Цывкунова АРМС ЦОНТРОЛ АНД ДИСАРМАМЕНТ 2013

Task 4. a) Translate the following provisions of the NPT into Russian paying special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Parties to the Treaty,

Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples, …

In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons,

Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities, …

Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament, …

Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end, …

Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce

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any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

Article II

Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article III

1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency’s safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article IV

1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty…

Article IX

1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

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2.This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States.

Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3.This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclearweapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.

4.For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

5.The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices.

6.This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article XI

This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Treaty.

DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixtyeight.

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b) Give verbs derived from the following nouns.

Devastation

Conformity

Cessation

Disarmament

Diversion

Accession

Ratification

Explosion

Undertaking

c)Answer the following questions:

•What state is considered to be a nuclear weapon state pursuant to the Treaty?

•What commitments are undertaken by the five NWS Parties?

•What commitments are undertaken by the NNWS Parties?

•Is the NPT subject to signature?

•Which governments perform custodial functions?

•When was the NPT adopted? When did it enter into force?

Task 5. There are adverbs which are typical of legal documents. In fact, some of them are used only in legal documents. They are used to refer clearly to specific times and places in and around documents. Most are formed using here and there.

a) Match the following adverbs to their correct definition. Translate the examples into Russian.

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•No attempt has been made in these pages to measure the achievement of those 28 ministers whose names are recorded hereafter.

•We the undersigned, senior members of the world's scientific community, hereby warn all humanity what lies ahead.

•In a liberal democracy this needs to be scrutinized constantly, and herein lies the first problem for the researcher.

•There shall be established a Human Rights Committee (hereinafter referred to in the present Covenant as the Committee).

•In witness whereof the Parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the date set forth above.

b)Translate into Russian paying special attention to the adverbs with there.

•The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly.

•The treaty was imposed by force, and therein lay the cause of its ineffectiveness.

•Notice thereof shall be sent to all other Members of the League.

•The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it.

6. Watch the video “Challenges to the NPT”. a) Provide Russian equivalents for the following word combinations. Provide the context in which they are mentioned.

to brush aside, to apply prejudicially, uranium enrichment experiments, a sort of pooh-poohing, to undermine the NPT, to deter, the stick and carrot approach, to give incentives, diplomatic accords, rogue states, conundrum

b)Answer the following questions:

•Why do Iran, North Korea and India illustrate the limitations of the NPT?

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•What factors undermine the application of the NPT according to the speaker?

•Are sanctions effective? Does a stick approach tend to work in international relations?

•What are success stories of a carrot approach?

•Why should students study international events?

It’s interesting to know

On 2 December 2009, the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly declared 29 August the International Day against Nuclear Tests. This day was proposed by Kazakhstan as it marks both the closure of the former Soviet Semipalatinsk Test Site in 1991 in modernday Kazakhstan and the date of the first Soviet nuclear test conducted there in 1949.

The Day is meant to galvanize the United Nations, Member States, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, youth networks and the media to inform, educate and advocate about the necessity of banning nuclear tests as a valuable step towards achieving a safer world.

2010 marked the inaugural commemoration of the International Day against Nuclear Tests Day.

2011 marked the Twentieth Anniversary of the closure of the nuclear weapons test site at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.

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“… Every day, more and more people are viewing both nuclear tests and nuclear weapons as dangerous relics of the Cold War, long overdue for permanent retirement. On this International Day against Nuclear Tests, I call on all States to take a bold step

towards a safer and saner world for all”.

(Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Message on the International Day against Nuclear Tests, 29 August 2012)

7. Divide into two groups – pro and con, and conduct a debate on the topic “Is nuclear proliferation a stabilizing factor?” Appoint the “Chair” of the debate who will give the floor to the speakers of both teams. Make use of the following statements while framing your arguments:

•nuclear weapons could be used by rogue regimes

•the very nature of nuclear weapons (offensive) prompts aggressive behavior

•the deterrent strategy accelerates arms race

•nuclear projects require relative economic strength and domestic political stability

•a country gaining nuclear primacy could dictate its will to others

•inadvertent and unauthorized nuclear explosion will have tragic /

catastrophic consequences

•states pursue their own parochial interests seeking ways to maximize their interests

•a pre-emptive nuclear strike could eliminate the threat of attack and prevent a war

•international peace and security is maintained as long as states maintain nuclear deterrence relations

•states are not likely to run major risks for minor gains

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•if a nuclear war breaks out, every living thing will be wiped off the face of the earth

•modern technologies make it impossible to launch nuclear weapons without the adversaries’ knowledge and thus give it a chance to retaliate

8.Work in groups. Discuss the following questions.

•How can the proliferation of nuclear weapons be stopped?

•What do you suppose is the best way to deal with would-be proliferators?

•Do you consider nuclear weapons immoral?

•Do you believe the NPT is a viable instrument that can help solve the nuclear problem? What is the future of the NPT?

9.Role-play. a) Let’s convene a session of the UN Security Council. One of the agenda items is the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region. The President of the session gives the floor to the speakers – representatives of different states (five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members of the UNSC). Put the question to a vote. Adopt the decision. Close the meeting.

b)Come up with the draft resolution of the Security Council on the question of establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region. Try to preserve the appropriate style and the composition of such a document. Make use of ‘hereby’ and ‘herewith’.

10.Translate into English:

Договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия - многосторонний международный акт, разработанный Комитетом ООН по разоружению. ДНЯО был одобрен Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН 12 июня 1968 года и открыт для подписания 1 июля 1968 года в Москве, Вашингтоне и Лондоне. Ратифицирован СССР 24 ноября 1969 года (Российская Федерация - правопреемник СССР по выполне-

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нию Договора). ДНЯО вступил в силу 5 марта 1970 года после сдачи на хранение ратификационных грамот государствамидепозитариями (СССР подписал в 1968, США - в 1968 г., Великобритания - в 1968 г.), а также 40 другими странами. Франция и КНР подписали Договор в 1992 году. 11 мая 1995 года свыше 170 странучастниц договорились продлить действие Договора на неопределённый срок. В Договоре предусматривается проведение на регулярной основе конференций по обзору.

В соответствии с основными положениями Договора госу- дарства-участники Договора, обладающие ядерным оружием, обязуются не передавать ядерное оружие или другие ядерные взрывные устройства, а государства, не обладающие ядерным оружием, обязуются не принимать ядерное оружие или другие взрывные устройства, не производить и не приобретать их каким-либо иным способом. Договор защищает право развивать ядерную энергетику в мирных целях, однако государства-участники, не обладающие ядерным оружием, обязуются принимать гарантии, как они изложены в соглашении, о котором будут вестись переговоры с МАГАТЭ.

It’s interesting to know

The annual observance of Disarmament Week (24-30 October) was called for in the Final Document of the General Assembly 1978 special session on disarmament. States were invited to highlight the danger of the arms race, propagate the need for its cessation and increase public understanding of the urgent tasks of disarmament.

In 1995, the General Assembly invited governments, as well as NGOs, to continue taking an active part in Disarmament Week. It invited the Secretary-General to continue using United Nations information entities as widely as possible, to promote a better understanding among the public of disarmament problems, and the aims of the Week.

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UN Messenger of Peace Michael Douglas spoke at the inauguration of the “Cities are not targets (CANT)” exhibit in the General Assembly Hall on 24 March 2011.

The exhibit displays a petition assembled by Mayors for Peace, with over one million signatures from people all over the world, which calls for the abolition of nuclear weapons.

The UN Messenger of Peace spoke alongside Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Sergio Duarte and three atomic bomb survivors from Japan and Korea.

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