Аврамова Интродуцтион то Нуцлеар Енглиш 2011
.pdf
|
Вам предстоит. |
Вам предстояло |
|
|
|
|
сделать. |
|
|
|
Shall I do it? |
– |
– |
– |
|
Мне делать? |
|
|
|
|
You should do it. |
– |
– |
– |
|
Вам следует |
|
|
|
|
(с)делать. |
|
|
|
|
You ought to do |
– |
– |
– |
|
it. |
|
|
|
|
Вам следует |
|
|
|
|
сделать. |
|
|
|
|
You needn’t do |
– |
– |
– |
|
it. |
|
|
|
|
Вам не нужно |
|
|
|
|
делать (не обя- |
|
|
|
|
зательно). |
|
|
|
Exercise 34. Измените сказуемое в следующих предложениях,
поставив его в прошедшее и будущее время. Используйте образец.
Образец: Science can improve the world.
Science could improve the world.
Science will be able to improve the world.
1.You can change your views.
2.You must work hard.
3.They must explain this fact.
4.You may use the mobile.
5.You may choose your line in research.
Exercise 35. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.
1.Nuclear power can provide clean and cheap energy in any form.
2.We cannot see radiation but we can measure it with great accuracy.
3.The first reactors couldn’t operate efficiently.
4.Reactor operators are able to find out the cause of the failure quickly.
5.Man will eventually be able to control the forces of nature.
6.Scientists have been able to improve the world we live in.
7.An educated man must know at least one foreign language.
8.Plutonium is a toxic substance and you have to handle it with care.
71
9.Scientists had to solve incredible technical problems to develop nuclear technologies.
10.The traditional question behind research is: “How is this to be explained?”
11.A scientist may choose his line of research.
12.You can’t be right every time. Everyone is allowed to be occasionally wrong.
13.We should learn to live with radiation.
14.You should know the names of outstanding scientists.
15.A scientist ought to be a very honest man.
16.The principle of conservation of energy must be stated as follows: energy can never be created or destroyed, although its form can be changed.
17.You mustn’t touch that switch. It can be very dangerous.
18.To be a great scientist, you needn’t solve a great many problems.
19.To be a successful scientist one must be able at least to ask questions.
20.You have to use imagination to picture the world we’ll be living in 20 years’ time.
Exercise 36. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.
1.Вы должны посещать занятия каждый день. (to attend classes)
2.Вы не должны пропускать занятий. (to miss classes)
3.Ему приходится вставать рано, чтобы успеть на автобус. (to catch the bus)
4.А вам приходится вставать рано?
5.Ему пришлось учить физику вчера.
6.Мне не пришлось повторять вопрос.
7.Вам следует знать теорию.
8.Вам следует прочитать эту статью.
9.Вам следует уважать людей. (to respect)
10.Вам не нужно переводить эту статью сегодня. Вы можете сделать это завтра.
11.Вы умеете водить машину?
12.Вам следует водить машину осторожно.
13.Вы можете стоять на голове?
14.Я мог стоять на голове, когда я был молодым, а сейчас не могу.
72
15.Я сожалею, что не мог прийти вчера, т.к. мне пришлось работать допоздна. (to work late)
16.Могу я воспользоваться вашим телефоном?
17.Вам разрешается выбирать свою специальность. (to pick your major)
18.Вам не разрешается парковать здесь свою машину.
19.Потенциальная энергия должна быть превращена в кинетическую энергию, прежде чем мы можем использовать ее.
20.Энергия может превращаться из одной формы в другую, но она не может быть создана или уничтожена.
XVI. МНОГОЗНАЧНОЕ СЛОВО «IT»
1.Личное местоимение для неодушевленных существитель-
ных, 3 л., ед. число («он», «она», «оно», «его», «ему», «ей» и т.д.). I like the paper. Read it.
2. Указательное местоимение («это»).
This is a computer. It is a microcomputer. |
|
Сравните: this – these; |
that – those. |
3.Безличное «it» не переводится. Употребляется в безличных
предложениях.
1)It is (was) + прилагательное.
It is (was) + существительное.
E.g.: It is morning. It was dark. It was late. 2) It + глагол: It often rains in autumn.
It is raining. It has been raining all day.
4.В качестве формального подлежащего «it» не переводится.
1)It is (was) + прил. + инфинитив.
It is important to have some knowledge of computers and programming.
2) It is (was) + прил. + придаточное предложение.
It is important that you should know a foreign language.
5. Усилительное «it» в усилительной конструкции «It is … that (who, which)».
1.The nucleus is involved in atomic disintegration.
It is the nucleus that is involved in atomic disintegration.
2.Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear atom model.
It was Ernest Rutherford who proposed the nuclear atom model.
3.Hydrogen gas can be produced from water.
73
It is hydrogen gas which can be produced from water.
It is from water that hydrogen gas can be produced.
Exercise 37. Переведите следующие поговорки. Найдите их русские эквиваленты.
1.It is human to err.
2.It is easy to be wise after the event.
3.It is better to be sure (safe) than sorry.
4.It is never too late to learn (to love).
Exercise 38. Используйте усилительную конструкцию «It is … that» для выделенных слов в следующих предложениях. Исполь-
зуйте образец.
Образец: Science transforms the world.
It is science that transforms the world. It is the world that science transforms.
1.The history of physics begins with Galileo.
2.The idea of an atom came from ancient Greek philosophy.
3.Einstein first showed the equivalence of mass and energy.
4.Fission releases tremendous energy.
5.The neutron sustains the chain reaction.
6.Ionizing radiation can cause damage to living tissue.
7.The Sun’s energy comes in the form of radiant energy.
8.The chemical behaviour of an atom is determined by its number of planetary electrons.
9.Physics uses the scientific method to test hypotheses.
Exercise 39. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слова «it».
1.It was a difficult question. I couldn’t answer it.
2.There was an accident in the reactor but it wasn’t very serious.
3.What’s the weather like? – It’s fine.
4.It often rains in October.
5.It doesn’t often snow in England.
6.It’s late. It’s time to start work.
7.It’s a long way from my home to the University.
8.It takes about 2 hours to get from Obninsk to Moscow.
9.We learn English because it opens the way to a successful career.
74
10.It is easy to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken.
11.It is nice to be important but it is important to be nice.
12.It is absurd to be upset about such small things.
13.It is impossible to stop progress in science and technology.
14.It is necessary to design and build safe and reliable nuclear power plants.
15.It takes a lot of professionals to create a nuclear power plant.
16.It is difficult to store energy.
17.Natural carbon occurs in all living things. It doesn’t cause any harm.
18.It is physics that plays the leading part in science.
19.It is the electron that causes radiation.
20.It is science that transforms the world.
21.It is hydrogen that is the fuel of the future.
22.It was Lomonosov who founded Moscow University.
23.It is important to cooperate with others.
XVII. МНОГОЗНАЧНОЕ СЛОВО «THAT»
1.Указательное местоимение «тот, та, то»: This – these; that – those.
Do you know that student?
2.Союзное слово «который, которая, которое, которые»: Do you know the student that is speaking now?
3.Союз «что» в придаточном дополнительном:
Do you know that he is the best student in the group?
4. Слово-заменитель.
The structure of the atom is like that of the solar system.
5.Часть усилительного оборота «it is … that» (именно)
It is that student that won a scholarship last term.
6.Союз «что; то что» в придаточных подлежащего и сказуемого.
That that student won a scholarship didn’t surprise anybody.
The trouble is that the computer can cause problems.
Exercise 40. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначное слово «that – those».
1.Look at the map: that star is a city, those lines are canals.
2.Everybody knows that man.
3.Everybody knows that Man is improving his way of living.
75
4.We know that the Sun is our most important source of energy.
5.There is no energy source that is absolutely safe.
6.This paper contains more information than that one.
7.The Curies found that their element (radium) was many times more active than uranium.
8.The Curies found the element that was many times more active than uranium.
9.The atmosphere of the earth is denser than that of Mars.
10.The year on Mars is twice as long as that on the earth.
11.We know that air has pressure.
12.The barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.
13.It is the weight of air that gives rise to atmospheric pressure.
14.Some properties of air are similar to those of water.
15.It is the force of attraction that holds the atoms together.
16.Fusion is a source of energy that holds great promise for the future.
17.The design of an advanced reactor is different from that of a conventional one.
18.That Norbert Wiener is the founder of cybernetics is a wellknown fact.
19.It is a scientific approach that distinguishes the professional engineer.
20.Do you know that that «that», that that student used is a conjunction?
XVIII. МНОГОЗНАЧНОЕ СЛОВО «ONE»
1.Числительное «один, одна, одно».
2.Неопределенно-личное подлежащее «вы».
3.Слово-заменитель.
E.g. One should remember that one form of energy can be transformed into another one.
Вы должны помнить, что одна форма энергии может быть преобразована в другую форму.
Exercise 41. Переведите следующие поговорки. Найдите их русские эквиваленты.
1.One cannot put back the clock.
2.One cannot serve two masters.
76
Exercise 42. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слово «one».
1.English is one of the most widely used languages.
2.One can meet people speaking English in the most remote parts of the world.
3.One must read the instructions carefully to perform the calculations properly.
4.One should remember all these rules while solving that problem.
5.By means of a computer one can solve any problem.
6.There is only one solution, the one stated above.
7.Business contacts as well as cultural ones contribute to understanding and trust among the people.
8.One of the major problems with computers is that of fault finding.
9.One must think of another approach to solving the problem.
10.We can advise you several procedures, but this is the most reliable one.
Exercise 43. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на словa «it»,»one (ones)», «that (those)».
1.One should remember that one form of energy can be transformed into another one.
2.This calculation is more accurate than that one.
3.This rule is similar to that of addition.
4.It is television that has been called man’s «third eye».
5.The number of electrons that an atom loses or receives is called its valence.
6.Alchemists were sure that the «philosopher’s» stone would change iron into gold.
7.We know that heat and light are forms of energy.
8.That water is a good conductor of sound is common knowledge.
9.That mathematics is a logical science is a fact that is never questioned.
10.The great property of the neutron is that it has no electrical charge.
11.Experiments show that there is very little attraction between the molecules of gas.
12.It is the nucleus that is involved in atomic disintegration, hence the process should properly be called nuclear disintegration.
77
13.It is James Chadwick that (who) discovered the third subatomic particle, the neutron, in 1932.
14.Earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
15.One should always work hard if one wants to achieve something.
16.One can’t get always what one wants.
17.The word «program» means a sequence of instructions that a computer performs.
18.A virus is a set of illicit instructions that infect other programs. It may spread rapidly.
19.Artificial Intelligence (AI) doesn’t mean that computers possess intelligence.
20.It is U235 that is the most important of all the uranium isotopes.
21.It was Einstein that provided a new conception of time, space and gravitation.
22.It is computers that make virtual reality possible.
23.It is usually easier to study a subject by reading books than by listening to lectures.
24.It is the core meltdown that can release radiation into the environment.
25.How can one improve the safety of nuclear power plants?
XIX. ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE). ФОРМЫ ПРИЧАСТИЯ
|
Active |
Passive |
Present |
asking |
being asked |
Past |
--------- |
asked |
Perfect |
having asked |
having been asked |
Функции причастия в предложении
|
Пример |
Перевод |
|
|
|
|
|
1. Определение |
1.The student asking a ques- |
1.Студент, |
задающий |
|
tion wants to know the an- |
вопрос, хочет знать от- |
|
|
swer. |
вет. |
|
|
|
|
|
78
|
2. |
The student being asked |
2. |
Спрашиваемый |
сту- |
||
|
|
belongs to the Cybernet- |
|
дент (которого спра- |
|||
|
|
ics department. |
|
шивают) |
учится |
на |
|
|
|
|
|
факультете |
киберне- |
||
|
|
|
|
тики. |
|
|
|
|
3. |
The student asked ans- |
3. Студент, |
|
которого |
||
|
|
wered correctly. |
|
спросили, |
правильно |
||
|
|
|
|
ответил. |
|
|
|
2. Обстоятель- |
1. When asking the teacher |
1. Задавая вопрос учи- |
|||||
ство |
|
the student stood up. |
|
телю, студент встал. |
|||
|
2. |
Having asked his ques- |
2. Задав |
|
вопрос, |
||
|
|
tion the student sat down. |
|
студент сел. |
|
|
|
|
3. |
Being asked the student |
3.Когда |
|
студента |
||
|
|
felt shy. |
|
спрашивали |
(будучи |
||
|
|
|
|
спрашиваемым), |
он |
||
|
|
|
|
чувствовал |
смуще- |
||
|
|
|
|
ние. |
|
|
|
|
4. |
When asked he refused |
4./5. Когда его спроси- |
||||
|
|
to answer the question. |
ли (будучи спрошен), |
||||
|
5. |
Having been asked he |
он отказался отвечать. |
||||
|
|
refused to answer. |
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise 44. Сравните Present Participle и Past Participle в следую-
щих словосочетаниях. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
|
Present Participle |
|
Past Participle |
1. |
The developing countries |
1. |
The developed countries |
2. |
The inducing charge |
2. |
The induced charge |
3. |
The charging object |
3. |
The charged object |
4. |
The changing conditions |
4. |
The changed conditions |
5. |
The testing device |
5. |
The tested device |
6. |
The controlling signal |
6. |
The controlled signal |
7. |
The increasing output |
7. |
The increased output |
8. |
The correcting signal |
8. |
The corrected formula |
|
|
|
|
79
Exercise 45. Переведите следующие выражения на английский язык, употребляя соответствующую форму причастия. Используйте образец.
Образец: to test the device
1)ученый, проверяющий устройство – the scientist testing the
device
2)проверяемое устройство – the device being tested
3)проверенное устройство – the device tested
4)проверяя устройство, ученый... – Testing the device the scien-
tist…
5)проверив устройство, ученый… – Having tested the device
the scientist…
6)будучи проверяемым, устройство... – Being tested, the de-
vice…
7) будучи проверенным, устройство... – Having been tested, the device… / When tested, the device…
1.To calculate the data
1)ученый, вычисляющий данные, ...
2)вычисляемые данные
3)вычисленные данные
4)вычисляя данные, ученый ...
5)вычислив данные, ученый ...
6)будучи вычисляемыми, данные...
7)будучи вычисленными, данные ... (2 способа)
2.To transmit the signal
1)устройство, передающее сигнал
2)передаваемый сигнал
3)переданный сигнал
4)передавая сигнал, устройство...
5)передав сигнал, устройство...
6)будучи передаваемым, сигнал ...
7)будучи переданным, сигнал ... (2 способа)
Exercise 46. Переведите следующие формы причастия на русский (А) и английский (В) язык.
80