃɸʆ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɯɷɺʅʀɯɳ ɵɷɪɧɴɵɳ ɩ ɧɫɳɯɴɯɸɹɷɧɹɯɩɴɵɳ ɫɵɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɳ ɶɵɷʆɫɱɬ
Подраздел 4. Законодательство о реорганизации юридических лиц
1. Состояние и оценка действующего законодательства
Ɏɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɵ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɵɹɲɯɾɧ ɬɹɸʆ ɴɬɶɵɸɲɬɫɵɩɧɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹʃʅ ɋɲʆ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɩ ɨɵɲʃ ɿɯɴɸɹɩɬ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɲɯɿʃ
ɩɧɴɧɲɵɪɯɾɴɺʅ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩɺʅ ɻɵɷɳɺ ɶɷɯ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɯ ɶɷɯɸɵ ɬɫɯɴɬɴɯɯ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɯ ɯ ɩʂɫɬɲɬɴɯɯ ɴɧɶɷɯɳɬɷ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩ ɸ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴ ɴɵɰ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃʅ ɯɲɯ ɶɷɵɯɮɩɵɫɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɼ ɱɵɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩɵɩ ɋɲʆ ɴɬ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɹɧɱɯɬ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɯʆ ɻɵɷɳɧɲʃɴɵ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɺ ʅɹ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯʆɼy
ɇɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɳ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧɳ ɷɧɮɷɬɿɬɴɵ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲʆɹʃ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬ
ɴɯɬ ɯɲɯ ɩʂɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɵɫɴɵɩɷɬɳɬɴɴɵ ɸɵ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɬɳ ɯɲɯ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴɬɴɯɬɳ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕɨ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɼ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧɼy ɏɳ ɭɬ ɷɧɮɷɬɿɬɴɵ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩʂɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɩ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɶɧɷɹɴɬɷɸɹɩɧ ɧɨɮ ɶ ɸɹ ɴɧɮɩɧɴɴɵɪɵ Ɏɧɱɵɴɧ ɧ ɺɴɯɹɧɷɴʂɳ ɶɷɬɫɶɷɯʆɹɯʆɳ ӎ ɩ ɪɵɸɺ ɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɬ ɯɲɯ ɳɺɴɯɽɯɶɧɲʃɴɵɬ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯɬ ɚɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɧ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɧɸɸɵɽɯɧɽɯɯ ɯ ɸɵʅɮʂ ɩɶɷɧɩɬ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩʂɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɩ ɼɵɮʆɰɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɬ ɵɨ ʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɶ ɯ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷ ɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯʆɼy ɹ ɬ ɩ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɋɷɺɪɯɬ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɲɯɽɧ ɹɧɱɯɳɯ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʆɳɯ ɴɬ ɵɨɲɧɫɧʅɹ
ɉ ɷʆɫɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɶɷɵɬɱɹɵɩ ɧ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɩ ɴɬɱɵɹɵɷʂɼ ɹɬɵɷɬɹɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɷɧɨɵɹɧɼ ɧɱɹɯɩɴɵ ɷɧɮɩɯɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɯɫɬʆ ɵɨ ɺɸɹɷɧɴɬɴɯɯ ɲʅɨʂɼ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɯɰ
ɩɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɹ ɬ ɩ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯɯ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɧɱɹɯɾɬɸɱɯ ɲʅɨʂɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɩ ɲʅɨʂɬ ɫɷɺɪɯɬ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɬ ɻɵɷɳʂ ɧ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬ
ɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ӎ ɩ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɯ ɴɧɵɨɵɷɵɹ ɸɵɾɬɹɧɴɯɬ ɩ ɵɫɴɵɳ ɧɱɹɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɬɬ ɷɧɮɲɯɾɴʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ɶɵɫɵɨɴɵ ɹɵɳɺ ɱɧɱ ʄɹɵ ɸɫɬɲɧ ɴɵ ɫɲʆ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɼ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩ ɯ ɹ ɫ
ɕɹɫɬɲʃɴʂɬ ɶɵɲɵɭɬɴɯʆ Ɋɑ ɵ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɴɺɭɫɧʅɹɸʆ ɩ ɨɵɲɬɬ ɹʀɧɹɬɲʃɴɵɳ ɸɵɪɲɧɸɵɩɧɴɯɯ əɧɱ ɩ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɪɵɩɵɷɯɹɸʆ ɵ ɶɬɷɬɼɵɫɬ ɩ ɶɷɵ ɽɬɸɸɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɶɷɧɩ ɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɬɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬ ɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɹɵɪɫɧ ɱɧɱ ɩ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɺɶɵɳɯɴɧɬɹɸʆ ɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɸɹɩɬ ɲɯɿʃ
ɖɷɯɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ
ɶɷɯɳɬɴɯɹɬɲʃɴɵ ɱ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧɳ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɾɹɵ ɶɷɵɹɯɩɵɷɬ ɾɯɹ ɺɴɯɩɬɷɸɧɲʃɴɵɳɺ ɼɧɷɧɱɹɬɷɺ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɸɹɩɧ
ɉ Ɋɑ ɴɬ ɺɾɯɹʂɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɬ ɴɬɵɨɼɵɫɯɳɵɸɹɯ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɲɬ ɴɯʆ ɶɬɷɬɫɧɹɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɧɱɹɧ ɯ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɨɧɲɧɴɸɧ ɩ ɹɧɱɯɼ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷɧɼ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɱɧɱ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɬ ɯ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴɬɴɯɬ ɯɨɵ ɩ ɴɯɼ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɶɬɷɬɼɵɫ ɩɸɬɼ ɶɷɧɩ ɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɬɰ ɲɯɿʃ ɱ ɵɫɴɵ ɳɺ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɳɺ ɲɯɽɺ
ɉ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬɳ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴʂɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɳ ɵɹ ɫɬɱɧɨɷʆɪ ԋ ɛɎ ɶ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɩ ɶɷɬɭɴɬɰ ɷɬɫɧɱɽɯɯ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɩ ɿɬɪɵ ɸɵɲɯɫɧɷɴɺʅ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃ ɩɴɵɩʃ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɿɯɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɶɵ ɹɬɳ ɫɵɲɪɧɳ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɵɩɧɴɴɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɶɵ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɳ ɴɬ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɯɹʃ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɴɯɱɧ ɵɸɵɨɺʅ ɧɱɹɺɧɲʃɴɵɸɹʃ ɶɷɯɵɨɷɬ ɹɧɬɹ ɩɵɶɷɵɸ ɵɨ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɯ ɩ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɧɼ ɵ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɺɶɵɳɯɴɧɴɯɰ ɵ ɱɧɱɵɳ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɧɩɬ ɯɲɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɕɾɬɩɯɫɴɵ ɾɹɵ ɫɧɴɴɵɬ ɵɨɸɹɵʆ ɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɴɬ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɩɬɸɹɯ ɱ ɶɷɬɱɷɧʀɬɴɯʅ ɹɧɱɯɼ ɶɷɧɩ ɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɬɰ ɯ ɯɸɶɵɲʃɮɵɩɧɴɯʅ ʄɹɯɼ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɬɰ ɴɬɫɵɨɷɵɸɵɩɬɸɹɴʂɳɯ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɧ ɳɯ ɵɨɵɷɵɹɧ ɋɲʆ ʄɹɯɼ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɫɵɲɭɴɧ ɨʂɹʃ ɩɵɸɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɧ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴɧʆ ɸɵɲɯɫɧɷɴɧʆ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃ ɯɳɬʅʀɧʆ ɳɬɸɹɵ ɯ ɩ ɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɰ ɶɷɧɱɹɯ ɱɬ ɶ ɶɵɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɖɲɬɴɺɳɧ ɉɇɘ ɗɛ ɵɹ ɴɵʆɨɷʆ ɪ ԋ
ɖɷɯɴɽɯɶɯɧɲʃɴɵɰ ɶɷɵɨɲɬɳɵɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɵɸɹɧɬɹɸʆ ɮɧʀɯɹɧ ɶɷɧɩ ɯ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯ ɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɩ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴʂɳɯ ɴɧɷɺɿɬɴɯʆɳɯ ɶɷɯɴɽɯɶɧ ɸɶɷɧ ɩɬɫɲɯɩɵɪɵ ɷɧɸɶɷɬɫɬɲɬɴɯʆ ɧɱɹɯɩɵɩ ɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩ ɹɧɱɵɰ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɳɬɭɫɺ ɬɬ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɴɯɱɧɳɯ
ɔɵɩɵɰ ɷɬɫɧɱɽɯɬɰ ɶ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɫɲʆ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳʂɼ ɵɹɱɷʂɹʂɼ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɼ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩ ɶɷɧɩɵ ɹɷɬɨɵɩɧɹʃ ɫɵɸɷɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɯɸɶɵɲ ɴɬɴɯʆ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɵ ɸɲɺɾɧʆɳɯ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯʆ ɶɷɬɫɵɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɫɵɲɭɴɯɱɵɳ ɯɲɯ ɯɴʂɳ ɲɯɽɵɳ ɫɵɸɹɧɹɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɬɴɯʆ ɯɸɶɵɲɴɬɴɯʆ ɹɧɱɯɼ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩ ɕɫɴɧɱɵ ʄɹɵɹ ɶɵɫɼɵɫ ɹɷɬɨɺɬɹ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɯ ɺɹɵɾɴɬɴɯʆ
ɘ ɵɫɴɵɰ ɸɹɵɷɵɴʂ ɶɷɧɩɵ ɶɷɬɫɵɸɹɧɩɯɹʃ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɧɳ ɫɵɶɵɲɴɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɬ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɬɴɯɬ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɸɹɧɹʃ ɵɨʀɯɳ ɺɸɲɵɩɯɬɳ ɵɹɳɬɴʂ ɯɼ ɶɷɧɩɧ ɹɷɬɨɵɩɧɹʃ
ɫɵɸɷɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɯɸɶɵɲɴɬɴɯʆ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩ ɹ ɬ ɷɧɸɶɷɵ ɸɹɷɧɴʆɹʃɸʆ ɴɬ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɴɧ ɵɹɱɷʂɹʂɬ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɬ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɴɵ ɯ ɴɧ ɫɷɺ
ɔɬɫɵɸɹɧɹɱɵɳ ɸɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɸɾɯɹɧɹʃ ɯ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɬ ɷɬɪɺɲɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɸɹɩɧ ʅɷɯɫɯ ɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɩ ɶɺɨɲɯɾɴʂɼ ɶɷɧɩɧɼ ɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹʆɼ ɴɧɲɵɪɵɩʂɼ ɲɯɽɬɴɮɯʆɼ ɯ ɶɷ ɧ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɩ ɹɷɺɫɵɩʂɼ ɶɷɧɩɵɵɹɴɵɿɬɴɯʆɼ ɖɵɸɱɵɲʃɱɺ ɵɴɵ ɩʂɼɵɫɯɹ ɮɧ ɷɧɳɱɯ ɶɷɬɫɳɬɹɧ ɪɷɧɭɫɧɴɸɱɵ ɪɵ ɶɷɧɩɧ ɩ Ɋɑ ɳɵɭɴɵ ɨʂɲɵ ɨʂ ɺɶɵɳʆɴɺɹʃ ɵ ɹɧɱɵɳ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɸɹɩɬ ɶɺɹɬɳ ɵɹɸʂɲɱɯ ɱ ɮɧ ɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɴʂɳ ɧɱɹɧɳ ɯɴɵɰ ɵɹɷɧɸɲɬɩɵɰ ɶɷɯɴɧɫɲɬɭɴɵɸɹɯ
ɑɵɴɽɬɶɽɯʆ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽɧɼ ɖɷɵɬɱɹ
ɪɯɬ ɩɯɫʂ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳʂɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɘ ɫɷɺɪɵɰ ɸɹɵɷɵɴʂ ɯɴɹɬ ɷɬɸʂ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɯɩɧʅɹ ɴɬ ɲʅɨʂɬ ɯɮɩɬɸɹɴʂɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɺ ɯ ɶɷɧɱɹɯ ɱɬ ɸɶɵɸɵɨʂ ɴɧɶɷɯɳɬɷ ɴɬɺɸɹɵɰɱɧ ɮɧɫɧɹɵɱ ɯ ɺɫɬɷɭɧɴɯɬ ɴɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɨɬɮɵɪɵɩɵɷɵɾɴɵ ɵɹɴɬɸɬɴʂ ɱ ɯɼ ɾɯɸɲɺ
ɑɷɵɳɬ ɹɵɪɵ ɵɸɹɧɬɹɸʆ ɴɬʆɸɴʂɳ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɲɯ ɶɷɧɩɵ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɧ ɹɷɬɨɵ ɩɧɹʃ ɫɵɸɷɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɯɸɶɵɲɴɬɴɯʆ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɱɵɹɵɷɵɬ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɨʂɹʃ ɸɵ ɼɷɧɴɬɴɵ ɶɵ ɱɷɧɰɴɬɰ ɳɬɷɬ ɫɲʆ ɴɬɱɵɹɵɷʂɼ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɨʂɹʃ ɷɬɧɲɯɮɵɩɧɴɴʂɳ ɩɵ ɩɴɬɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɳ ɶɵɷʆɫɱɬ ɯ ɩɶɷɧɩɬ ɲɯ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɬ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɲɯɽɵ ɫɵɪɵɩɵɷɯɹʃɸʆ ɸɵ ɸɩɵɯɳɯ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɧɳɯ ɵ ɴɬɶɷɯɳɬ ɴɬɴɯɯ ʄɹɵɪɵ ɶɷɧɩɧ
ɋɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɴɬ ɸɵɫɬɷɭɯɹ ɸɶɬɽɯɧɲʃɴʂɼ ɴɵɷɳ ɷɬɪɺɲɯɷɺʅʀɯɼ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɵɸɶɧɷɯɩɧɴɯʆ ɯ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯʆ ɴɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɵɩɬɫɬɴɴɵɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɏɸɶɵɲʃɮɺɬɳʂɬ ɴɧ ɶɷɧɱɹɯ ɱɬ ɵɨʀɯɬ ɸɶɵɸɵɨʂ ɮɧʀɯɹʂ ӎ ɵɸɶɧɷɯɩɧɴɯɬ ɷɬɿɬɴɯɰ ɵ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧ ɽɯɯ ɧɱɹɵɩ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɰ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ɴɵɩʂɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɯɲɯ ɩʂɶɺɸɱɵɩ ɧɱɽɯɰ ɫɵɪɵɩɵɷɵɩ ɵ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɯ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴɬɴɯɯ ӎ ɶɵɷɵ ɭɫɧʅɹ ɩɵɶɷɵɸʂ ɵ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯʆɼ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɯʆ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧ ɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɯɲɯ ɵɫɴɵɪɵ ɯɮ ɩɼɵɫʆʀɯɼ ɩ ɬɬ ɸɵɸɹɧɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɻɧɱɹɵɩ ɩ ɹɵɳ ɾɯɸɲɬ ɵ ɸɺɫʃɨɬ ɸɫɬɲɵɱ ɸɵɩɬɷɿɬɴɴʂɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɳɯ ɲɯɽɧɳɯ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɿɯɳɯ ɩ ɷɬɮɺɲʃɹɧɹɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɩɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯɯ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɴɵɰ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ
ɉɸɩɵʅ ɵɾɬɷɬɫʃ ʄɹɵ ɩɲɬɾɬɹ ɴɬɪɧɹɯɩɴʂɬ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯʆ ɱɧɱ ɫɲʆ ɺɾɧɸɹ ɴɯɱɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳʂɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɺʀɬɳ ɲɬɴʂ ɩ ɸɩɵɯɼ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɹɯɩɴʂɼ ɶɷɧɩɧɼ ɲɯɨɵ ɩɵɵɨʀɬ ɲɯɿɯɹʃɸʆ ɯɼ ɹɧɱ
ɯɫɲʆ ɱɵɴɹɷɧɪɬɴɹɵɩ ɩɴɵɩʃ ɸɵɮɫɧɴɴʂɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɩ ɹɬɵɷɬ ɹɯɾɬɸɱɵɰ ɲɯɹɬɷɧɹɺɷɬ ɩʂɸɱɧɮɧɴɵ ɳɴɬɴɯɬ ɵ ɴɬɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɯʆ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɯ ɵ ɩɵɮɳɬʀɬɴɯɯ ɺɨʂɹɱɵɩ ɱɧɱ ɬɫɯɴ ɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɰ ɻɵɷɳɬ ɮɧʀɯɹʂ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩ ɶɵɸɹɷɧɫɧɩɿɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɕɫɴɧɱɵ ɶɷɧɱ ɹɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɶɷɯɳɬɴɬɴɯɬ ɹɧɱɵɰ ɳɬɷʂ ɵɱɧɮʂɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɳɧɲɵʄɻɻɬɱɹɯɩɴʂɳ
ɉɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ʄɹɯɳ ɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴʂɳ ɵɨɸɺɫɯɹʃ ɽɬɲɬɸɵɵɨɷɧɮ ɴɵɸɹʃ ɮɧɱɷɬɶɲɬɴɯʆ ɩ Ɋɑ ɯɴɸɹɯɹɺɹɧ jɶɵɩɵɷɵɹɧ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯy jɵɨɷɧɹ
ɴɵɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯy ɹ ɬ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɵɩɬɫɬɴɯʆ ɩ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɸɲɺɾɧʆɼ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɶɵ ɷɬɿɬɴɯʅ ɸɺɫɧ ɶɷɯ ɴɬɮɧ ɱɵɴɴɵɳ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ӎ ɯɼ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɶɷɯ ɴɬɮɧɱɵɴɴɵɳ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɯ ӎ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɬ ɯ ɹ ɫ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɯʆ ɬɬ ɸɺɫɵɳ ɴɬɸɵɸɹɵʆɩ ɿɬɰɸʆ ɶɷɯ ɴɧɲɯɾɯɯ ɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɼ ɴɧɷɺɿɬɴɯɰ ɺʀɬɳɲʆʅʀɯɼ ɶɷɧɩɧ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɴɧɶɷɯɳɬɷ ɶɷɯ ɺɹɷɧ ɹɬ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɹɯɩɴɵɪɵ ɱɵɴɹɷɵɲʆ ɴɧɫ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɳ ɲɯɽɵɳ
ɖɷɯɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ
ɉɳɬɸɹɬ ɸ ɹɬɳ ɫɧɴɴɧʆ ɸɯɹɺɧɽɯʆ ɫɵɲɭɴɧ ɸɾɯɹɧɹʃɸʆ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɯ ɶɷɯɳɬɴʆɹʃɸʆ ɲɯɿʃ ɩ ɸɲɺɾɧʆɼ ɴɬɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɯɸɶɵɲʃɮɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɯɴʂɼ ɸɶɵ ɸɵɨɵɩ ɮɧʀɯɹʂ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɧ ɯ ɸ ɺɾɬɹɵɳ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɬɴɯʆ ɸɶɷɧ ɩɬɫɲɯɩɵɪɵ ɨɧɲɧɴɸɧ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɯ ɬɪɵ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɩ ɾɧɸɹɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɬɶʆɹɸɹɩɯɬɳ ɫɲʆ ɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɪɵ ɶɷɯɮɴɧ ɴɯʆ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɴɬɸɵɸɹɵʆɩɿɬɰɸʆ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɸɲɺɭɯɹʃ ɶɵʆɩɲɬɴɯɬ ɺ ɴɵɩɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɮɴɧɾɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɾɯɸɲɧ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɫɲɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹʃ ɩɷɬ ɳɬɴɯ ɶɷɵɿɬɫɿɬɪɵ ɳɬɭɫɺ ɮɧɩɬɷɿɬɴɯɬɳ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɯ ɶɷɬɫʁʆɩɲɬɴɯɬɳ ɹɷɬɨɵɩɧɴɯɰ ɵ ɬɬ ɵɸɶɧɷɯɩɧɴɯɯ ɯ ɹɵɳɺ ɶɵɫɵɨɴʂɬ ɵɨɸɹɵʆɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ
2. Предложения по совершенствованию действующего
законодательства
ɖɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɾɹɵ ɶɷɯ ɴɬɱɵɹɵɷɵɳ ɷɧɸɿɯɷɬɴɯɯ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɬɰ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɩ ɸɷɧɩɴɬɴɯɯ ɸ ɫɵɸɹɧɹɵɾɴɵ ɭɬɸɹɱɯɳɯ ɶɷɧɩɯɲɧɳɯ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɮɧ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬɳ ɶɵɲɵɭɬ ɴɯɰ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕɨ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɼ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧɼy ɩ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɧɼ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳʂɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɫɵɲɭɴʂ ɨʂɹʃ ɸɵɼɷɧɴɬ ɴʂ ɯ ɯɮɩɬɸɹɴʂɬ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɯʆ ɷɧɮɲɯɾɴʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɘɲɬɫɺ ɬɹ ɵɹɳɬɹɯɹʃ ɾɹɵ ɹɧɱɯɬ ɶɷɧɩɯɲɧ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴʂ ɯ ɩ ɷʆɫɬ ɩʂɸɵɱɵɷɧɮɩɯɹʂɼ ɬɩɷɵɶɬɰɸɱɯɼ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɵɷʆɫɱɵɩ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧʅɹ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɯʆ ɶɵ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɺ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ɩ ɵɹɫɬɲʃɴʂɼ ɩɯɫɧɼ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ
ɖɷɯɴɽɯɶɯɧɲʃɴʂɳ ɶɵɫɼɵɫɵɳ ɮɫɬɸʃ ʆɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɮɧɶɷɬɹ ɴɧ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧ ɴɯɬ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɩ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɯ ɴɧɵɨɵɷɵɹ ɱɧɱ ɯ ɮɧ ɶɷɬɹ ɶɵʆɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɩ ɷɬɮɺɲʃɹɧɹɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯ ɮɧɽɯɯ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɯ ɴɧɵɨɵɷɵɹ ɴɧɶɷɯɳɬɷ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɸ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɴɵɰ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃʅ ɴɧ ɫɷɺɪɵɬ ɼɵɮʆɰɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɬ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɵ ɯ ɻɵɴɫ ɩʂɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɻɵɴɫɧ ɯɮ ɶɷɵɯɮɩɵɫɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɱɵɵɶɬɷɧɹɯ ɩɧ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɶɵɹɷɬɨɯɹɬɲʃɸɱɵɪɵ ɱɵɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩɧ ɩ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴɵɬ ɵɨ ʀɬɸɹɩɵ ɯ ɹ ɫ ɘɳʂɸɲ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɯʆ ɸɵɸɹɵɯɹ ɩ ɮɧɶɷɬɹɬ ɯɸɱɧɭɬɴɯʆ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɰ ɶɷɯɷɵɫʂ ɯ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɫɬɲɬɴɯʆ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɴɧ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɯ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɰ ɩ ɱɵɴɬɾɴɵɳ
ɸɾɬɹɬ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɸɶɵɸɵɨɸɹɩɺɬɹ ɳɧɱɸɯɳɧɲʃɴɵɰ ɮɧʀɯɹɬ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɼ ɯɴɹɬ ɷɬɸɵɩ ɯɼ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɯ ɩɸɬɼ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ɪɷɧɭɫɧɴɸɱɵɪɵ ɵɨɵɷɵɹɧ
ɏɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɯɹʃ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɺɴɯɹɧɷɴʂɬ ɶɷɬɫɶɷɯʆɹɯʆ ɯ ɺɾ ɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɴɬ ʆɩɲʆʅʀɯɬɸʆ ɸɵɨɸɹɩɬɴɴɯɱɧɳɯ ɸɩɵɬɪɵ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɯ ɶɵɹɵ ɳɺ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɬ ɴɧ ɨɧɮɬ ɵɸɵɨʂɼ ɩɬʀɴʂɼ ɶɷɧɩ ɴɧ ɴɬɪɵ ɸɵɪɲɧɸɴɵ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɼ ɯ ɳɺɴɯɽɯɶɧɲʃɴʂɼ ɺɴɯɹɧɷ ɴʂɼ ɶɷɬɫɶɷɯʆɹɯʆɼy ɶɵɸɲɬɫɴɯɬ ɺɭɬ ɸɬɪɵɫɴʆ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧ
ɑɵɴɽɬɶɽɯʆ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽɧɼ ɖɷɵɬɱɹ
ɴʂ ɩ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɶɵ ɫɵɲɪɧɳ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɼ ɸɺɨɸɯɫɯɧɷɴɺʅ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃ ɴɬɸɬɹ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɰ ɶɺɨɲɯɾɴʂɰ ɸɵɨɸɹɩɬɴɴɯɱ
ɉɳɬɸɹɬ ɸ ɹɬɳ ɵɨʀɴɵɸɹʃ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɰ ɶɷɯɷɵɫʂ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯɰ ɶɵ ɮɩɵɲʆɬɹ ɫɵɶɺɸɹɯɹʃ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɲʅɨɵɰ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɵɰ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯɯ
ɩɫɷɺɪɺʅ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɺʅ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯʅ ɼɵɮʆɰɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɩ ɼɵ ɮʆɰɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɬ ɹɵɩɧɷɯʀɬɸɹɩɵ ɯ ɯɲɯ ɱɵɵɶɬɷɧɹɯɩ ɯ ɴɧɵɨɵɷɵɹ ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɵɫɴɧɱɵ ɸɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɵɨɸɺɫɯɹʃ ɽɬɲɬɸɵɵɨɷɧɮɴɵɸɹʃ ɸɵɾɬɹɧɴɯʆ ɩ ɵɫɴɵɳ ɧɱɹɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɬɬ ɷɧɮɲɯɾɴʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɯɲɯ ɩʂɫɬɲɬɴɯɬ ɵɫɴɵ ɩɷɬɳɬɴɴɵ ɸɵ ɸɲɯʆɴɯɬɳ ɯɲɯ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴɬɴɯɬɳ ɔɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɱɵɷ ɶɵɷɧɽɯɯ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴʂ ɩ ɫɷɺɪɯɬ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɬ ɻɵɷɳʂ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯɰ
ɏɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬ ɫɵɲɭɴʂ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɲʆɹʃ ɻɵɴɫʂ ɯ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɱɵɹɵ ɷʂɬ ɴɬ ɨɺɫɺɾɯ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯʆɳɯ ɩɵɵɨʀɬ ɴɬ ɶɵɫɲɬɭɧɹ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯʅ ɧ ɫɷɺɪɯɬ ɻɵɷɳʂ ɯɼ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɴɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɩɬɸɹɯ ɱ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɴɵɩɬɴɯʅ ɯɴʂɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɯ ɹɬɳ ɨɵɲɬɬ ɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɏɴɧɾɬ ɪɵɩɵɷʆ ɻɵɴɫʂ ɯ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɳɵ ɪɺɹ ɸɲɯɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴʆɹʃɸʆ ɩʂɫɬɲʆɹʃɸʆ ɯ ɷɧɮɫɬɲʆɹʃɸʆ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɴɧ ɸɵ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵ ɫɷɺɪɯɬ ɻɵɴɫʂ ɯ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯʆ
ɘɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɵɹɳɬɹɯɹʃ ɾɹɵ ɲʅɨɧʆ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯʆ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯɰ ɸ ɶɵʆɩɲɬ ɴɯɬɳ ɯɴʂɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɵɴɴɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɼ ɻɵɷɳ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɯ ɱɵɳ ɳɬɷɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɻɧɱɹɯɾɬɸɱɯ ɨɺɫɬɹ ɵɮɴɧɾɧɹʃ ɶɷɯɩɧɹɯɮɧɽɯʅ ɯɼ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɖɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɶɷɬɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɺɾɷɬɭɫɬɴɯɰ ɩ ɺɴɯɹɧɷɴʂɬ ɶɷɬɫ ɶɷɯʆɹɯʆ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɧɬɹɸʆ ɹɧɱ ɱɧɱ ɵɴɵ ɨɺɫɬɹ ɸɶɵɸɵɨɸɹɩɵɩɧɹʃ ɴɬɵɸɴɵɩɧɹɬɲʃ ɴɵɳɺ ɺɩɬɲɯɾɬɴɯʅ ɾɯɸɲɧ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɴɯɼ
ɔɵɷɳʂ Ɋɑ ɵ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɫɵɲɭɴʂ ɶɵɸɲɬ ɫɵɩɧɹɬɲʃɴɵ ɵɹɷɧɭɧɹʃ ɺɴɯɩɬɷɸɧɲʃɴʂɰ ɼɧɷɧɱɹɬɷ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɧʅʀɬɪɵ ɶɷɧɩɵ ɶɷɬɬɳɸɹɩɧ ɷɧɸɶɷɵɸɹɷɧɴʆʆ ɬɪɵ ɴɬ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɴɧ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɬ ɴɵ ɯ ɴɧ ɩɸɬ ɯɴʂɬ ɪɷɧɭɫɧɴɸɱɯɬ ɶɷɧɩɵɵɹɴɵɿɬɴɯʆ
ɖɬɷɬɫɧɹɵɾɴʂɰ ɧɱɹ ɩ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷɧɼ ɸɲɯʆɴɯʆ ɶɷɯɸɵɬɫɯɴɬɴɯʆ ɯ ɶɷɬ ɵɨɷɧɮɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɫɵɲɭɬɴ ɯɳɬɹʃ ɺɾɬɹɴɵɬ ɧ ɴɬ ɶɷɧɩɵɺɸɹɧɴɧɩɲɯɩɧʅʀɬɬ ɮɴɧ ɾɬɴɯɬ ɉ ʄɹɯɼ ɸɲɺɾɧʆɼ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɬ ɩ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴɵɳ ɧɱɹɬ ɺɶɵɳɯɴɧɴɯʆ ɵ ɱɧ
ɱɵɳ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɧɩɬ ɯɲɯ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɴɬ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɵɮɴɧɾɧɹʃ ɯɼ ɶɷɬɱɷɧʀɬɴɯʆ
ɩɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬɳ ɯɮ Ɋɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɷɬɬɸɹɷɧ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɵɩɧɴ ɴɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ
ɘɱɧɮɧɴɴɵɬ ɷɧɮɺɳɬɬɹɸʆ ɴɬ ɵɹɴɵɸɯɹɸʆ ɱ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɳ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯʆɳ ɩ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɯ ɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹɯ ɴɬ ʆɩɲʆʅʀɯɳɯɸʆ ɴɯ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɽɯʆɳɯ ɴɯ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴʂɳɯ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯʆɳɯ ɶɵ ɸɱɵɲʃɱɺ ɯɼ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɵ ɸɵɸɹɧɩɲʆɬɹ ɵɨʁɬɱɹ ɯɼ ɾɧɸɹɴɵɰ ɸɵɨɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɴɯ ɫɧɭɬ ɴɬɱɵɳɳɬɷ ɾɬɸɱɯɳɯ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯʆɳɯ ɮɧ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬɳ ɛɵɴɫɧ ɸɵɫɬɰɸɹɩɯʆ ɷɬɻɵɷɳɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʅ ɍɑɜ
ɖɷɯɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ
ɖɷɯ ɩʂɫɬɲɬɴɯɯ ɯɲɯ ɷɧɮɫɬɲɬɴɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɬ ɩ ɷɧɮ ɫɬɲɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɳ ɨɧɲɧɴɸɬ ɯɲɯ ɩ ɶɬɷɬɫɧɹɵɾɴɵɳ ɧɱɹɬ ɺɶɵɳɯɴɧɴɯʆ ɵ ɱɧɱɵɰ ɲɯɨɵ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɩɲɬɾʃ ɸɵɲɯɫɧɷɴɺʅ ɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɸɹʃ ɶɵ ɴɬɰ ɩɸɬɼ ɬɪɵ ɶɷɧɩɵɶɷɬɬɳɴɯɱɵɩ
ɖɷɧɩɵ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɺɬɳɵɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɹɷɬɨɵ ɩɧɹʃ ɫɵɸɷɵɾɴɵɪɵ ɯɸɶɵɲɴɬɴɯʆ ɵɨʆɮɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɨʂɹʃ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃ ɴɵ ɵɪɷɧɴɯɾɬɴɵ ɶɷɯɾɬɳ ɸɵɪɲɧɿɬɴɯɬɳ ʄɹɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɸɵ ɸɩɵɯɳ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɳ ɵɴɵ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɶɷɬɱɷɧʀɬɴɵ
ɖɷɧɩɵ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴʂɼ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɵɩ ɹɷɬɨɵɩɧɹʃ ɶɷɬɫɵɸɹɧɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɫɵɶɵɲɴɯ ɹɬɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɬɴɯʆ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɷɧɸɶɷɵɸɹɷɧɴʆɹʃɸʆ ɴɬ ɹɵɲʃɱɵ ɴɧ ɵɹɱɷʂ ɹʂɬ ɧɱɽɯɵɴɬɷɴʂɬ ɵɨʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɴɵ ɯ ɴɧ ɫɷɺɪɯɬ ɩɯɫʂ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɵɫɴɧɱɵ ɵɴɵ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲʆɹʃɸʆ ɶɵɫ ɱɵɴɹɷɵɲɬɳ ɸɺɫɧ ɧ ɩ ɱɧɾɬɸɹɩɬ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɵɨɬɸɶɬɾɬɴɯʆ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɯɸɶɵɲʃɮɵɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɲɯɿʃ ɶɵɷɺɾɯɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɨɧɴ ɱɵɩɸɱɧʆ ɪɧɷɧɴɹɯʆ ɯ ɮɧɲɵɪ
ɝɬɲɬɸɵɵɨɷɧɮɴʂɳ ɶɷɬɫɸɹɧɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɩɩɬɫɬɴɯɬ ɫɲʆ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɶɷɵɩɬɫɬ ɴɯʆ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɸ ɴɧɷɺɿɬɴɯɬɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɩɵɸɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɳ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɺɹɷɧɾɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɱɵɷɶɵɷɧɹɯɩɴɵɪɵ ɱɵɴɹɷɵɲʆ ɶɷɬɭɫɬ ɩɸɬɪɵ ɫɲʆ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɶɵɲɴɵɪɵ ɯɲɯ ɾɧɸɹɯɾɴɵɪɵ ɲɯɿɬɴɯʆ ɯɲɯ ɺɹɷɧɹʂ ɫɵɲɯ ɺɾɧɸɹɯʆ ɩ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɵɩɧɴɴɵɳ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɳ ɲɯɽɬ ɒɯɽɧ ɶɵɲɺɾɯɩ ɿɯɬ ɩʂɪɵɫɺ ɵɹ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴɵɰ ɸɯɹɺɧɽɯɯ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɵɨʆɮɧɴʂ ɶɵ ɸɺɫɺ ɱ ɩɵɮ ɩɷɧɹɺ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɰ ɫɵɶɵɲɴɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɫɵɲɯ ɺɾɧɸɹɯʆ ɶɵɹɬɷɶɬɩɿɬɳɺ
ɘ ɽɬɲʃʅ ɶɵɫɫɬɷɭɧɴɯʆ ɸɹɧɨɯɲʃɴɵɸɹɯ ɪɷɧɭɫɧɴɸɱɵɪɵ ɵɨɵɷɵɹɧ ɴɬ ɵɨɼɵɫɯɳɵ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɵɹɷɬɹʃ ɾɹɵ ɸɫɬɲɱɯ ɸɵɩɬɷɿɬɴɴʂɬ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɳɯ ɲɯ ɽɧɳɯ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɲɯ ɩ ɷɬɮɺɲʃɹɧɹɬ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɩɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯɯ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɴɵɰ ɴɬɮɧɱɵɴɴɵɰ ɶɵ ɵɨʀɬɳɺ ɶɷɧɩɯɲɺ ʆɩɲʆʅɹɸʆ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃ ɴʂɳɯ ɧ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɬ ɲɯɽɧ ӎ ɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɵɩɧɩɿɯɳɯ ɫɵ ɳɵɳɬɴɹɧ ɶɷɯɮɴɧ ɴɯʆ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɯɲɯ ɴɬɸɵɸɹɵʆɩɿɬɰɸʆ ɔɬɫɬɰ ɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɳɯ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴʂ ɲɯɿʃ ɸɫɬɲɱɯ ɶɷɯɾɯɴɯɩɿɯɬ ɺʀɬɷɨ ɷɬɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɵɩɧɴɴɵɳɺ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɳɺ ɲɯɽɺ ɯɲɯ ɴɧɶɷɧɩɲɬɴɴʂɬ ɴɧ ɶɷɯ ɾɯɴɬɴɯɬ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɺʀɬɷɨɧ ɶɷɯ ɺɸɲɵɩɯɯ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɫɵɨɷɵɸɵɩɬɸɹ ɴɵɸɹɯ ɱɵɴɹɷɧɪɬɴɹɵɩ ɶɵ ɹɧɱɯɳ ɸɫɬɲɱɧɳ
Подраздел 5. Законодательство о ликвидации юридических лиц
1. Действующее законодательство и его оценка
ɕɸɴɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɺɸɹɧ ɴɵɩɲɬɴʂ ɶ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɶɷɯɾɬɳ ɫɵɶɺɸɱɧɬɹɸʆ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɯɼ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩ ɲɬɴɯʆ ɩ ɯɴʂɼ ɻɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴʂɼ ɮɧɱɵɴɧɼ
ɑɵɴɽɬɶɽɯʆ ɷɧɮɩɯɹɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽɧɼ ɖɷɵɬɱɹ
ɔɬɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɻɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴʂɬ ɮɧɱɵɴʂ ɺɸɹɧɴɧɩɲɯɩɧʅɹ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɯɴɺ ɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɩɷɬɳɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɯʆ ɯɲɯ ɸɵɫɬɷɭɧɹ ɴɬ ɶɷɬɫ ɺɸɳɵɹɷɬɴɴʂɬ Ɋɑ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɫɲʆ ɵɶɷɬ ɫɬɲɬɴɴʂɼ ɩɯɫɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɧ ɹɧɱɭɬ ɱɵɴɱɷɬɹɴʂɬ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɱɵɹɵɷʂɬ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɷɧɸɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɹʃɸʆ ɱɧɱ ɱɵɴ ɱɷɬɹɯɮɧɽɯʆ ɵɨʀɯɼ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯɰ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩ ɲɬɴɴʂɼ Ɋɑ
ɋɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɳɺ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɺ ɯɮɩɬɸɹɴɧ ɲɯɿʃ ɵɫɴɧ ɻɵɷɳɧ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ӎ ɸɺɫɬɨɴɧʆ ɵɫɴɧɱɵ ɫɲʆ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬ ɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷɧ ɩɴɬɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɪɵ ɯɸ ɱɲʅɾɬɴɯʆ ɯɮ ɗɬɬɸɹɷɧ
Ɏɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɴɬ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɬɹ ɹɧɱɵɪɵ ɵɸɴɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɲɯ ɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɱɧɱ ɴɬɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹʃ ɸɵɮɫɧɴɯʆ ɹɷɬɨɺɬ ɳʂɼ ɵɷɪɧɴɵɩ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɓɬɭɫɺ ɹɬɳ ɹɧɱɵɬ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɲɯ ɽɵ ɶɵ ɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɺ ɵɱɧɮʂɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɴɬɶɷɧɩɵɸɶɵɸɵɨɴʂɳ ɯ ɫɵɲɭɴɵ ɶɵɫɲɬɭɧɹʃ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ
ɗɬɿɬɴɯɬ ɵ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɰ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ʆɩ ɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɴɬɴɵɷɳɧɹɯɩɴʂɳ ɶɷɧɩɵɩʂɳ ɧɱɹɵɳ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɵɷɪɧɴɧ ɱɵɹɵ ɷʂɰ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɳ ɸɵɪɲɧɸɴɵ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɉɳɬɸɹɬ ɸ ɹɬɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɳ ɴɬ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴʂ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɸɹɩɯʆ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɴɯʆ ɪɵɸɺɫɧɷɸɹɩɬɴɴɵɰ ɷɬɪɯɸɹɷɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɧ ɩ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɹɧɱɵɰ ɸɶɵɸɵɨ ɮɧʀɯɹʂ ɶɷɧɩ ɱɧɱ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʆ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɴɬ ɮɴɧɾɯɹɸʆ ɉ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ʄɹɯɳ ɩɵɮɴɯɱɧɬɹ ɶɷɧɩɵɩɧʆ ɴɬɵɶɷɬɫɬɲɬɴɴɵɸɹʃ
ɗɬɿɬɴɯɬɳ ɸɺɫɧ ɵ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɴɧ ɬɪɵ ɺɾɷɬ ɫɯɹɬɲɬɰ ɺɾɧɸɹɴɯɱɵɩ ɲɯɨɵ ɵɷɪɧɴ ɺɶɵɲɴɵɳɵɾɬɴɴʂɰ ɴɧ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʅ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɬɪɵ ɺɾɷɬɫɯɹɬɲʃɴʂɳɯ ɫɵɱɺɳɬɴɹɧɳɯ ɳɵɪɺɹ ɨʂɹʃ ɩɵɮɲɵɭɬɴʂ ɵɨʆɮɧɴɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɵ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲɬɴɯʅ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵ ɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɧɨɮ ɶ ɸɹ Ɋɑ ɔɧ ɶɷɧɱɹɯɱɬ ɬɸɲɯ ɩ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɴʂɰ ɸɷɵɱ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʆ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɴɬ ɶɷɵɯɮɩɬɫɬɴɧ ɸɺɫ ɴɧɮɴɧɾɧɬɹ ɲɯɱɩɯ ɫɧɹɵɷɧ ɯ ɶɵɷɺɾɧɬɹ ɬɳɺ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɯɹʃ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʅ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ
ɖɷɯ ɷɬɿɬɴɯɯ ɩɵɶɷɵɸɵɩ ɸɩʆɮɧɴɴʂɼ ɸ ɴɧɮɴɧɾɬɴɯɬɳ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɹɵɷɧ
ɵɶɷɬɫɬɲɬɴɯɬɳ ɶɵɷʆɫɱɧ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɯ ɹ ɶ ɸɺɫ ɶɷɯɳɬɴʆɬɹ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅ ʀɯɬ ɶɵɲɵɭɬɴɯʆ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ ɶɵ ɧɴɧɲɵɪɯɯ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ ɉ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ɷɬɻɵɷɳɵɰ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ ɩ ɾɧɸɹɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɷɧ ɩɵɩɵɪɵ ɷɬɪɺɲɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɶɵɷʆɫɱɧ ɴɧɮɴɧɾɬɴɯʆ ɧɷɨɯɹɷɧɭɴʂɼ ɺɶɷɧɩɲʆʅʀɯɼ
ɖɺɴɱɹ ɖɵɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɖɲɬɴɺɳɧ ɉɬɷɼɵɩɴɵɪɵ ɘɺɫɧ ɗɛ ɯ ɖɲɬɴɺɳ ɉʂɸɿɬɪɵ ɇɷ ɨɯɹɷɧɭɴɵɪɵ ɘɺɫɧ ɗɛ ɵɹ ɯʅɲʆ ɪ ԋ
ɖɷɯɲɵɭɬɴɯɬ
ɫɧɴɴʂɰ ɳɬɼɧɴɯɮɳ ɴɬ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɶɷɯɳɬɴʆɹʃɸʆ ɫɵɲɭɴʂɳ ɵɨɷɧɮɵɳ ɉ ɸɩʆɮɯ ɸ ʄɹɯɳ ɸɲɬɫɺɬɹ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɹʃ ɾɹɵ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɴɬ ɸɵɫɬɷ ɭɯɹ ʄɻɻɬɱɹɯɩɴɵɪɵ ɳɬɼɧɴɯɮɳɧ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲɬɴɯʆ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬ ɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɷɬɿɬɴɯɬ ɵ ɱɵɹɵɷɵɰ ɶɷɯɴʆɹɵ ɸɺɫɵɳ
ɋɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɬ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɧɹɷɯɩɧɬɹ ɫɩɬ ɻɵɷɳʂ ɶɷɬɱɷɧʀɬɴɯʆ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʆ ɵɹɸɺɹ ɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ɫɵɲɭɴɯɱɧ ɩ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɯɯ ɸ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵɳ ɵ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹ ɸɹɩɬ ɯ ɯɸɱɲʅɾɬɴɯɬ ɯɮ ɗɬɬɸɹɷɧ ɴɬɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯɽɧ ɕɨɬ ʄɹɯ ɸɯɸɹɬɳʂ ɶɵ ɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɺ ɶɷɬɸɲɬɫɺʅɹ ɵɫɴɺ ɯ ɹɺ ɭɬ ɽɬɲʃ ɶɷɬɱɷɧɹɯɹʃ ɻɧɱɹɯɾɬɸɱɯ ɴɬ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɬ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɬ ɲɯɽɵ ɶɷɬɫɵɸɹɧɩɯɩ ɶɷɯ ʄɹɵɳ ɮɧʀɯɹɺ ɶɷɧɩ ɯ ɮɧɱɵɴɴʂɼ ɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵɩ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɧɳ ɯ ɯɴʂɳ ɮɧɯɴɹɬɷɬɸɵ ɩɧɴɴʂɳ ɲɯɽɧɳ
ɒɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯʆ ɻɧɱɹɯɾɬɸɱɯ ɴɬ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ʅɷɯɫɯɾɬɸɱɵɪɵ ɲɯ ɽɧ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɪɵ ɫɵɲɭɴɯɱɧ ɶɵ ɶɷɧɩɯɲɧɳ ɮɧɱɵɴɵɫɧɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɧ ɵ ɨɧɴɱ ɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ ɶ ɸɹ ɸɹ ɛɬɫɬɷɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɮɧɱɵɴɧ jɕ ɴɬɸɵɸɹɵʆɹɬɲʃɴɵ ɸɹɯ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ y ɱɧɸɧɬɹɸʆ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɰ ɻɧɱɹɯɾɬɸɱɯ ɶɷɬɱɷɧɹɯɩɿɯɼ ɸɩɵʅ ɫɬʆɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹʃ ɶɷɯ ɺɸɲɵɩɯɯ ɴɬɯɮɩɬɸɹɴɵɸɹɯ ɳɬɸɹɧ ɴɧɼɵɭɫɬɴɯʆ ɷɺɱɵ ɩɵɫɯɹɬɲʆ ɯ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯʆ ɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɺɸɹɧɴɵɩɲɬɴɯʆ ʄɹɵɪɵ ɳɬɸɹɧ ɧ ɹɧɱ ɭɬ ɫɵɶɺɸɱɧɬɹɸʆ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɯ ɮɧɩɬɫɵɳɵɰ ɴɬɩɵɮɳɵɭɴɵɸɹɯ ɶɵɱɷʂɹɯʆ ɸɺɫɬɨ ɴʂɼ ɷɧɸɼɵɫɵɩ ɶɵ ɫɬɲɺ ɵ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ ɮɧ ɸɾɬɹ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɫɵɲɭɴɯɱɧ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɯ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɯ ɵɶɬɷɧɽɯɰ ɶɵ ɨɧɴɱɵɩɸɱɯɳ ɸɾɬɹɧɳ ɩ ɹɬɾɬɴɯɬ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɴɯɼɳɬɸʆɽɬɩ ɲɯɨɵ ɶɷɯ ɴɧɲɯɾɯɯ ɯɴʂɼ ɶɷɯɮɴɧɱɵɩ ɸɩɯɫɬɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ɵɨ ɵɹɸɺɹɸɹɩɯɯ ɶɷɬɫɶɷɯɴɯɳɧɹɬɲʃɸɱɵɰ ɯ ɯɴɵɰ ɫɬʆɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹɯ
ɕɴɧ ɵɸɺʀɬɸɹɩɲʆɬɹɸʆ ɩ ɷɧɳɱɧɼ ɸɺɫɬɨɴɵɪɵ ɫɬɲɧ ɵ ɨɧɴɱɷɵɹɸɹɩɬ ɶɵ ɺɶɷɵ ʀɬɴɴɵɰ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷɬ ɶɵ ɯɴɯɽɯɧɹɯɩɬ ɱɵɴɱɺɷɸɴɵɪɵ ɱɷɬɫɯɹɵɷɧ ɯɲɯ ɺɶɵɲ ɴɵɳɵɾɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɵɷɪɧɴɧ ɶɷɯɾɬɳ ɫɲʆ ɯɴɯɽɯɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɬɰ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷʂ ɶɵɸɲɬɫɴɯɳ ɮɧɱɵɴ ɹɷɬɨɺɬɹ ɴɧɲɯɾɯʆ ɶɷɬɫɺɸɳɵɹɷɬɴɴɵɪɵ ɖɷɧ ɩɯɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɵɳ ɗɛ ɻɯɴɧɴɸɯɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɖɷɯɳɬɴɬɴɯɬ ʄɹɵɰ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷʂ ɷɧɩ ɴɵ ɱɧɱ ɯ ɴɵɷɳ Ɋɑ ɵ ɶɷɯɴɺɫɯɹɬɲʃɴɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɱɧɱ ɸɩɯɫɬɹɬɲʃɸɹɩɺɬɹ ɶɷɧɱɹɯɱɧ ɵɱɧɮʂɩɧɬɹɸʆ ɴɬɫɵɸɹɧɹɵɾɴɵ ʄɻɻɬɱɹɯɩɴʂɳ
ɕɫɴɧ ɯɮ ɪɲɧɩɴʂɼ ɶɷɵɨɲɬɳ ɮɧɱɲʅɾɧɬɹɸʆ ɩ ɫɬɻɯɽɯɹɬ ɻɯɴɧɴɸɯ
ɷɵɩɧɴɯʆ ɹɧɱɵɰ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɯ ɖɵɳɯɳɵ ɸɺɫɬɨɴʂɼ ɷɧɸɼɵɫɵɩ ɷɧɸɼɵɫɵɩ ɴɧ ɵɶɺɨɲɯɱɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɸɵɵɹɩɬɹɸɹɩɺʅʀɯɼ ɸɵɵɨʀɬɴɯɰ ɫɲʆ ɷɬɧɲɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɲɯ ɱɩɯɫɧɽɯɵɴɴʂɼ ɶɷɵɽɬɫɺɷ ɹɷɬɨɺɬɹɸʆ ɻɯɴɧɴɸɯɷɵɩɧɴɯɬ ɫɬʆɹɬɲʃɴɵɸɹɯ ɸɶɬ ɽɯɧɲʃɴɵɪɵ ɸɺɨʁɬɱɹɧ ӎ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɧɹɵɷɧ ɯɲɯ ɧɷɨɯɹɷɧɭɴɵɪɵ ɺɶɷɧɩɲʆʅʀɬɪɵ ɕɨʀɬɬ ɶɷɧɩɯɲɵ ɵ ɩɵɮɳɬʀɬɴɯɯ ɺɱɧɮɧɴɴʂɼ ɷɧɸɼɵɫɵɩ ɮɧ ɸɾɬɹ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɲɯɱɩɯɫɯɷɺɬɳɵɰ ɵɷɪɧɴɯɮɧɽɯɯ ɮɫɬɸʃ ɫɬɰɸɹɩɵɩɧɹʃ ɴɬ ɳɵɭɬɹ ɶɵɸɱɵɲʃɱɺ ɩ ɨɵɲʃɿɯɴɸɹɩɬ ɸɲɺɾɧɬɩ ɴɯɱɧɱɵɪɵ ɯɳɺʀɬɸɹɩɧ ɺ ɹɧɱɯɼ ɲɯɽ ɴɬ ɯɳɬɬɹɸʆ