Ползунова Англиыскиы язык для студентов 1-го курса неязыковыкх вузов 2014

Canada

(geography, general information)

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XIII. Fill up the table and compare the two countries, using

the following functional phrases / Заполните таблицу и сравните эти две страны, используя данные функциональные слова

и фразы: it is a fact that…(известно, что), as a matter

of fact…(фактически, на самом деле), as for…(относительно, в отношении, что касается), regarding…(относительно, касательно), with reference to…(что касается, в отношении), while…(в то время как, тогда как), whereas…(тогда как), but…(но, а, однако), on the other hand… (с другой стороны), however… (однако, тем не менее)

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РАЗДЕЛ IV. ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ

И ЭКОНОМИКА РОССИИ (THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

The vast territory of Russia occupies about 1/7 of the earth‟s surface. It lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. The total area of the country is about 17 mln square km.

Russia is washed by l2 seas and 3 oceans. The oceans are: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, the East-Siberian Sea, the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Azov Sea.

In the south, Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Byelorussia, and the Ukraine. It has a sea border with the USA.

The history of Russia dates back to the year 862. The story of our country has always been the history of struggle for its liberation and independence from different invaders in different times of the Tatar Yoke, the Napoleon occupation, World War I and World War II, it has suffered grief and sorrow.

The population of Russia is 149 mln people, 80% of which are ethnic Russians. Russia is a multinational state; over 100 nationalities live in it, each with its own language, culture and traditions.

Russia became an independent state in 1991, now it is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, former Soviet republics.

The country is a land of different kinds of scenery: heavy thick forests, barren deserts, high peaked mountains, and deep valleys. We have steppes in the south, plains in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands in the east.

Russia is located on two vast plains: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on our territory: the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, the Caucasus, and the Altai.

Russia is a land of 2 mln long and short rivers and deep lakes. The broad Volga river system is of great historical economic and cultural importance to Russia. It became the cradle of such ancient towns as Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. The Europe‟s biggest river flows into the Caspian Sea. The Ob, the Yenisei, the Lena, the Irtish are the main Siberian rivers, the Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.

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Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the Europe‟s largest inland water transportation route.

The world‟s deepest lake – Lake Baikal, with the depth of 1600 metres, is situated in Russia, too. The water in this lake is so clear that if you look down you can count stones on the bottom.

Russia has 1/6 of the world‟s forests. They are concentrated in the

European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate. It is continental in central European part, with frosts and snow in winter and hot summers. It's subtropical in the south; there is hardly any snow in winter and summer may be very hot. The coldest areas are in the extreme North and in the northern part of Siberia, the climate is arctic there.

Russia is a highly industrialized and agrarian republic. Its vast mineral resources include oil and natural gas, coal, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, gold and other non-ferrous metals. Russia has the world‟s largest oil and natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the republic‟s mineral wealth is concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

Russia‟s machine-building industry provides most of the federation‟s requirements for steam boilers and turbines, electric generators, grain combines, automobiles and electric locomotives, machine tools and instruments. Because of the development of the chemical industries and the great variety of raw materials involved, chemical manufacture is widely dispersed. The industry initially utilized mineral salts, timber, and foodstuffs (mainly potation) as their raw materials. On this basis synthetic rubber factories were built in the Central Black Earth and Central regions, areas of large-scale potato production; sulphuric acid plants were developed in the Ural and North Caucasus, where there was nonferrous metallurgy.

Since the end of the 1950s the massive increase in oil and gas output has provided new raw chemical materials. New chemical plants have been built both in the oil and gas producing areas of the Volga – Ural and North Caucasus zones. Chemical industries requiring large quantities of electric power are particularly important in Siberia, where both timber and electricity are plentiful.

Russian‟s textile industries are heavily concentrated in the European sector, especially in the Central region, which produces a large share of the federation‟s clothing and footwear. The dominant branch is cottontextiles.

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Approximately 10 mln people are engaged in agriculture and they produce half of the region‟s grain, meat, milk, and other dairy products. The largest granaries are situated in the North Caucasus and the Volga and the Amur regions. The building industry plays a significant role in the Russian economy.

The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow; it‟s the largest political, administrative, cultural and scientific centre. It‟s one of the oldest

Russian cities (founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruki).

Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner. It has 3 horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. A two-headed eagle is a national emblem. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.

I. Names / Географические названия

the White Sea – белое море

the Barents Sea ['bær(ə)n(t)s -] – Баренцево море the Kara Sea ['kɑ:rə -] – Карское море

the Laptev Sea – море Лаптевых

the East-Siberian Sea [saɪ'bɪərɪən] – Восточно-Сибирское море the Bering Sea ['berɪŋ -] – Берингово море

the Sea of Okhotsk [əu'kɔtsk] – Охотское море the Caspian Sea ['kæspɪən -] – Каспийское море the Baltic Sea ['bɔ:ltɪk -] – Балтийское море

the Sea of Japan [ʤə'pæn] – Японское море the Azov Sea ['ɑ:zɔv] – Азовское море Mongolia [mɔŋ'gəulɪə] – Монголия

Korea [kə'ri:ə] – Корея

Kazakhstan [kæzæk'stɑ:n] – Казахстан Georgia I ['ʤɔ:ʤ(ɪ)ə] – Грузия Azerbaijan [æzəbaɪ'ʤɑ:n] – Азербайджан Norway ['nɔ:weɪ] – Норвегия

Finland ['fɪnlənd] – Финляндия the Baltic States – страны Балтики

Byelorussia [bjeləu'rʌʃə] – Белоруссия the Ukraine [ju:'kreɪn]– Украина

the Tatar Yoke ['tɑ:tə jəuk] – татарское иго

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the Napoleon occupation [nə'pəulɪən ɔkjə'peɪʃ(ə)n] – нашествие Наполеона

the Commonwealth of Independent States ['kɔmənwelθ] – Содруже-

ство независимых государств the Urals ['juər(ə)lz] – Урал

the Caucasus ['kɔkəsəs] – Кавказ the Ob – р. Обь

the Yenisei [jenɪ'seɪ] – р. Енисей the Lena ['leɪnə] – р. Лена

the Irtish [ɪə'tɪʃ] – р. Иртыш the Amur [ə'muə] – р. Амур

lake Baikal [baɪ'kɑ:l] – оз. Байкал Siberia [saɪ'bɪərɪə] – Сибирь

the Far East – Дальний Восток

the extreme North [ɪks'tri:m nɔ:θ] – Крайний Север the Great Russian Plain – Среднерусская равнина

the West Siberian Lowland [saɪ'bɪərɪən] – Западносибирская низ-

менность

II. Words and word combinations to be remembered /

Слова для заучивания

1)to date back - относить к определенному времени, датиро-

вать

2)invader – захватчик, оккупант, посягатель

3)to suffer - страдать

4)grief – горе, печаль, огорчение

5)sorrow – горе, печаль, скорбь

6)a multinational state – многонациональное государство

7)former Soviet republics – бывшие советские республики

8)heavy thick forests – очень густые леса

9)barren deserts – брошенные земли, пустошь

10)steppe – степь

11)tundra – тундра

12)taiga – тайга

13)to be of great historical economic and cultural importance –

иметь огромное, экономическое и культурное значение

14)cradle – начало, истоки

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15)to include – включать

16)nickel – никель

17)aluminium – алюминий

18)non-ferrous metals – цветные металлы

19)grain – зерно

20)dairy products – молочные продукты

21)granary – хлебородный район, житница

22)а two-headed eagle – двуглавый орел

23)the heraldic emblem – геральдическая эмблема

24)masterpiece – шедевр

25)to disperse – рассеивать, рассредоточивать, распространять

26)initially – в начале

27)to utilize – утилизировать, использовать, расходовать, употреблять

28)plentiful – богатый, изобилующий

29)footwear – обувь

30)timber – лесоматериалы, строевой лес, древесина

III. Give Russian equivalents for these sentences / Переведите следующие предложения

1. The story of our country has always been the history of struggle for its liberation and independence from different invaders in different times: the Tatar Yoke, the Napoleon occupation, World War I and World War II, it has suffered grief and sorrow.

2. Russia is located on two vast plains: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland.

3.Numerous canals join all rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the Europe‟s largest inland water transportation route.

4.The largest granaries are situated in the North Caucasus and the Volga and the Amur regions.

5.Because of the development of the chemical industries and the great variety of raw materials involved, chemical manufacture is widely dispersed.

6.New chemical plants have been built both in the oil and gas producing areas of the Volga – Ural and North Caucasus zones.

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7.It has 3 horisontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty.

8.Approximately 10 mln people are engaged in agriculture and they produce half of the region‟s grain, meat, milk and other dairy products.

9.Russia‟s machine-building industry provides most of the federation‟s requirements for steam boilers and turbines, electric generators, grain combines, automobiles and electric locomotives and fills much of its demand for machine tools, instruments and automation components.

10.The country is a land of different kinds of scenery: heavy thick forests, barren deserts, high peaked mountains, and deep valleys.

IV. Give English equivalents for these word combinations /

Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык

1)находится в восточной части Европы и северной части

Азии;

2)она граничит по морю с США;

3)берет начало в 862 году;

4)борьба за свободу и независимость;

5)многонациональное государство;

6)Содружество Независимых Государств;

7)густые леса;

8)бесплодные пустыни;

9)расположена на двух обширных равнинах;

10)имеет большое историческое экономическое и культурное значение;

11)место основания таких древних городов, как;

12)самый крупный водный транспортный маршрут внутри ма-

терика;

13)на крайнем севере;

14)самые большие в мире запасы нефти и природного газа;

15)использование большого разнообразия сырьевых материалов;

16)заводы по производству синтетического каучука;

17)территории крупномасштабного производства картофеля;

18)заводы по производству серной кислоты;

19)цветная металлургия;

20)значительный рост производства нефти и газа;

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21)особенно важны;

22)в основном сосредоточены;

23)большая часть одежды и обуви;

24)основная отрасль;

25)означает небо;

26)двуглавый орѐл;

27)одобрены.

V. Write out from the text all the sentences containing verbs

in the Passive Voice and translate them/ Выпишите из текста все предложения с глаголами в страдательном залоге

ипереведите их

1)is washed by

2)is located

3)is situated in

4)is concentrated in

5)is dispersed

6)were built

7)were developed

8)have been built

9)are concentrated in

10)are engaged in

11)are situated

12)have been approved by

VI. Study the text and answer the questions using functional phrases / Ответьте на вопросы, используя функциональные фразы

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1.What‟s the location and total area of Russia?

2.What countries does Russia border on?

3.Prove that Russia is a land of different kinds of scenery and cli-

mate.

4.What are the major plains, mountain chains, rivers and lakes of the country?

5.What mineral resources is Russia rich in?

6.What does Russia‟s machine-building industry provide most of the federation‟s requirements for?

7.Why is chemical manufacture widely dispersed?

8.What did the chemical industry initially utilize?

9.Where were synthetic rubber factories built?

10.Why have new chemical plants been built in the areas of the Volga – Ural and North Caucasus zones?

11.Where are Russia‟s textile industries heavily concentrated?

12.How many people are engaged in agriculture?

13.Where are the largest granaries situated in?

14.Do you know anything of Russian symbols?

Задания для самостоятельной работы

VII. Agree or disagree with the following statements using one of the expressions. Add some details

1.The vast territory of Russia occupies about ⅓ of the earth‟s sur-

face.

2.Russia is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans.

3.The population of Russia is 149 mln people, 80% of which are immigrants.

4.The broad Volga river system is of no historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia.

5.On the vast territory of the country there are various types of cli-

mate.

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