Цывкунова АРМС ЦОНТРОЛ АНД ДИСАРМАМЕНТ 2013

Project Work

1. Choose one of the following topics and prepare a Pecha Kucha presentation.

•IAEA: its structure, mission and current role.

•Nuclear Security Summits.

•IAEA: making nuclear power safer.

•United Nations Messengers of Peace.

•The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO): its mission and current role.

Pecha Kucha is the Japanese term for the sound of conversation (“chit chat”) began in Tokyo, back in 2003.

Conceived by Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham, their original goal was to create a space where designers could share their ideas with others. However, knowing how dangerous it is to give a designer a microphone … they decided to put some checks in place.

In order to prevent speakers from droning on and on, the Pecha Kucha format has restrictions: 20 slides, on display

for 20 seconds each. Because of this constrains every single Pecha Kucha presentation, regardless of a speaker and topic, is exactly 6 minutes and 40 seconds in length.

A great Pecha Kucha presentation is like a good espresso!

2.Divide into small groups. Shoot a Podcast on one of the topics:

•Elimination of nuclear weapons: Is the mission possible?

•Nuclear energy: To be or not to be – that is the question.

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Unit II

IAEA Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols

Task 1. Read the information below paying special attention to the vocabulary items in bold type. What does the IAEA’s safeguards system provide? What does it aim at? Explain how to conclude a Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and/or an Additional Protocol.

The safeguards system aims at detecting and deterring the diversion of nuclear material. Such material includes enriched uranium, plutonium and uranium-233, which could be used directly in nuclear weapons.

It also includes natural uranium and depleted uranium, the latter of which is commonly used, for instance, in shielding on radioactive sources used in hospitals.

For all States with safeguards agreements in force, the IAEA draws an annual conclusion on the non-diversion of nuclear material and other items placed under safeguards. For States with both a comprehensive safeguards agreement and an additional protocol, the IAEA aims to provide broader assurances regarding not only the non-diversion of declared nuclear material, but also on the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in the State as a whole.

Such assurances are based on the IAEA’s evaluation of all information available to it – including the results of its verification activities and the information provided by the State. The IAEA’s safeguards system provides the State with a means to demonstrate transparency in its nuclear activities and that it is complying with its nuclear nonproliferation undertakings.

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The IAEA’s focal point for the negotiation of safeguards agreements and additional protocols is the Office of External Relations and Policy Coordination. Once a State has decided to conclude such an agreement and/or protocol, the IAEA can help the country with the implementation of related legal and technical requirements.

Concluding safeguards agreements and/or additional protocols with the IAEA generally requires two or three steps.

Presentation of credentials of the new Resident Representative of Russian Federation, H.E. Ambassador Vladimir I. Voronkov to IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano, IAEA,

Vienna, Austria, 6 September 2011

1)The State notifies the IAEA of its intention to conclude a safeguards agreement and /or an additional protocol, and asks the IAEA to submit the draft text(s) to the Board of Governors, which authorizes the Director General to sigh, and subsequently implement, the agreement and/or additional protocol (model notification letter is provided in Exhibit 1). This notification should contain information on the applicable entry into force procedure (see step 3 below). Once the instruments have been approved by the Board, they are open for signature.

2)The agreement/protocol is then signed by a representative of the State and by the Director General. Signature on behalf of the State may be done by the Head of State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs, or by any other Government official – such as the Resident Representative to the IAEA – with full powers to sign.

3)The State has two options for brining into force its safeguards agreement/protocol: either upon signature or on receipt by the IAEA of

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written notification from the State that its domestic requirements for entry into force have been met. If the latter option is selected by the State, the third step required is for the State to provide such notification to the IAEA (see a model letter provided by Exhibit 3).

It’s interesting to know

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2005 is to be shared, in two equal parts, between the International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei…(Oslo, 7.10.2005)

“… Imagine what would happen if the nations of the world spent as much on development as on building the machines of war.

Imagine a world where every human being would live in freedom and dignity. Imagine a world in which we would shed the same tears when a child dies in Darfur or Vancouver.

Imagine a world where we would settle our differences through diplomacy and dialogue and not through bombs or bullets.

Imagine if the only nuclear weapons remaining were the relics in our museums.

Imagine the legacy we could leave to our children. Imagine that such a world is within our grasp”.

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Task 2. Translate the following exhibits into English. Comment on their lexical and stylistic peculiarities. Find in the documents the English equivalents for the following vocabulary items:

•иметь честь сообщить;

•пользуется случаем, чтобы возобновить …. уверения в своем весьма высоком уважении;

•свидетельствует свое уважение.

Exhibit 1 Model Notification Letter

Conclusion of a safeguards agreement and an additional protocol

(date)

I refer to your letter of (date), and have the honor to inform you that the Government of (State) has decided to conclude a safeguards agreements between (State) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the application of safeguards in connection with the NPT, and an additional protocol on the basis of the model approved by the IAEA Board of Governors in May 1997.

Accordingly, I would request that the Secretariat submit the drafts, as contained in the letter of (date), to the Board of Governors for its consideration [at its (mm, yy) session].

I confirm that the amount of nuclear material present in (State), or under its jurisdiction or control, is less than the amount given in Article [36] of the draft agreement, that there exists in (State) no “facility” as defined in the draft agreement and that (State) has not taken the decision to construct or authorize construction of any such facility.

Entry into force will take place [on the date on which the IAEA receives from (State) written notification that (State)’s statutory and/or constitutional requirements for entry into force have been met] [upon signature by the representatives of (State) and the IAEA].

(Signed)

Government Representative

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Exhibit 2 Model Notification Letter

Entry into force of a safeguards agreement and/or an additional protocol

The [Permanent Mission] [Ministry for Foreign Affairs] of [State] presents its compliments to the Secretariat of the International Atomic Energy Agency and has the honor to notify it that the constitutional and statutory requirements for entry into force of the [protocol additional to the] comprehensive safeguards agreement between (state) and the International Atomic Energy Agency [and the protocol additional thereto] have been met.

The [Permanent Mission] [Ministry for Foreign Affairs] of (State) avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Secretariat of the International Atomic Energy Agency the assurances of its highest consideration.

(Signed)

Government Representative

Task 3. Work in groups. You are government representatives of some states. Come up with a safeguards agreement and/or an additional protocol. Try to preserve the appropriate composition and the style of such an instrument. Make use of the Models.

It’s interesting to know

From 25 to 26 October 2011, IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano paid an official visit to the Russian Federation. In Moscow on the first day of his visit, Director General Amano and Sergei Kirienko, Director General of the Nuclear Energy State Corporation, Rosatom, signed an agreement on behalf of the IAEA and the Russian Federation, respectively, to enable Junior Professional Officers, trained by Rosatom, to be posted at the IAEA's headquarters in Vienna for year-long assignments.

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At the opening of the International Energy Week conference, also held on 25 October, the Director General delivered the keynote address. He then received a detailed briefing at the Federal Medical Biological Agency, one of the world's leading cancer research centers.

The Federal Medical Biological Centre (FMBC) treated many of the survivors of the Chernobyl disaster. The FMBC's unique experience and expertise has led to the development of cutting-edge cancer treatment methods that are administered through FMBA's state-of-the-art facilities.

At Government House, also on 25 October, Director General Amano and Prime Minister Putin met to discuss current issues in international nuclear cooperation.

The Director General then visited the headquarters of the Russian Federation's federal agency responsible for ecological, technological and nuclear oversight, Rostekhnadzor.

On 26 October, Director General Amano and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met to discuss the Russian Federation’s on-going cooperation with the Agency.

The Director General's visit to the Russian Federation concluded with a lecture at the National Research Nuclear University in Moscow (MEPhI), where DG Amano met the MEPhI’s rector, Mr Michail Strikhanov, before briefing the press.

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Unit III

Section 1. Coercive Diplomacy

Task 1. Read the following texts about the topic coercive diplomacy paying special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Work with the partner and define your attitude to the US policy and the use of coercive diplomacy.

Coercive diplomacy is an approach to negotiating/bargaining between states engaged in a crisis in which threats of the use of limited force are made to compel an adversary to reach a compromise. Thus coercive diplomacy involves negotiations designed to settle disputes at the negotiating table by means of getting other actors to change their behavior against their will. This can be done by means of threats, intimidation, pressurizing, flexing military muscles, arm-twisting, intervention, invasion, attack.

Coercive diplomacy was widely used during the Cold War, which was a period of intense hostility between the two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, without actual was in the middle of the 20th century.

Another example of coercive diplomacy is the Bush Doctrine adopted in 2003 which pursues an ambiguous goal: to “prevent regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world.” Thus the Bush Doctrine can be described as the quest for unilateral, go-it-alone approaches to US security, designed to preserve a unipolar world under US hegemony by keeping “military strength beyond challenge” by any other great power.

The doctrines of deterrence and containment were no longer sufficient. The goals were to “confront the worst threats before they emerge,” in other words, wage war on other states preventively.

Preemptive war is a quick first-strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize a retaliatory response. The Bush administration opted for this strategy when it invaded Iraq in 2003 in order to remove the Iraqi tyrant from office as he was claimed to be acquiring weapons of mass destruction, in order to force a change in regime and disarmament.

The issue of how coercive diplomacy should be managed is hotly debated nowadays, because practical payoffs of potential decisions are not clear.

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Task 2. Complete the word formation table.

Task 3. Match the notion with its definition.

1)the division of the balance of power into two coalitions headed by rival military powers, each seeking to contain the other’s expansion

2)the buildup of weapons and armed forces by two or more states that threatens each other, with the competition driven by the conviction that gaining a lead is necessary for security

3)the so-called Star War plan conceived by the Reagan administration to deploy an antiballistic missile system using space-based lasers that

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would destroy enemy nuclear missiles before they could enter the Earth’s atmosphere

4)a method of behavior when a country intentionally, recklessly takes huge risks in bargaining with an enemy, i.e. threatening a nuclear attack, so that at the brink of war they would concede to its demands

5)a strategy of seeking to relax tensions between adversaries to reduce the possibility of war

6)the expected freeze that would occur in the Earth’s climate from the fallout of smoke and dust in the event nuclear weapons were used, blocking out sunlight and destroying animal life

7)a quick first-strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize a retaliatory response

8)a dispute, fight or battle between two groups

9)a term to describe a strategy to prevent an expanding great power rival from using its military power in order to alter the balance of power and increase its sphere of influence

10)the showdown in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over the deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba

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