- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
- •«Хабаровская государственная академия экономики и права»
- •Хабаровск 2008
- •Английский язык
- •Resolutions
- •Reasons
- •EFFECT
- •Supports or evidence
- •Document 2
- •2.3. The Impact of Technological Development on Medicine and Health
- •Worries about a link between cell-phone radiation and brain cancer still can’t be dismissed, says a new study
- •By Claudia Kalb and
- •Glossary
- •Brain cancer
- •Text 2
- •The Trendy Diet that Sizzles
- •Debating outline: “Scientific development makes a negative impact on people’s health and lifestyle”
- •2.5. Multicultural society and its outcomes
- •Yasmin Alibhai-Brown
- •Newsweek September 18, 2000
- •The Color of Great Britain
- •The Cultures of Illness
- •By Erica E. Goode
- •Physicians are learning to appreciate new immigrants’ diverse beliefs and experiences
- •POINTING AND CLICKING ALL OVER THE WORLD
- •Glossary
- •Text 2.
- •PERSISTENCE TRANSLATES INTO SUCCESS
- •But reassessing the business model may often transmute failure
- •Glossary
- •Text 1
- •SENTENCED TO LIFE
- •Abandon all Hope
- •Predisposition to Crime
- •A Living Robot Factory
- •Task 2. Scan through the text and contextualize the following vocabulary
- •FIVE REASONS TO SUPPORT THE DEATH PENALTY
45
capabilities in an appropriate manner, and to instil, during their tuition, into students of the disciplines entitled to conduct experiments on animals a sense of their ethical responsibility.
5.7.It is the duty of the institutions for the advancement of science to deny their support to experiments on animals which contravene the ethical principles and the present guidelines. Scientific journals are urged not to accept the results of such experiments for publication.
5.8.The Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and the Swiss Academy of Sciences consider it, in particular, their permanent duty to review the adequacy and validity of legal texts and provisions, as well as of their own ethical principles and guidelines in the light of the existing state of science and to foster among the general public the assumption of a more critical attitude towards the claims for welfare and security of which experiments on animals are a consequence.
Document 2
Statistics on Scientific Procedures on
Living Animals: Great Britain 2007*
Category |
2000 |
1999 |
Change |
Total number of procedures |
2,714,72 |
2,656,75 |
+2% |
|
6 |
3 |
|
Genetically modified animals |
|
|
|
By animal group |
|
|
|
— all animals |
581,740 |
511,607 |
+14% |
— mouse |
575,160 |
500,880 |
+15% |
— rat |
3,387 |
4,982 |
–32% |
— pig |
1,047 |
3,052 |
–66% |
— sheep |
344 |
608 |
–43% |
— fish |
1,515 |
1,921 |
–21% |
— other animals |
1,802 |
2,085 |
–14% |
46
By field of research (non-toxicology) |
|
|
|
— all fields |
579,946 |
510,325 |
+14% |
— anatomy |
84,219 |
64,159 |
+31% |
— physiology |
32,159 |
26,227 |
+23% |
— immunology |
149,953 |
113,713 |
+32% |
— pharmaceutical R & D |
44,176 |
57,360 |
–23% |
— genetics |
26,750 |
41,097 |
–35% |
— molecular biology |
73,419 |
62,614 |
+17% |
— cancer research |
83,159 |
78,484 |
+6% |
—other |
86,111 |
66,671 |
+29% |
Classification by animal group |
|
|
|
— rodent |
2,213,43 |
2,290,27 |
–3% |
|
6 |
4 |
|
— mouse |
1,606,96 |
1,641,86 |
–2% |
|
2 |
8 |
|
— rat |
534,973 |
566,990 |
–6% |
— other rodents (including guinea-pig) |
71,501 |
81,416 |
–12% |
— rabbit |
39,683 |
41,435 |
–4% |
— carnivore |
11,605 |
13,879 |
–16% |
— cat |
1813 |
1623 |
+12% |
— dog |
7632 |
8185 |
–7% |
— beagle |
6872 |
7317 |
–6% |
— other dog |
760 |
868 |
–12% |
— ferret |
1446 |
1119 |
+29% |
— other carnivore |
714 |
2952 |
–76% |
— primate |
3690 |
4003 |
–8% |
47
— Prosimian and New World monkey |
1494 |
1538 |
–3% |
— Old World monkey |
2196 |
2465 |
–11% |
— ungulate |
62,990 |
63,574 |
–1% |
— pig |
8553 |
11,684 |
–27% |
— sheep |
36,544 |
36,048 |
+1% |
— other ungulate |
17,893 |
15,842 |
+13% |
— other mammal |
457 |
527 |
–13% |
— bird |
124,209 |
106,009 |
+17% |
— reptile/amphibian |
15,637 |
14,614 |
+7% |
—fish |
243,019 |
122,438 |
+98% |
Classification by primary purpose |
|
|
|
— fundamental biological research |
872,848 |
803,771 |
+9% |
— applied studies |
929,726 |
1,005,74 |
–8% |
|
|
4 |
|
— human medicine or dentistry |
738,979 |
836,194 |
–12% |
— veterinary medicine |
190,747 |
169,550 |
+13% |
— protection of man, animals or the environment |
161,169 |
153,261 |
+5% |
— education |
4680 |
5545 |
–16% |
— training |
1339 |
1415 |
–5% |
— forensic enquiries |
46 |
62 |
–26% |
— direct diagnosis |
45,319 |
47,839 |
–5% |
—breeding |
699,599 |
639,116 |
+9% |
Non-toxicology procedures |
|
|
|
Use of anaesthesia |
|
|
|
— anaesthesia used |
975,096 |
849,769 |
+15% |
48
— no anaesthesia |
1,284,72 |
1,263,81 |
+2% |
|
6 |
8 |
|
Field of research |
|
|
|
— psychology |
106,941 |
33,918 |
+215% |
— pharmaceutical research and development |
446,694 |
481,933 |
–7% |
— cancer research |
258,354 |
266,986 |
–3% |
— ecology |
12,624 |
9120 |
+38% |
— alcohol |
3083 |
1156 |
+167% |
— other |
1,432,12 |
1,320,47 |
+8% |
|
6 |
4 |
|
Antibody production |
|
|
|
— monoclonal |
6,159 |
7,877 |
–22% |
—polyclonal |
17,317 |
17,761 |
–2% |
Toxicology procedures |
|
|
|
Use of anaesthesia |
|
|
|
— anaesthesia used |
103,321 |
123,067 |
–16% |
— no anaesthesia |
351,583 |
420,099 |
–16% |
Safety evaluation |
|
|
|
— environmental pollution |
35,017 |
32,312 |
+8% |
— substances used in agriculture |
35,324 |
48,081 |
–27% |
— substances used in industry |
53,919 |
57,592 |
–6% |
— substances used in household |
1,242 |
341 |
+264% |
— food additives |
4,704 |
2,771 |
+70% |
— cosmetics and toiletries |
0 |
0 |
0% |
— pharmaceutical |
274,691 |
355,265 |
–23% |
— safety, efficacy, ADME and residue |
203,840 |
269,641 |
–24% |
49
— quality control |
70,851 |
85,624 |
–17% |
Acute lethal tests |
|
|
|
— mouse |
61,489 |
71,007 |
–13% |
— rat |
2292 |
5583 |
–59% |
Task 1. Study the documents devoted to the issues of experiments on animals. Consider all pros and cons and make up a speech on this topic.
Task 2. Divide into 2 groups. The 1st group has to prove that scientific experiments on animals are necessary and can be used without much harm for the animals and the society; the 2nd group’s task is to prove the opposite – that the scientific experiments on animals must be completely forbidden. Make up your speeches according to all the rules of speech-making which are listed in the first part of his book.. Try to use the basic meetings and discussions vocabulary. Be ready to ask and answer some questions that may arise during the discussion.Try to be logic and persuasive, use examples, statistics and visual aids, but at the same time don’t forget to listen to your opponents in order not to become too single-focused.