1584
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+ +8 t''' +
(τ1=τ'''1=65°()
/ + + + ( ). , * + + . +
G |
= G′′′ |
t |
− t |
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(9.3) |
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− t |
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« ''' » + + ..
. ,. 4.
9.2. 06 7
+ t'' t' / -
, * + . +-
G′ =
G′′ =
3,6 Q′ 103
c (τ ′ − τ ′ )
1 2
3,6 Q′′ 103
c (τ ′′ − τ ′′)
1 2
,/ ,
,/ ,
(9.4)
(9.5)
Q' , Q'' – t' t'' , ;
τ''1 τ''2 – + / +
t'' ;
τ'1 τ'2 – + / +
t' .
+ t'' t''' /
, * +
+ . +
G′′′ = |
3,6 Q′′′ 103 |
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′′′ ′′′ |
, / , |
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c (τ1 − τ 2 )
(9.6)
Q''' – t''' ,
τ'''1 τ'''2 – + / +
t''' .
+ +8 t''' +
(τ1=65°() - / + + + ( ). , * +
+ . + [3]
G |
= G′′′ |
t |
− t |
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, / . |
(9.7) |
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− t |
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. ,. 4.
20
9.3.-0 /2
9.3.1.& ) + 0 ( ' /2 0
) +
+ t' ÷ t'''
. + [3]
G′ =
G′′′ =
3,6 Q′ 103
c (τ ′ − τ ′ )
1 3
3,6 Q′′′ 103
c (τ ′′′− τ ′′′)
1 3
,/ ,
,/ ,
(9.8)
(9.9)
Q' , Q''' – t' t''' , ; τ'''1 τ'1 – + / + t'''
t' , °(;
τ'''3 τ'3 – + / +
, τ'3=τ'''3=30°(.
+ +8 ÷ t''' +
(τ1=65°() + -
G =G''' ;
) + +
( . 2).
+ t''' ÷ t'
. + [3]
G′ =
G′′′ =
3,6 Q′ 103
c (τ ′ − τ ′ )
1 2
3,6 Q′′′ 103
c (τ ′′′− τ ′′′)
1 2
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55 − t′ |
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+ 0,2 , / , |
(9.10) |
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55 − t′′′ |
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55 − t& |
+ 0,2 , / , |
(9.11) |
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Q' , Q''' – t' t''' , ; t''' t' – + 1 -
,
t' =τ'2– 10° C, |
(9.12) |
t''' =τ'''2– 10° C, |
(9.13) |
τ'2 τ'''2 – + +
1 t' t''' ,
τ'2=70°(,
τ'''2= + + +
+ . t''' ,
10°( – + , °(,
21
t – +
, t =+5°(.
, + + + . -
, . . G .=0.
9.3.2.) + 0 ( ' /2 0
+ -
/ ( .3).
+ t''' ÷t'
. + [3]
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3,6 Q′ |
103 |
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(9.14) |
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G |
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c (55 − t & ) |
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3,6 Q′′′ 103 |
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(9.15) |
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G |
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c (55 − t & )
Q' Q''' – t' t''' , . ,
t''' t' , ++
G = G + G = β G + β G = G (β + β ) = G β +β =1.
! , / / -
, . + [3]:
β |
= |
55 − τ 2 |
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(9.16) |
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τ1 − τ 2 |
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β = 1–β . |
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+ t''' ÷t' * - |
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+ : |
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β |
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55 − (55) |
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150 − 70 |
80 |
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β = 1–0=1; |
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′′′ |
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55 − τ ′′′ |
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55 − τ ′′′ |
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τ ′′′− τ ′′′ |
55 − τ ′′′ |
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1 |
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β''' = 1–β''' =1–1=0.
$ , + t' + % -
(β' =0)( * + $
/ + ), t''' – / -
(β''' =1)( * + $ / + -
).
- + + t''' ÷t' -
/ (β ) (β ) . -
* + β +β =1.
22
+ +8°( ÷ t''' +
(τ1=τ'''1=55°()
+ +-
., . . G8 =G''' / -
/ + , . . β =1.
2 , / + %,
/ G -
G , . . G =G +G . " , + /-
, . + +:
G =β G , / , |
(9.18) |
G =β G , / . |
(9.19) |
9.4., 5 + ' (+5 (5) ' -
9.4.1.& ) + 0 ( ' /2 0
( ) + -
+ , . . + -
+
t ≥ +8°(. |
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( / ) % 2- |
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. + [3]: |
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G = β G . % & , |
(9.20) |
β – *.. , / + -
+ +
, + /-++ + 0,8 (
β=1,5);
G .+ – + + ( / )
+ ,
G .% & |
= |
3,6 Q .% & 103 |
, |
(9.21) |
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c (τ ′′′− τ ′′′) |
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1 |
3 |
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Q .+ – + +
τ'''1 – + , / %,
, τ'''1=65°(; τ'''3 – + , / %, τ'''3=30°(. [3].
! + %
+, . . +
% 2-
+ 1- .
23
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9.4.2. ) + 0 ( ' /2 0 |
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% ( / ) |
- |
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. + [3] |
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G =β G .+ , |
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G .+ |
– + + ( / ) % |
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. + |
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G .% & = |
3,6 Q .% & 103 |
, |
(9.22) |
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c (55 − t & ) |
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Q .+ – + + % ,
( . + (4.10)); 55°( – + , / + %;
t – + ,
t =+15°(.
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+ . ,. 4 + .
( . 6,7).
. 6. % . +
:
– + ,
– +
24
. 7. % . +
10. "! $
5 + -
+ , . .
+
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[3]. , 70%
-+ + , + / -
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+ + * + -
+ + +
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, 50 150 + +
800 ++ + 24 , * +* + + + +
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+ + + + . ( +
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1 1,5 + . - +
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+ / + + 3 +, $23 -
+ / , -
+ 5 .
, 150 + + -
+ 800 ++ + 24 -
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+ -
+ . ! * -
+ + + + -
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/ (/ +) + + + + + + + (+ - +). , + " , + + / - / + , . , +
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+ ( 24 ) -
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26
11.$ "! $
11.1.' +, , 5 +
" , +
, + + + -
, +
%, + -+.
( ++ ( / ) -
+ +
. + [3]:
G = G' + G' + k G . , |
(11.1) |
G' – + + t' , ; G' – + + t' , ;
G . – -, ;
k – *.. , / -
( ), +
. 11.1. , + / % *.-
. + + 0.
$ 11.1
( + |
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1 *.. k |
+ + |
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5, |
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100 |
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0,6 |
+ 100 |
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1, |
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100 |
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1,0 |
+ 100 |
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1,2 |
, +. ! +
+ + + 100 -+
*.. k + + 1.
! Q .% & > 1,0 -+,
Q
+ + 10 + ++
. +
G = G' + G' + G .+ |
(11.2) |
( / ) |
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( ) . + [3] |
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G = βG .+ . |
(11.3) |
, + + + +- |
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+, .
27
11.2.' ( / ' ' * '
' +, 0,
3 7
+
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++ , - + . 2 . ,. 4.
% + [4] . ,.5. % +
. % + +
+ . $ -
+ + (+, $23–1, 1–2 . .). , + + + , -
/ $23.
- * + . * -
+: + Rl ≤ 80 ,/+ (8 ++ . ./ .+.);
Rl ≤ 300 ,/+ (30 ++ . ./ .+.) ( * +
W ≤ 1,5 +/ ). , + -
+ / *-
l*, -
+ + .
( ++ |
. + [3]: |
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p = |
p + p+ = Rl l + Rl l* = Rl (l + l*) = Rl l , ,, |
(11.4) |
l – ++ + .
( ++ / + +
n
H = ∑ pi , i – i-+ ; n –
i
. ! * . +
..
( /
+ + + . - ++ +, -
++ ,
10 – 15%.
, + -
[4].
5 +-
+ , -
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( , +, + +,
. .) (l*). ( ++ , + + - +
( .,. 5).
12. 1 ! $
+ + + -
.
( + + -
, +, + +. , / + -
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+ + +-
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+ + + + + +-
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+ + ( .,. 7). , dy < 250 ++ ,–
, dy > 250 ++ – +.
+ + 130°
+ + +
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+ +.
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1000 + . ! -
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1500 +, dy ≥ 600 ++ – 3000 +.
- + + + + / / -
+ + +. , / + + -
$23 + + + / + +
+ +, + 0,3 + ,
+ + + + + dy = 25 ++.
( + + + ) -
, – .
29