Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Обработка металлов давлением» (120

that the

q

and corr

tly

ue to its co

plicated s ruct

. It

air

ity of an lectro-

ulic hammer is

t

s w ll as

problemshamm eliabipeople who have even more

andurexperiemeansce

should be empuicklyoyed to keep the

hydrahammerof

workingnowledgemally.

A crank

hammer is

k

new type forging machine, it

principle and

construction being

nical

from ot

mmers,

hammers is quite similarreliabilitymotor mec

. When the link-

is

and its effici ncy and

can

expected to be higher than those

From the

el ctric

to totallybelinkdifferent-rod

structure of

crank

of elect

-hydraulic hammers.

inside the tup is separated by

connec ed with the pis on, the chamb

s;

piston into upper and lower spac

air is fil rodnto

low

directly linked to the comprcompressedon air container while

the upp

r space is joined to

low pressure vessel through

valve.

and then arriv

and the upper space contains liquid. By flexible

pipes

s at

defini thepo ition, one

uldinsidhol

.

by ts weight anezedthe expanding en rgyultaneoconfinedof h air inside thegetherlowerhandlespace

Wh n the cr nk

the

up and

the piston

rise

rigidly

because the valve is closed

the oil

upper

The valve ope

androtatesthe up

s sim

usly accel downrat

downw rd

cannot be squ

. A

crank pass

through its

op dead-centr

again. Although

he up now stays at

spaceanvil

the

ill keeup

until strike occ

. The oil of the upper

s charged into the low

pressure vessel.

handle is equ red

be held

As soon asursrike happens

moving

bottom dead-c

ntre. The air inside

the l

wer s ace

is compressedtowards the

pressurthe and the oil flows backpistono the upper

1. What

termines the choice of forging equipment? 2.

types

space from the vesselinitialutomatically.

III.

Answ

the questions.

ompared with

ydraulic hammers?

4. What are their disadvantages as

of

do you k ow? 3. What

used the development of lectro-

airhammers?

5.

Can yo

technical

ofWhat crank

IV. Retell the text, usinggiveth given questionscharacteristicsas plan.

11

hammer? 6. What’s the pri

ciple of its work?

V G

mmar tasks.

Cl

A.

Translate

the

sentences paying attention to the Comparative

uses.

hat the g ea er the

onthly produ tion

1. The curves also show

uantity

is,

the lower

the

costs

for

warm-forging

process.

2.

The grea er

the quantity

to

be

producthe

and the

the

requiremen s of uniformity and accuracy in regard

to the shape and

dimensions,

more difficult

forging is. 3. The higher

higherstiffness

is, the lower

deflection of thepress and the

the total

bl

ntact

the

fur her

the pressure. 4. The

be

the

quired force of

w is,

handle

must

urn d,

as

to

open

the channel

co

ely. 5. The width of the die is

lect

d toshorteruit the capacity of

the

haimeplenderas, the

wider

the die,greaterl

s energy

is transmitted by

impact to each unit of

area of the

tal

sobe worked.

Mood.

B.

Translate the following sentences with the

1. If

face of

blanking

unch has

ny convex (выпуклый)

contour,

the metal

will

be st

plas ically

o

that shape bef

re

s

ar

g

occurs.

2.

It

is very important

that Subjunctivehe to -smith

kn

w

names and us

ofthe to ls etchedhas to deal with. 3. Had we used only

one industrial robot in drop forging industry, we w uld not

have

achiev d the necessary rate

work. 4. If we moved the die axis

the dir ction of the corner, theofriction over the

s

would help to

push the

material

to the corner.5.

it pos

ble to complete

forging

in one pass! 6.

Provi

the blank of t

givensideze isurfacequired, the die

de to that size

n

the punch is mad

smaller. 7. Were the admissible

max press capacity exceeded, the flywhWereel would slip.

Unit 4. PRESSES (1)

I. Read the text and try to understand it without a dictionary.

high-

rgy

High-energy Screw Press

screw

presses

scr w press

is

a new

type

eatures

f this press, its

has

more wid ly us

static

utomatic analysis

the forging pre .

is represented

The basic str

ureoftwapplicationhigh-energy

screw

forging industry. The

re system canbecomeprovided for

structural

of thearticleutch.

Thrust can

be

by

thpresscombined time of

is

.

m

ves down by the combination of

the

clutch and

is backed up byslideuct two hydraulic cylinder devic

and

separatioin

nertiahas many features

hich are superiorcontrolledthat thoseordinaryof

pr ss,

the clutch.

The main

ure in transmission is the work style of the

pr ss. Unlike

convenational screw press, the flywheel of

high-

energy

screw prthess

faces onediffe ec

all the time, so

moment of

flywheel being completely

than

from that of

conventional screw

of the

is larg

of an

scrthew prthess and

On the aspect of structure, thdriverdouble

uide devic s have be

ed

uch s the lowerflywheelpo er of

motor, the higher forming

ergy .

in order

to increase the g

ided length

and

capacity

of

ccentric

because

stroke of this press is not

fixed,conventionalmoreth re adophitch

resistance,present

wide application

prospect and research is necedistisary to be

so the forging qu

lity has been improv

ctly. In

of the block

ie. Many

advanced features ofthehis type of

crew press

addition,carried ut into further development.

Notes:

thrust xqê^ëíz — толчок, удар, осевое усилие

ba kup — поддерживать

hitch xÜáípz — внезапная остановка

II. Retell the text according to the plan.

rance.

1

time of high-energy

crew press

2. The basic structure of thi

press: a)

appeide moving; b) the thrust

that of

conventional scr w press;

d) features s

to those of a

trolling; c) the work

of the

flywheel

and its difference from

3. The main improvemstylent on the aspect of the uperiors ucture.

conventional press.

III. Grammar tasks (The Infini ive. The Infinitive Constructions).

A. Translate the following sentences. Define the functions of the

Infinitive.

13

1. To

design

new

pa ts,

esp cially with

the

(особый

ассортимент) metals Forge shop are working withspecialtyme

spec fic

ustomers. 2. To analyze the

developm nt of texture in the extrusion

trength possible

with

the

fibre flow lines should run in the

processame d rection as the grea est required strength. 4. To squeeze

ring

n’t an easy task. 3. In order to take advantage of

the

thinner means to increase

diameter. 5. In most cas

the metalgreaterto

ed is heated to its correctforgings rging temperature, but sometimes cold-

forging is done. 6. Engineers consider cold-drawn steel bars and rods to

be frequently needed for fabric tion of v rious articles. 7. The carbon

cont nt was too high for the metal to be used without refining.

.

Subject, the

Co plex Object and the For-Infinitive

B. Translate the

sent nces paying attention to the Complex

ed

in

machinefollowingrging. 2. It is interesting to

that

both

1. Upse

ing

proves to be almost always one of the first operati ns

perforuded bat ery cases (ящик)

extruded cartridgeConstructioncas are report

to be

more

satisfact ry than the

rawn articles. 3. The mnoteth d does not

xtensively

with enjoyedur customers about what they want

to be able

appear to

have

any

andin ustrial

.4. We also talked

instrument which canbetweenbrought into instantapplicationushave any time.

m st

do. 5. Dr wingut

narrow dies is considered

to be the

the

ages

as a

symbol of for ing. 7. What se ms to be required is an

fficient method. 6. The hammer is known

been used throughouto

I.

Translate

the

Unit 5. PRESSES (2)

Try to

do

it

without

text in

written form.

a dictionary. A New Type of Steel Pipe Extrusion Pre

extr

paperch ology are introduced. The equipment basispar met rsspecialuited

In

el

a design thi

king a

plan selection

for

purposethis

pipe extrusion

press

to meet

forward

nd

backw

for

dustrial

structural

concerned in the technical design, are

giveusionsimultaandeously. It hasdata,

practical significance for industrial

14

production of small-sized thick-walled seamless s eel pipes and special-

haped ste l pipes.

extrusion of small-sized thick-walled seamless

In order

to turn

-

eel

pes and

is

steel

from ex

age to

industr al techn specialque,hot

ss rypipesto upply appropriate extrusion

equipment. Ta

forward and

,

extr

tech

ology as

starting point of the equip

on the bas

oferimentalstiff ess, strength

andbo

entire working perforshapedmnecedesigb

g

atisfied,usiont’s important to makthe

y structure compact,

rational

ckwardn light. This

is

he

basic

de ign

extrusion metho

of

metal

pipes

and

section

prod

is

inking for the structural

esign of the

teel pipe extrusion press.

equipm nt to bebackwardsigned has to me t forward and backward

divid d nto forward and

extrusio

. F

backward extrusion,uct

Thextrusion force can be

uced

and

f

the specifications of extruded products can be

xpanded. As a result the

pipesusioncordinggear pumps, andinlessfi ubes in boilersvestigation,of p wer stations.

rod

cts to be selected are st

steel pip

pe chemical industry,

extr

proces

simultaneously.

the

t pical

ed

to the results of the market

trength

bearings,

hexago al

pipes

used in

uts,

cycloid

Absolute. Translate

the sente

ces paying attention to the words with

the

II. Grammar tasks (The Participle. TheGerund.

The Nominative

Cons ruction).

suffix “ing”.

1. Such dies require only to be simple and free from obstruction,

the gauging

(разбраковка) being done eith

by

eye

with

gauge.

minute 3. Scot

has

provided

uctionumerousmpedvi eos

showing

per

2. Automat

feed being

talled, prod

j

t

50 pieces

quipment

action including

ammers, presses and ring

mills. 4. By

s

killful handling the hot piece

hammer-man can

uce the desired

. 5. Before

Forgeb i

upset, the

work must be heate

throughout

its

entirhape cross-section

along its

length. 6. Acc

rding to whe her

metal being workeand is heated or not before the prodcedure, all

working operati ns are

vided

to

wo branches. 7. When selecmetalng

the

material

of correct

imensioentires, he

blacksmith first

must

decide

how the part is to be forged.

15

B. Translate the

paying attention to the words with the

1. Forging

eq

sentencesis g nerally

that group of

machine

tools

suffix “ed”.

rv

as

medium

of

moving

and

shaping

which primarily

treadle (педаль) released,considerablyth rolls clamp the boards andbrazingaise the ram.

(фасонирование) uipmal when heated to a plastic state. 2. The operator

can usually control

he

entire process while safely protected from

the heat or no

e of

the process

. 3. The metal removed is

5. Tool

life is

d

pendednvironment t

us

brazing

lder

(высокот мпературная медная пайка). 6. Whe loaded

yondprocessthei

known as the chip. 4. The equi

used requires additional tests.

припой) as

well

the

quality

of

the

elastic limits metals retain p rmanent sets or ch

nge their forms. 7. The

Un t 6. PRESSES (3)

I. Remember the following words:

вероятный, подходящий

fea ible ['fi:zibl

—

head

-girderxDÖèWÇèz —

рестообразная балка

— высадказаготосуществимый,ловок

c osshead — крестовина,

ползун

er blank —

для высадочной машины

sleeve — (переходная коническая)

втулка

gripping frame — зажимающая станина

h aderxDÜÉÇèz — высадочный пуансон, пресс для высадки головки

b have — (зд.) проявлять

maintenancexDгЙбенEиFеиелz — техобслуживание

tension bolt — тяжной болт

daylight — просвет,

интервал

II. Read and translate the text.

A New Type of Oil Hydraulic Drive Horizontal Upset Forging Press

The oil hydraulic drive ho izontal up et forging press developed for

making

forgings of T815

truck

chassis

behaves widely

technical

16

adaptability to small scale prod

because of its

uctural design

ures which differ from those of m

l

esses. If

these

gings are p od c

on a m chan

l

press,chanicstandastrd

of 12.5

MN must be

equired. The

termuctionation of the

press dep nds

upon

eatstrokes and daylight needed, only

the force of 4 MNpressquired to

the forgings.

and tool cost, it can be

As viewed

rom

formufacturing

hydraulic type are more feasible and economic for

special

s ofcapacityutomotive and

tract r industries

than presses of mechanical type, especially the heavy truck chassiseen

forgings.

ul c upsmetalworkingforging press is composed of two

nits with

A

different fu

ctions. Each of

is

a typical hydraulic

pres

ut nothydrastandard one, from themstructuralbasicallyst le point of view. They are

into

the organic whole by

the front cross-girder wh ch

combinedcomplet ly differe

actionsusing

r

unit. One of the un ts,

v rtic l

is desig

ed to grip the head

pla

between the

fixedhavesnd mov

dies when they are

d. The other one,

type, is

d for heading

tions aft

the blank s gripped firmly.

The type,v rticableunit princoperally includclos

gripping

cylinder,

slide

bl ck, used as a movable die holder her

,eachfixed

ie holder andhorizontalpre-

front

frame. The

frame

of

upper

and

wer

crossheads,

cross-girder and four tens

. In

whole

nit

by joining

with a cross-girder by tensionbolts

lts, the cross-girder is used

crossheadstwo special square sleevesconsists tead

of

nside

nuts.

There are

imilarities b tween horizontal and v rtical

units

their constr

ction.

The

unit is mainly com

of a

linder, a slide and a pre-

stressed fra

. In this unit

slide, as a punch holder, is equipped

withhorizontalheadereworkm nd driven by up etting

as embly to squeeze

the plastic

metal with ram to

final osedpe. Oncylinderthi

unit, is the front

ross-

as

usual

crosshead, no

longer

pecial

as

conv ntional cross

ead in horizontal frame.

so

esigned

hat the die

Thgirderstr

ure of the cross-girder must

cavity

is locauctusedat the

distance

the

sleeves, of

the cross-girder and theappropriateis the

allest ec ent

load fronthe g ipping

ame. For this rea on the problems

of structur

design and urfacest ength-

stiffness analyses of a cross-girder become complicated. Obviously, the

front cross-girder is

a very important partbehinddesign and application.

17

The design of the cross-

s

the

fo ce acting on

the surfaces of the frontgirderuide body with

uniformly

uted

ad

was well made. The actual

cr ss-girder usedupsettingthedistribp ess is strong

and rigid enough,

has good whupportingle ervice behaviour under loads.

Hyd

ulic cylinders are the same importa

parts as the cross-girder

the pre s. As

andge eralfrontle,

the structural

style

and the overall

dimensions of the cylinder

ust

be so determined hat the press body

be

and,

and

convenient. According to this

princompactiple, removable bottomaintenancestructure is brought into practice.

Although this typ

of

is developed for

special

urpose, it

widely techno-

omic adaptability to m ny kinds of similar forging

owing to its design featurespress

as

follows: 1) the stroke and

may be larger than

hose of mechanical presses as wellhas

the length of

ecostroke may be adjusted to whatever is

needed; 2)

the

-daylighttress

frameworks withoummarizedut side uts are emp

yed so that

press have high strength and rigidity against eccentric loads.

III. Find

Russian equivalents for the fo

wing.

Maintenancthe

co

v

small scale production, owing

structural design featur nient,whi

behaves

comp

different actionsto,

movable die holder, instead of inside

uts, main etely

of, upsetting

cylinder assembly, from structural style point,

distributed

load, good whole service behaviour

under loads,uniformlyconsiststhi reason, as a

general rule.

держатель штампа,

точки зрения

Подвижный

вместо

внутре

них

гаек,

произв

дство

малых

количествах

удобн

особенн сть структурной конструкцииструктуры,

который выполня

совершенно другие

действия, состоит главным

образом

из…эксплуатации,бесперебойно

работает при нагрузках, по этой

причине, равномерно распределённая нагрузка, как правило, отсек

цилиндров высадочного пресса.

IV. Answer the quest ons.

1. What makes an oil hydraulic drive horizontal

available

making forgings of TB 15 truck chassis? 2. Could you call

different

forunctions

of two

units

hydraulic

u

fforging press

technical

aracte

stics? 4. Why do the probl ms of structure design

Could you summarize its design features?

and strength- tiffn ss analyses of the cross-g rder become

5. What

ca

ses

techno-econo ic

adaptability

of this

typecomplicated?of press

. Make up the press scheme.

VI. Gr mmar task.

of

large

size

forgi

is

from

makTranslatepossible

manufacturing

“one”.

the sentences paying at ention to the words “that”, “it”

design

th se that have acquired the

1.

and xperience. 2. A

forging is the one that is producedknowledgefre

forging hammer withoutsmitharese of dies. 3. Its main

that

mparatively smallerexpertsocks. 4. The

roduct

used inadvantagehumm

forging

cold forging, t

accuracy

of the

depends

strongly

upon

differ but

ly

those used in methodsha forging

. 5.

With

6. That theslighumm fromis

especiallydesig

ed

performoperationswide variety of

the accuracy

of

di ,

upon,

that

of a gear toothed die.

must know that thetemperatures of 1150° to 1300° are required for hot

open die forging op rations is well known to the specialists. 7. One

working of steel.

Un t 7. PRESSES (4)

I. Re

the following words:

customemberuilt — построенный по заказу

one-stop shop —

предприя

simulation package — моделирование с отображением модели

webbing

ïÉÄákzмногоцелевое— бра жесткости

hub projection — флан

динамике

втулки

bolster xDДимдлниz —

матрица, втулка

intric te xDбенкбвинz

— сложный

19

die train

— обойма

train — зубчатая передача, серия, цепь, ряд

взаимодействующих деталей

— узел, агрегат

shop-floor trial xDíê~áEèFäz — производственное испытание

packagetorch ut/contoured xDâlåíìèz — контурные детали для горелок

ring mill — кольцевой прокатный стан

II. Read and translate the text.

Press

A New Two-

Custom-Built Open-Die

sim

The two-

columnunit, rat d at 5,500

combinHydraulicwith the use of

software,

enables

Scot F rgetons, p oduc

larger

open-die

in cl

se-to-net shapes, from of

a wider variety

of ferrous and

nonferulationus allcolys.

Forge has been a “one-stop shop”

or small through

forgingsFo years, Sc

with hub pr

jections, flanges, and webbing.

addition

f a

two-column,

large open-die

. N

w,

with

and alloy

rgingsrgingsmore

part configurations,

in sizuces

to

ith thedeformationnew unit

ke it pos ible to produce hollow parts

thinner

customuilt open-die hydraulic pr ss thecompany can prod

carbon

80,000

lb. N w types of proddiversuct that

be produced include up rts

Using this new press, Scot Forge can

also prod

h

and

more intric te forgings

could

viously, from mat rials with

aluminum, and nickel. Inthandition, reve se extrusion proce

sesavierilable

hig

er

properties,

such

as

stainless

ucest

el,

tit

nium,

simulations, resultingcylindersoptimal forging process plans and precisematerialtoo

at 5,500 tons. Its forging ram weighs 200, 000 lb,

withcan

walls and closed-end

.

ew press is

Equipped with

a

11,000-hp hydraulic system, the

ratedmore than 200 strokes per minute. A 10-bolster

traiand is provid

for efficient tool chang

. Aided by new

mputer mode ing softwarcycle

the press’s large “forging wind w”,

Scot For dieh

also

increased

its ability to forge clos -to-net-shape p rts,

saving

customers

nd

machining costs. The new

software

provides

ccurate forging

design, while the large

“forging

window”, which measures 14.315 ft,

allows large tooling to be used.

20