Pavlk2017EnglishLexicologyI-1

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(a)He made a fortune buying run-down (adj) houses and fixing them up to sell.

(b)A run________ (adj) horse caused chaos on the streets.

(c)After a prolonged legal battle, she is now ready to end her stand______ (n) with state authorities.

(d)He became a stand-_____ (adj) comedian.

(e)Here’s a run_______ (n) on the activities of our ten biggest competitors.

(f)His work marks a break______ (n) from traditional building styles.

(g)I had a break________ (n) in the middle of the road.

(h)The break________ (adj) group formed a new political party.

(i)I took an unnecessarily long run-______ (n) and struck the ball well, but high.

(j)The lecturer didn’t turn up, so we had to find a stand-______ (n).

(k)I was feeling too run-_______ (adj) to go for my morning jog.

(l)In a run-________ (n) for the presidency of the assembly, Santos beat

Gutiérrez.

(m)Michael got drunk and had a run-_____ (n) with the police.

(n)She should slow down a bit – I think she’s heading for a nervous break_______ (n).

(o)The break_____ (n) of the oil tanker caused severe damage to animal and plant life.

(p)There was a break-_____ (n) at the college last night – they took all the computers.

(OALD, CALD, LDCE)

8 Find compounds in the following text. Classify them from these points of view: simple vs complex, subordinative vs coordinative, and literal vs metaphorical.

Italy earthquake: 6.6 magnitude quake hits centre of country near Norcia

Cameron Macphail, The Telegraph, October 2016

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A powerful earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 6.6 has sent already quake-damaged buildings crumbling after a week of temblors that have left thousands homeless.

The US Geological Survey which measures seismic activity across the globe, said the epicentre of the quake was 68 km southeast of the regional centre of Perugia and close to the small town of Norcia.

The mayor of quake-hit Ussita said a huge cloud of smoke erupted from the crumbled buildings. Another hard-hit city, Castelsantangelo sul Nera, also suffered new damage.

The quake was felt throughout the Italian peninsula, with reports as far north as Bolzano and as far south as Bari. Residents rushed into the streets in Rome, where ancient palazzi shook, swayed and lurched for a prolonged spell.

In Norcia, nuns knelt in prayer and a firefighter appealed to a priest to help maintain calm among dozens of residents gathered there, including some in wheelchairs. The church, which had withstood the August earthquake in August and last week’s aftershocks, still was standing, but television pictures showed piles of stone had accumulated at the bottom of one wall.

The European-Mediterranean Seismological Center put the magnitude at 6.6 or 6.5 with an epicenter 132 km northeast of Rome and 67 km east of Perugia, near the epicenter of last week’s temblors. The U.S. Geological Survey put the magnitude at 6.6. The German Research Centre for Geosciences put the magnitude at 6.5 and said it had a depth of 10 km, a relatively shallow quake near the surface but in the norm for the quake-prone Apennine Mountain region.

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EXERCISES

1 The following words can function as different word classes. Use them in the sentences below. Translate them into Slovak (in each particular context). Determine their word-class function.

about round in out

(a)He was outed as a supporter of the far-right party.

(b)Altogether, in _______ figures, there are about three thousand students here.

(c)Exotic pets are the _______ thing right now.

(d)He _______ed the keeper and scored.

(e)I read _______ it in the paper.

(f)Her books were lying _______ on the floor.

(g)I’m busy on Sunday, so that gives me an _______.

(h)He quickly learned the _______s and _______s of the job.

(i)It costs _______ $10.

(j)Russia and America will hold another _______ of talks next month.

(k)The moon goes _______ the earth.

(l)It is a book _______ flowers.

(m)She opened the window and stuck her head _______.

(n)The bus is due _______ at six.

(o)We sat _______ the fire.

(p)The garden is _______ the back of the house.

(OALD, CALD, LDCE)

2 Convert the following verbs into nouns. Use them in the sentences below.

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(a)"Do you want it back?" "No it’s yours, for keeps."

(b)Can I have a _______ on your new bike?

(c)He’s old enough now to earn his _______ and stop living off his parents.

(d)I doubt if he’ll listen to advice from me, but I’ll give it a _______.

(e)He was just a salesman on the _______.

(f)I knew he was on the ______, but I never had enough evidence to prove it.

(g)People in the _______ say that interest rates will have to rise again soon.

(h)She has a real _______ for language.

(i)There were plenty of _______s, but the bar soon ran out of drink.

(j)They ate the packet of biscuits all in one _______.

(k)She loved the _______ of silk against her skin.

(l)This deal looks too good to be true – there must be a _______ somewhere.

(m)We had to do six _______s for this particular scene.

(n)What _______ is your car?

(o)Hey! Nice _______ !

(OALD, CALD, LDCE)

Now work in pairs and form a short dialogue, using the following phrases (found in this exercise and in exercise 1): in round figures, the in thing, the ins and outs of sth, give it a go, to earn one’s keep, on the take, in the know, to have a feel for sth, in one go, have a go, there’s a catch.

Example:

A:People in the know say that you can drink a pint of beer in one go.

B:That’s not true.

A:Come on! Give it a go!

B:OK.

A:

B:

A:

B:

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3 Convert the following nouns into verbs. Use them in the sentences below.

(a)A hearing has been pencilled in for September 17.

(b)_________ your head or you’ll bang it on the doorframe.

(c)Place meat in broiler pan and _________ some marinade over it.

(d)He _________ed his way through the crowd.

(e)The boys were splashing around and ________ing each other in the pool.

(f)I hung the blankets on the clothesline to _________ them out.

(g)I got into the car and _________ed it.

(h)_________ the mixture carefully into the bowls.

(i)The programme is due to _________ next month.

(j)He had _________ed his passport to pass her off as his daughter.

(k)He was _________ed by the first punch.

(l)Would you like to _________ tomorrow’s meeting?

(m)You should have your cat _________ed.

(n)I found her name _________ed inside the back cover of the book.

(o)We were _________ed that so many people came.

(p)Greene had to leave the game after being _________ed in the face. (OALD, CALD, LDCE)

4 Translate these English words and compare them with their Slovak equivalents in terms of the word-formation processes used.

MILK

a glass of milk a milk bottle milk chocolate to milk a cow

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OFF

to drive off the TV is off

to fall off a bike to have an off day to off someone

PAST

the past two weeks it’s ten past nine

She waved as she drove past. the distant past

(CALD, LDCE)

5 Read this text. Underline all words which can be converted into a different word class.

World’s shortest flight celebrates its millionth passenger

The Guardian, November 2016

The world’s shortest flight, a tiny hop between two remote British islands, celebrated Monday taking its millionth passenger on the route.

The 2.7km (1.7-mile) flight between Westray and Papa Westray in the Orkney islands, off mainland Scotland’s northeast coast, holds the Guinness World Record as the shortest scheduled service.

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The flight, in an eight-seater Britten Norman Islander aircraft, officially takes two minutes but with favourable winds it can be done in 47 seconds.

It is part of a daily service route that leaves Orkney’s main town, Kirkwall, and stops off around the archipelago.

Scottish regional airline Loganair has operated the route since 1967 and on Monday honoured passenger Anne Rendall, presenting her with a bouquet of flowers.

6 Look at these Slovak phrases and identify the cases of conversion. Translate them into English and compare the word-formation processes in the two languages.

(a)známy herec (adj) – môj známy (n)

(b)mladé dievčatá (adj) – mačka kŕmi mladé (n)

(c)cestovné náklady (adj) – zaplatiť cestovné (n)

(d)vekový rozdiel (n) – na rozdiel od (comp. prep)

(e)vreckové vydanie (adj) – minúť vreckové (n)

(f)drobné kúsky (adj) – mať nejaké drobné (n)

(g)je obžalovaný z vraždy (v) – obžalovaný (n)

(h)býva neďaleko (adv) – býva neďaleko školy (prep)

(i)tvrdé pristátie (adj) – pije len tvrdé (n)

(j)siedmy v poradí (num) – chytil siedmy vlak (adj)

(k)okolo obeda (prep) – prešiel okolo (adv)

(l)veľká radosť (n) – bolo radosť žiť tam (adv)

(m)skoré ráno (n) – prišiel ráno (adv)

(n)Stoj! (v) – stoj čo stoj (adv)

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 Chapter 4 – Further reading:

Balážiková 1997

Bauer 1983: chapters 2.12, 7.2, 7.4 – 7.6

Dvonč et al. 1966

Ginzburg et al. 1979: chapters 5.24 – 5.37, 5.6 – 5.23 Haspelmath and Sims 2010: chapters 7.1, 7.2 Huddleton and Pullum 2002: chapters 19.4 and 19.5

Jackson and Zé Amvela 2007: chapters 4.5 and 4.6.1 Kvetko 2009: chapter 4.1 – 4.3

Lančarič 2016: chapters 5.2.1.1 – 5.2.1.3 Plag 2003: chapters 4, 6, and 5.1

Štekauer 2000: chapters 2.1 – 2.3