Ползунова Англиыскиы язык для студентов 1-го курса неязыковыкх вузов 2014

РАЗДЕЛ II. ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ И ЭКОНОМИКА США (THE USA)

The USA is one of the unique and amazing countries. It was founded two hundred years ago, in 1776.

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The largest state is Alaska. Major cities include New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington D.C. and others. The population of the country is about 260 million. Americans are made up of nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and Native Americans, Europeans and Africans.

Americans are often called the nation of immigrants because at present the US continues to take more immigrants than any other country in the world. America is often called the "Melting Pot", the "Salad Bowl" or the "Pizza", because many of the earlier immigrants have been assimilated. The official national language is English.

The American flag is known as 'The Stars and Stripes'. The 13 stripes represent the original number of states in 1776. The 50 stars represent today's total. The national symbol is the American eagle. It appears on the Great Seal of the United States and on some coins.

The USA is a country of great contrasts and similarities. If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The Rocky Mountains divide the country into two parts – the East and the West. The Appalachian Mountains run along the Atlantic coast of the country. They are ancient, strongly destroyed mountains of no great height. The highest peak in the USA is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.

America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA. The largest lake is Lake Superi-

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or. Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, is the Niagara River, with the powerful Niagara Falls (50 metres).

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate.

America is rich in mineral resources. They vary from precious gold and rare uranium to common lead and zinc. Coal, oil, iron, copper, and other minerals are abundant. They form basis of modern industry.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal.

West Virginia is the nation‟s leading coal producer. Houston is the city of the nation‟s largest petro-chemical complex.

Engineering occupies the leading position in the US economy: automobile industry with the main centre of Detroit, aviation and rocket industries in San Diego, Los Angeles, Dallas and shipbuilding industry in Boston, New York, Philadelphia.

Electro engineering, electronic, machine-tool industries can be found almost in all large cities of the USA.

Many branches of light industry are also developed. Among them are the textile, food and woodworking industries.

I. Names / Географические названия

the United States of America (the USA) [ju:'naɪtɪd'steɪts əvə'merɪkə]

([ju: es eɪ]) - Соединенные Штаты Америки (США) Russia ['rʌʃə] – Россия

Canada ['kænədə] - Канада

China ['ʧaɪnə] - Китай

the Pacific Ocean [pə'sifik 'əuʃ(ə)n] – Тихий океан

the Atlantic Ocean [ət'læntɪk 'əuʃ(ə)n] – Атлантический океан Alaska [æ'læskə] – Аляска

Hawaii [hə'waɪi:] – Гавайи Mexico ['meksɪkəu] - Мексика

the District of Columbia (D.C.) [kə'lʌmbɪə] – Округ Колумбия Washington ['wɔʃɪŋtən] – г.Вашингтон

New York [nju:'jɔ:k] – г.Нью-Йорк

Los Angeles [lɔs'ænʤɪli:z] – г.Лос-Анджелес

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Chicago [ʃɪ'kɑ:gəu] – г.Чикаго Philadelphia [fɪlə'delfɪə] – г.Филадельфия Detroit [də'trɔɪt] – г.Детройт

San Francisco [sænfræn'sɪskəu] – г.Сан-Франциско Americans [ə'merɪkənz] – американцы

Chinese ['ʧaɪ'ni:z] – китайцы

Native Americans ['neɪtɪv ə'merɪkənz] – коренные американцы

Europeans [juərə'pi:ənz] – европейцы Africans ['æfrɪkənz] – африканцы

the Rocky Mountains [rɔkɪ'mauntɪnz] - Скалистые горы the Cordillera [,kɔ:dɪ'ljɛərə] – Кордильеры

the Sierra Nevada [sɪ'erənə'vɑ:də] – Сьерра-Невада

the Appalachian Mountains [æpə'leɪʧɪən 'mauntɪnz] – Аппалачи Mount McKinley [maunt mə'kɪnlɪ] – гора Мак-Кинли

the Mississippi [mɪsɪ'sɪpɪ] – р.Миссисипи the Missouri [mɪ'zuərɪ] – р.Миссури

the Columbia [kə'lʌmbɪə] – р.Колумбия the Great Lakes – Великие озера

Lake Superior [sju:'pɪərɪə] – оз.Верхнее Lake Erie ['ɪərɪ] – оз.Эри

Lake Ontario [ɔn'tɛərɪəu] – оз.Онтарио the Niagara River [naɪ'ægərə] – р.Ниагара

the Niagara Falls [naɪ'ægərə'fɔ:lz] - Ниагарские водопады

West Virginia ['west və'ʤɪnjə]– Западная Виргиния (Западная Виржиния)

Houston ['hu:stən] – г.Хьюстон

San Diego [sændɪ'eɪgəu] – г. Сан-Диего Dallas ['dæləs] – г. Даллас

Boston ['bɔstən] – г.Бостон

II. Words and word combinations to be remembered /

Слова для заучивания

1)unique – уникальный

2)amasing– изумительный, удивительный

3)to be made up of-состоять из

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4)to assimilate – ассимилировать, уподоблять, усваивать, осваи-

вать

5)the Great Seal – гербовая печать

6)to divide – делить

7)the American Eagle – американский орѐл

8)to destroy – разрушать

9)arctic – арктический

10)continental – континентальный

11)subtropical – субтропический

12)heavy industry – тяжелая промышленность

13)prevailing – преобладающий

14)copper – медь

15)petro-chemical complex – нефтехимический комплекс

16)engineering – машиностроение

17)automobile industry – автомобильная промышленность

18)shipbuilding industry – кораблестроение

19)electro engineering industry – электротехническая промыш-

ленность

20)machine-tool industry – станкостроение

21)textile industry – текстильная промышленность

22)food industry – пищевая промышленность

23)woodworking industry – деревообрабатывающая промышленность

III. Give Russian equivalents for these sentences /

Переведите следующие предложения

1. Americans are often called the nation of immigrants because at present the US continues to take more immigrants than any other country in the world.2) The USA is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China).

3.Americans are made from nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and Native Americans, Europeans and Africans.

4.The 13 stripes represent the original number of states in 1776. The

50 stars represent today‟s total.

5.The Appalachian Mountains are ancient, strongly destroyed mountains of no great height.

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6.The USA is the world‟s leading producer of copper and oil and the world‟s second product of iron ore and coal.

7.The USA is a country of great contrasts and similarities.

8.The USA is a highly developed industrial country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing.

IV. Give English equivalents for these word combinations /

Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык

1)одна из уникальных и удивительных стран;

2)четвертая по величине страна в мире;

3)общая площадь страны;

4)состоит из пятидесяти штатов;

5)особая федеральная область;

6)многие из первых иммигрантов стали полноправными жителями страны;

7)первоначальное количество штатов;

8)страна сходств и различий;

9)тянутся вдоль атлантического побережья страны;

10)это древние, сильно разрушенные невысокие горы;

11)на границе с Канадой;

12)арктический, континентальный, субтропический климат;

13)высоко развитая промышленная страна;

14)где преобладают различные отрасли тяжелой промышлен-

ности;

15)ведущий производитель меди;

16)второй по величине в мире производитель железной руды и

угля;

17)самый крупный нефтехимический комплекс;

18)можно найти почти во всех крупных городах США.

V. Write out from the text all the sentences containing verbs

in the Passive Voice and translate them. / Выпишите из текста все предложения с глаголами в страдательном залоге

ипереведите их

1)was founded

2)is situated

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3)are made up of

4)are often called

5)is often called have been assimilated

6)is located

7)is known

8)can be found

9)are also developed

VI. Ask and answer the questions using functional phrases /

Задайте вопросы и ответьте на них, используя функциональные фразы

1.What the USA is like.

2.When the USA was founded.

3.If the USA is the fourth largest country in the world.

4.Where the country is situated.

5.What countries it borders on.

6.What the structure of the country is.

7.How Americans are often called.

8.Why the country is called the “Melting Pot”.

9.What the official language of the USA is.

10.What the stripes and stars on its flag represent.

11.What the national symbol of the USA is.

12.If the USA has the variety of scenery and climate.

13.What mountains there are in the country.

14.If the Great Lakes are located on the border with Mexico or Canada.

15.What the climate of the USA is like.

16.If it is a highly-developed industrial country.

17.What the most important manufacturing industries are.

18.What industry occupies the leading position in the US economy.

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Задания для самостоятельной работы

VII. Agree or disagree with the following statements using one of the expressions. Add some details / Выразите согласие

или несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя одно из данных выражений. Расширьте свой ответ, дополнив некоторую информацию

1.The United States of America is the second largest country in the world.

2.It occupies the northern part of South America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean.

3.The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.

4.The largest state is Texas.

5.America is often called the “Melting Pot”, the “Salad Bowl” or the “Pizza”.

6.The USA has no “official” national language.

7.The USA is a country of great contrasts and similarities.

8.The Rocky Mountains divide the country into two parts – the South and the North.

9.Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, on the Niagara River are the powerful Niagara Falls (50 metres).

10.The USA is a highly developed industrial country with various branches of light industry prevailing.

11.It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal.

12.Electro engineering, electronic, machine-tool industries can be found almost in all large cities of the USA.

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VIII. Make up 10 indirect questions based on the text and answer them. Use functional phrases of clarifying / Составьте 10

косвенных вопросов по тексту и дайте на них ответы. Используйте функциональные фразы

IX. Insert articles wherever necessary / Вставьте артикли,

где необходимо

…USA occupies … southern part of … North America and stretches for … thousands of kilometres from … Pacific Ocean in … west to … Atlantic Ocean in … east. It has … area of over 9.8 millions sq km.

In … north … USA borders on … Canada and in … south it borders on … Mexico.

…Rocky Mountains (Скалистые горы) in … west have many high ranges. … highest peak is … Mount Whitney, 14,495 feet.

Among … longest rivers is … Mississippi which flows into … Gulf of Mexico (Мексиканский залив) … population of … USA is over

237,2 millions.

…USA is … highly industrialized country. It is one of… leading capitalist state.

X.Insert appropriate form of the adjectives and adverbs given

in brackets / Поставьте прилагательные и наречия

внужную форму

1.The United States of America is the fourth (large) country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China).

2.The (large) state is Alaska.

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3.America is often called the "Melting Pot", the "Salad Bowl" or the "Pizza", because many of the (early) immigrants have been assimilated.

4.The (high) mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

5.The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and (deep) in the USA.

6.The (cold) regions are in the north.

7.Houston is the city of the nation‟s (large) petro-chemical complex.

The Americans are very (proud) of their country. They say that in the USA the buildings are (tall), the cigars are (long), the cars, are (big), and the girls are (pretty) than anywhere in the world. The English don't always agree. Some say the Americans are (loud), (rich) and (noisy) than any other nationality. Other British people think there are lots of (good) things about the USA like Hollywood, jazz and Superman.

It is true that most American skyscrapers are (tall) than buildings, in the UK, but the British think their stately homes are (old) and (beautiful) than anything in the USA. The Americans love coke and hamburgers - people in the UK think British food is much (healthy). Clothes are (cheap) in the USA but fashion design in the UK is (good) than design in the USA.

XI. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense and voice form /

Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в нужную видовременную форму

1.The USA (to consist) of fifty states.

2.The total area of Finland (to be) over 337,000 sq km.

3.The Urals (to separate) Europe from Asia.

4.Canada (to wash) by the seas of the Arctic Ocean in the north.

5.In the south Mongolia (to border) on China.

6.The Irish Republic (to occupy) two thirds of the island of Ireland.

7.Most of the Siberian rivers (to flow) into the Arctic Ocean.

8.The USA (to be) rich in mineral resources.

9.There (to be) vast deposits of oil and gas there.

10.The population of the USA (to be) over 237 millions.

11.In the past three decades Mongolia (to change) beyond recognition, many new industries (to develop), new industrial centres (to build).

12.Israel (to be) always politically and financially dependent on the USA.

XII. Fill up the chart and give a summary of the text. Use functional phrases of ordering, generalizing and summarizing / Заполните

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схему и передайте кратко содержание текста. Используйте функциональные фразы, приведенные далее

The USA

(geography, general information)

Natural resources

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