Pavlk2017EnglishLexicologyI-1

99

WOOD: wooden furniture, wooden door, woody plants, wooden toys, woody hillside, wood shed

WOOL: woollen blankets, woolly hair, woolly mammoths, wool industry, woolly arguments

10

-eľ: head teacher/headmaster, explorer, teacher, newsreader/presenter,

-ák: beggar Ø, drifter/vagabond Ø/hobo Ø, schoolboy (comp)/schoolgirl (comp), pupil Ø, fool Ø/dope Ø/dolt Ø/numbskull (comp), towel Ø

-ič: tax dodger/rent dodger, barber Ø (-er is not a suffix in this case), driver, voter

-stvo: barbershop (comp)/barber’s (lexical ellipsis of barber’s shop), membership, heroism/bravery, brotherhood, religion Ø (-ion is not a suffix in this case)

z-/s-: increase/raise Ø /rise Ø /elevate Ø (ate is not a suffix), worsen, fake Ø/forge Ø/falsify Ø

(ify does not correspond to z-/s-), shorten, inherit, petrify

na-: deliberately/on purpose Ø, loudly/aloud, on time Ø/in time Ø, down Ø/downwards, finally/eventually/in the end Ø, for now Ø/for the time being Ø

4.2 Compounding

2

(a) short-sighted, (b) brand-new, (c) second-hand, (d) full-time, (e) cost-effective, (f) narrowminded, (g) good-looking, (h) kind-hearted, (i) world-famous, (j) thought-provoking, (k) mouth-watering, (l) far-reaching, (m) well-known, (n) ice-cold, (o) cold-blooded

3

D = Derivation, C = compounding, Ø = no word-formation

(a) štrkáč D, rattlesnake C, (b) železnica D, railroad/railway C, (c) slnečnica D, sunflower C,

(d) hodinár D, watchmaker C+D, (e) domácnosť D, household C, (f) učebnica D, textbook D,

(g) opaľovať (sa) D, sunbathe C, (h) drozd Ø, blackbird C, (i) palacinka D, pancake C, (j) daňovník D, tax-payer C+D, (k) vykoreniť D, uproot C, (l) mihalnica D, eyelash C, (m) povstanie D, uprising C+D, (n) pevnina D, mainland C, (o) fúrik/táčky D, wheelbarrow C, (p) závej D, snowdrift C, (q) pásomnica D, tapeworm C, (r) mrakodrap C, skyscraper C+D, (s) parník D, steamboat/steamship C, (t) pršiplášť C, raincoat C

4

(a) subordinative and endocentric, (b) subordinative and exocentric, (c) coordinative and exocentric, (d) subordinative and endocentric, (e) noun = subordinative and endocentric, verb = subordinative and exocentric, (f) literal meaning = coordinative and endocentric, metaphorical meaning = coordinative and exocentric, (g) subordinative and endocentric, (h) coordinative and exocentric, (i) subordinative and endocentric, (j) subordinative and exocentric, (k) coordinative and endocentric, (l) coordinative and endocentric, (m) subordinative and exocentric, (n) subordinative and endocentric, (o) subordinative and endocentric, (p) subordinative and exocentric, (q) coordinative and endocentric, (r) subordinative and endocentric

5

mačka: cat, tom-cat, pussy-cat; králik: rabbit, buck-rabbit, doe-rabbit; koza: goat, he- goat/billy-goat, she-goat/nanny-goat; líška: fox, dog-fox, bitch-fox/vixen; bažant: pheasant,

100

cock-pheasant, hen-pheasant; slon: elephant, bull-elephant, cow-elephant; srna: roe (deer), roe-buck, roe-doe

7

(a) run-down, (b) runaway, (c) standoff, (d) stand-up, (e) rundown, (f) breakaway, (g) breakdown, (h) breakaway, (i) run-up, (j) stand-in, (k) run-down, (l) run-up, (m) run-in, (n) breakdown, (o) breakup, (p) break-in

8

earthquake: simple, subordinative, literal; quake-damaged: complex, subordinative, literal; southeast: simple, coordinative, literal; quake-hit: simple, subordinative, partially metaphorical (hit); hard-hit: simple, subordinative, metaphorical; also: diachronically all + so; throughout: simple, subordinative, metaphorical; peninsula: diachronically almost + island; firefighter: complex, subordinative, literal; maintain: diachronically hold in the hand; wheelchair(s): simple, subordinative, literal; withstood: simple, subordinative, metaphorical; aftershock(s): simple, subordinative, partially metaphorical (shock = a blow/strike); European-Mediterranean: simple, coordinative, literal; Mediterranean: diachronically middle + earth/land; northeast: simple, coordinative, literal; quake-prone: simple, subordinative, partially metaphorical (prone = likeky, originally – bent forward, leaning forward)

4.3 Conversion

1

(a) outed – v, vykričať/odhaliť (b) round – adj, okrúhle/celé číslo (c) in – adj, v móde (d) rounded – v, obišiel brankára (e) about – prep, o tom (f) about – adv, dookola/okolo (g) out – n, výhovorka/dôvod na neprítomnosť (h) the ins and outs – n, detaily/podrobnosti (i) about – prep, okolo/asi (j) round – n, kolo rozhovorov (k) round – prep, okolo (l) about – prep, o kvetoch (m) out – adv, von (n) in – adv, má prísť/má doraziť (o) round – prep, okolo ohňa (p) round – prep, za domom.

2

(a) keeps, (b) go, (c) keep, (d) go, (e) make, (f) take, (g) know, (h) feel, (i) eats, (j) go, (k) feel, (l) catch, (m) takes, (n) make, (o) catch

4

a glass of milk (noun) – pohár mlieka (noun), root = mliek a milk bottle (adj) – fľaša na mlieko (noun), root = mliek

milk chocolate (adj) – mlieč-na čokoláda (adj), suffixation, root = mlieč to milk a cow (verb) – po-dojiť kravu (verb) prefixation, root = doj

to drive off (adv) – od-ísť (verb), prefixation, root = ís(ť)

the TV is off (adv) – televízor je vy-pnutý (adj), prefixation, root = pnú(ť) to fall off a bike (prep) – spadnúť z bicykla (prep), root = z

to have an off day (adj) – ne-mať svoj deň (verb), off is expressed by the prefix ne-

to off someone (verb) – od-praviť/od-kráglovať niekoho (verb), prefixation, root = prav(iť)/krágl(ovať)

the past two weeks (adj) – po-sled-né 2 týždne (adj), prefixation + suffixation, root = sled it’s ten past nine (prep) – 9 hodín 10 minúť, no equivalent lexeme

101

She waved as she drove past (adv) – Zakývala, keď išla o-kol-o (adv), prefixation + suffixation, root = kol

the distant past (noun) – vzdialená minu-l-osť (noun), suffixation, root = minu

5

World’s shortest flight celebrates its millionth passenger

The world’s shortest flight, a tiny hop between two remote British islands, celebrated Monday taking its millionth passenger on the route.

The 2.7km (1.7-mile) flight between Westray and Papa Westray in the Orkney islands, off mainland Scotland’s northeast coast, holds the Guinness World Record as the shortest scheduled service.

The flight, in an eight-seater Britten Norman Islander air craft, officially takes two minutes but with favourable winds it can be done in 47 seconds.

It is part of a daily service route that leaves Orkney’s main town, Kirkwall, and stops off around the archipelago.

Scottish regional air line Loganair has operated the route since 1967 and on Monday honoured passenger Anne Rendall, presenting her with a bouquet of flowers.

6

(a)a well-known actor – an acquaintance of mine,

(b)young girls – the cat feeds her young,

(c)travelling expenses – to pay the fare,

(d)age difference – unlike,

(e)a pocket edition – to spend one’s pocket money (BrE)/allowance (AmE),

(f)small pieces – to have some change,

(g)he’s been accused of murder – the defendant, the accused

(h)he lives nearby – he lives near the school

(i)a bumpy landing – he only drinks hard liquor,

(j)in seventh place – he caught the 7 o’clock train,

(k)around noon/noonish – he passed (us) by,

(l)great joy – it was a pleasure to live there/we greatly enjoyed living there,

(m)early morning – he came in the morning,

(n)Stop!/Hold it! – at all costs

5.1 Shortening

3

(a) subs – submarines, (b) sub – subscription, (c) vet – veteran, (d) specs – spectacles, (e) con

– confidence trick, (f) pix – pictures, (g) cred – credibility, (h) sub – substitute, (i) flu – influenza, (j) cons – conveniences, (k) hippos – hippopotamuses, (l) tux – tuxedo, (m) vet – veterinary surgeon, (n) baccy – tobacco

5

(a) copter, heli (b) comfy, (c) biz, (d) gator, (e) grad, (f) prof, (g) mozzie (BrE+AusE)/skeeter (AmE), (h) mart, (i) combo, (j) ad/advert, (k) cig/ciggy, (l) uni/varsity

8

(a) shorts, (b) a block of flats (BrE)/apartment building (AmE), (c) a first-year, (d) Matt, (e) teach, (f) telly, (g) so-called, (h) e.g., (i) trade union, (j) bye/bye-bye, (k) wellingtons →

102

wellies, (l) maths, (m) tramcar → tram, (n) prof, (o) super-duper, (p) Mike/Mikey, (q) speaker, (r) mineral water, (s) private security company → security, (t) depression/the blues,

(u) soft drinks, (v) pro, (w) supermarket, (x) a homeless/bum

5.2 Blending

1

(a) friend + enemy, (b) huge + monstrous, (c) motor- + hotel, (d) fact + fiction, (e) spoon + fork, (f) documentary + drama, (g) helicopter + airport, (h) international + police, (i) laundry

+automat, (j) medical + care, (k) camera + recorder, (l) British + exit, (m) drama + comedy,

(n) science + fiction, (o) education + entertainment, (p) vegetable + burger, (q) information + technology, (r) Oxford + Cambridge, (s) lion + tiger, (t) boxing + exercise, (u) advertisement

+editorial, (v) affluent + influenza

3

(a) zelenina + ovocie (greengrocery), (b) bankový + automat (ATM, cashpoint, cash machine), (c) remeselnícke + potreby (craft supplies, craft shop), (d) export + import, (e) racionálny + jogurt, (f) slovenská + nafta, (g) sorry + prepáč, (h) matematika + fyzika –

Fakulta matematiky, fyziky a informatiky (Faculty of mathematics, physics, and informatics),

(i) doprava + stavebníctvo (construction company?), (j) informačný/informatický + vek

5.3 Back-formation

2

(a) loafing, (b) dry-cleaned, (c) busses, (d) diagnose, (e) sulking, (f) greed, (g) flake, (h) hawking, (i) commentates, (j) enthuse, (k) diplomats, (l) flab, (m) injured, (n) peeves, (o) scavenge, (p) grunge, (q) sass, (r) shoplift

5.4 Reduplication

1

(a) shilly-sallying: hesitating, (b) hurly-burly: noisy and busy activity or situation, (c) wishywashy: indecisive, hesitant; pale (about colours), (d) arty-farty: interested in art, (e) bee’s knees: an excellent person or thing, (f) gee-gees: horses, (g) humdrum: boring, (h) itsy-bitsy: small, (i) willy-nilly: whether you want to or not, (j) blah, blah, blah, (k) brain drain: the movement of highly skilled and qualified people to a country where they can earn more money, (l) hugger-mugger: secret, clandestine; secrecy (m) woof-woof, (n) fender-bender: a minor car accident, (o) so-so: average.

3

(a) chirrup, cheep-cheep, (b) haphazardly, sloppily, (c) chop-chop (d) willy-nilly, reluctantly,

(e) tittle-tattle, drivel, twaddle, (f) promise the moon, (g) pitter-patter, (h) to crisscross; back and forth, (i) scrawl, scribble; doodle, (j) around, surrounded by, (k) for sure, definitely, (l) be about to, just going to, (m) confusion, problems, scuffle, row, fight (n) confusion, hurly-burly,

(o) without worrying, in a carefree manner, (p) ding-dong, (q) face to face, (r) knick-knacks, crinkum-crankums

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5.5 Lexical ellipsis

2

(a) chum, (b) cuppa, (c) vet, (d) movies, (e) juvie, (f) plastic, (g) weekly, (h) Piccadilly, (i) medical, (j) a biggie

3

(a) vedúci pracovník – head, chief, boss, director, manager, etc., (b) pánske WC – a/the gents; men’s room (AmE), (c) šampanské víno – champagne, (d) maškarný bál – costume party/ball, masked ball, (e) výtvarná výchova – art lesson, (f) držková polievka – trite soup, (g) jedna hodina – one o’clock, (h) biele víno – white wine, (i) dekanské voľno – the dean’s day off, (j) opravný termín – a resit/retake, (k) základná škola – elementary/basic school, (l) Tomášikova ulica – T. street, (m) hlavná ulica – high street (BrE), main street (AmE); hlavná cesta – main road, (n) nízkotučné mlieko – skimmed/low-fat milk, (o) domáca úloha – homework, (p) krstný otec – godfather

6.1 Sound interchange

1

(a) speech, (b) live, (c) tale, (d) ride, (e) strength, (f) seat, (g) proof, (h) long, (i) wide, (j) advising, (k) breadth, (l) knitting, (m) gilded, (n) feed, (o) songs (p) strokes, (q) filled, (r) depth

3

(a) Gram, (b) Lex, (c) Gram, (d) Lex, (e) Gram, (f) Gram, (g) Lex, (h) Gram, (i) Gram, (j) Lex, (k) Lex, (l) Gram, (m) Lex, (n) Gram, (o) Lex, (p) Lex

6.4 Sound symbolism

1

(a)

boom – bum; bang – tresk(nutie); bash – buch(nutie); blast – výbuch; break – zlomiť, roztrhnúť, rozbiť, puknúť, prasknúť; burst – výbuch, prasknutie, puknutie; pop – puknúť, prasknúť; punch – udrieť, buchnúť; poke – štuchnúť, pichnúť; pummel – tĺcť, búchať

Possible symbolism: /p/ and /b/ express explosive sounds, hitting sounds

(b)

scratch – škriabať; scream – škriekať; screech – škriekať, škrípať; scrape – oškrabávať; scrub

–šúchať, drhnúť; cry – plakať, nariekať, kričať; scramble – liezť, škriabať sa, trhať sa; screw

–skrutkovať; scribble – čarbať; creak – škrípať, vŕzgať

Possible symbolism: /skr/ and /kr/ express something moving across a surface and making scratching sounds

2

(a) achoo, atishoo, (b) ding-dong, (c) ding-a-ling, (d) boom-boom, (e) knock-knock, (f) drip, drip, (g) tick-tock, (h) crack, (i) plop, (j) creak

104

7.1 Grammatical and lexical meaning

1

Grammatical meaning prevails Lexical meaning prevails

4

(a) fighting (positive), (b) white (neutral), (c) white (negative), (d) fight (positive), (e) little (neutral), (f) cheap (negative), (g) little (positive), (h) friend (negative), (i) little (negative), (j) friend (negative), (k) white (negative), (l) smell (positive), (m) fighting (negative), (n) little (negative), (o) smell (negative), (p) white (positive), (q) little (negative), (r) smell (negative),

(s) friend (positive), (t) cheap (neutral)

7

of great importance – veľmi dôležitý, the great majority – prevažná väčšina, a great artist

– veľký umelec, great problems – vážne problémy, a great idea – výborný nápad

last night – včera večer, Saturday night – sobotňajšia noc, v sobotu v noci, the first night – premiéra, the other night – minule (večer), good night – dobrú noc

keep a shop – prevádzkovať/mať obchod, keep pigs – chovať prasce, keep one’s word – dodržať slovo, keep a diary – viesť si denník, keep good time – ukazovať správny čas, keep quiet – byť ticho, keep trying – snažiť sa, keep sb waiting – nechať niekoho čakať

make a point – ponúknuť argument, prísť s myšlienkou, go to the point – ísť k veci, at one point – svojho času, v jednom období, the freezing point – bod mrazu, what’s the point – načo, to nemá význam, aký to má význam, to score a point – získať bod, a sharp point – ostrý špic, a TV antenna point – zástrčka/prípojka televíznej antény

7.3 Sentence and utterance meaning

1

(a)There’s a man on the hill, and I’m watching him with my telescope.

(b)I see a man on the hill, and he has a telescope.

(c)There’s a man, and he’s on the hill that also has a telescope on it.

105

(d)I’m on the hill, and I saw a man using a telescope.

(e)There’s a man on the hill and I’m looking at him with a telescope which is also on the hill

2

(a) picked up – contracted, (b) Not at all – you’re welcome, (c) took off – left, (d) Take care – bye, see you, (e) Not at all – no, I don’t mind, no problem, sure, (f) take care – I will be OK, nothing bad will happen to me, (g) picked up – grabbed and lifted, (h) took off – left the ground, (i) picked up – smelled, (j) take care – provide, (k) that’s it – it is finished, it’s over,

(l) what the hell – I don’t care, (m) Pick up – clean up, tidy up, (n) take off – wipe off, (o) that’s it – that way, that is correct, (p) Take care – be careful, (q) That’s it – I’ve had enough, I won’t accept this any longer, (r) What the hell – what, (s) not at all – not one bit, (t) pick you up – meet (and give a ride)

3

(a)Kids prepare nutritious snacks; Kids are nutritious snacks

(b)Milk drinkers are beginning to drink powdered milk; Milk drinkers are turning into powder

(c)Prostitutes ask the Pope for help; The Pope finds prostitutes attractive

(d)Eye drops are now available off-the-shelf (= without a prescription); An eye rolls off a shelf

(e)The ship Queen Mary is having its bottom cleaned; Queen Mary (a person) is having her buttocks scraped

(f)A drunk (tried in a case involving a violin theft) is sentenced to 9 months in prison; A drunk is sentenced to be imprisoned in a violin case (container) for 9 months

(g)Panda mating fails – The veterinarian has to carry out artificial insemination; Panda mating fails – The veterinarian tries to impregnate the panda

(h)Police begin a campaign to catch jaywalkers; Police begin a campaign to hit jaywalkers with a car

(i)Safety experts say school bus passengers should be fastened; Safety experts say school bus passengers should be beaten (with a belt)

(j)An astronaut is being blamed for the presence of gas (chemical substance) in the spacecraft; An astronaut is being blamed for farting in the spacecraft;

(k)Quarter of a million Chinese live in huts on water; Quarter of a million Chinese have nothing to eat, they only drink water

(l)When baking cookies, involve your kids too; When baking cookies, use your kids as ingredients

(m)Two Soviet ships collide, one person dies; Two Soviet ships collide, one of the ships dies

(n)Lack of researchers hinders research; Lack of intelligence hinders research

(o)Bureaucracy delays the construction of a new bridge; Bureaucracy robs a new bridge

(p)Reagan wins on budget, but more problems lie ahead; Reagan wins on budget, but there are more lies ahead

(q)Miners refuse to work after the death of their co-worker; Miners refuse to work after their own death

(r)End to free school is looming on the horizon; It is the end of free looms at schools.

106

7.4 Semantic changes

2

AIR: L, M, M, L; COLOUR: M (race), M (improved circulation), L, M, M; WEAK: M, M, M, L, M

4

(a) pen (written word), sword (violence, war), (b) lend an ear (to listen), (c) a hand (help), (d) Pentagon (officials in the Pentagon), (e) restaurant (the staff), (f) wheels (car), (g) library (staff), (h) freckles (a person with freckles), (i) palate (taste), (j) head (mind), (k) mouth (kid),

(l) suits (managers, bosses), (m) man of the cloth (priest), (n) gasoline (the price of gasoline), nickel (made of nickel)

5

Personification:

massive drifts cause traffic hell; winter takes hold of Britain; snow left roads; The Met Office said; temperatures ... had not given the snow chance; images show; fog patches ... will be making driving; southern part ... is set to enjoy; weekend brought.

Metonymy:

The Met Office = the staff in the office thermometers plunged = temperature plunged

6

(a) as clear as mud – not clear at all, (b) You could win an award for cleanliness! – you should be punished for being untidy, (c) as smooth as sandpaper – very lame, (d) great – Damn, (e) as friendly as a coiled rattlesnake – not friendly at all, (f) delightful – terrible, (g) as comfortable as sitting on nails – very uncomfortable, (h) No problem, it’s not like we do anything important in this class anyway – we do important things in this class, and you will have to catch up, (i) Brilliant – too bad, (j) Swell – Damn, Thank you so much – Now you have made me angry, (k) love – hate

8

(a) a tad (≈ very) U, (b) could eat a cow H, (c) to bang out a chord or two (≈ to play regularly and extremely well) U, (d) forever H, (e) every word, the, a H, (f) isn’t the most talented singer (≈ he is a really bad singer) U, (g) since the beginning of time H, (h) somewhat (≈ very) U, (i) just waves a toothbrush near his mouth H, (j) a million H, (k) not a nice person (≈ a very bad person) U, (l) windy (≈ extremely bad weather) U, (m) whole world H, (n) financially secure (≈ extremely rich) U, (o) louder than a freight train H, (p) a bit (≈ very) U,

(q) I was riding a dinosaur the first time I heard it H

9

(a) He is as thick as two short planks. He doesn’t know his ass from a hole in the ground (b) I’ve known him forever. I’ve known him since he was knee-high to a grasshopper. (c) It rained cats and dogs. The rain came down in buckets. (d) They are filthy rich. They are rolling in money. (e) I feel like death warmed up/over. (f) She is as old as the hills. She is rather long in the tooth. (g) My suitcase weighs a ton. (h) I am dying to meet this girl. (i) These shoes are killing me. (j) My dad knows everything about computers. (k) He will go ballistic when... He will hit the roof when ... He will fly off the handle when ...

107

10

(a) bite the dust – D (to die, to stop functioning), (b) gain a few extra pounds – E (put on a lot of weight, became fat), (c) eat like a horse – D (eat too much), as thin as a rake – D (extremely skinny), (d) between jobs – E (unemployed), (e) cancer sticks – D (cigarettes),

(f) thin on top – E (going bald), (g) correctional facility – E (prison), (h) give sb the sack – D (to fire sb), (i) ample proportions – E (fat and/or with big breasts), (j) depart this life – E (to die), (k) crap – D (information, things, gossip, etc.), (l) collateral damage – E (civilian casualties), (m) to make redundant – E (to fire), (n) be on the game – E (be a prostitute), (o) bull – D (nonsense), (p) loony bin – D (psychiatric hospital), (q) scrawny – D (very skinny),

(r) mutt – D (dog).

108

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