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Аврамова Интродуцтион то Нуцлеар Енглиш 2011

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Exercise 24. Поставьте общие и специальные вопросы к данным

предложениям. Используйте образец.

Образец: The word «science» means «knowledge».

 

 

– Q

.....

? Does the word «science» mean «knowledge»?

 

 

– What

..... ? What does the word «science» mean?

1.

The Sun provides the earth with energy.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- What

..... ?

 

 

2.

The Hubble Space telescope discovered many galaxies.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- What .....

?

 

 

3.

The Hubble telescope is about 350 miles above our planet.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- Where .....

?

 

4.

Books teach us to be good, real people.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- What .....

?

 

 

5.

Parents should understand their children.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- Who(m) .....

?

 

6.

We live in a competitive world.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- Where .....

?

 

7.

Distant learning will soon replace traditional ways of education.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- When .....

?

 

8.

Art has different forms.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- What forms .....

?

9.

The Internet is an important source of information.

- Q .....

?

 

 

- What .....

?

 

 

10. A foreign language will help you achieve more in your life.

- Q .....

?

 

- In what way .....

?

61

Exercise 25. Поставьте все виды вопросов к следующим предложениям.

1.The Chinese invented paper in 107 A.D.

2.Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

3.The American astronomer Edwin Hubble created a space telescope to study the universe.

4.Niels Armstrong walked on the Moon in 1969.

5.Astronauts will land on Mars in the next few years.

6.Scientists will soon learn to control the weather.

7.Robots will replace people for many boring jobs.

8.Scientists have answers to many mysteries of the universe.

9.It takes a long time to learn a foreign language.

Exercise 26. Найдите глагол-сказуемое в предложениях следующего отрывка. Объясните употребление времен. Переведите отрывок на русский язык.

Computafuture

Have you ever wondered what exactly you will be doing in ten years’ time? Well, according to computer expert Tom Vincent, computers will soon be able to make accurate predictions about the future. Recently Professor Vincent, from Cambridge University, has held a press conference to describe the computer which he calls «Computafuture». «This computer can tell us what life will be like, based on data describing past events», explains Professor Vincent. For example, Computafuture can predict how many people will live in a particular area, or whether there will be a lot of rain during a particular period. Professor Vincent also believes that by the year 2050, computers will have replaced teachers, and will also be doing most of the jobs now being done by the police. «Computers are becoming more intelligent all the time», says Professor Vincent. «Soon they will be directing traffic and will be teaching our children. And telling us about the future».

62

XII. СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

Правило согласования времен в английском языке представляет определенную зависимость времени глагола в придаточном предложении (главным образом, дополнительном) от времени глагола в главном предложении. В русском языке такой зависимости не существует. Основные положения согласования времен сводятся к следующему.

1.Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в настоящем (будущем) времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения может употребляться в любом времени, которое требуется по смыслу.

2.Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени (Past Simple), то сказуемое придаточного предложения должно быть в одном из прошедших времен в зависимости от того, происходит ли действие придаточного предложения одновременно с главным, предшествует ему или следует за ним.

Глагол-сказуемое в

 

Глагол-сказуемое в

главном предложении

 

главном предложении

в наст. времени

 

в прошед.врем.

1.

He says he lives in

 

1.

He said he lived in Ob-

Obninsk.

одновременность

ninsk.

2.

He says he is living

2.

He said he was living in

in Obninsk.

 

Obninsk at that time.

1.

He says he has lived

 

1.

He said he had lived in

in Moscow.

предшествование

Moscow.

2.

He says he lived in

 

 

Moscow.

 

 

 

1.

He says he will live

 

1.

He said he would live

in Moscow.

последующее

in Moscow.

2.

He says he is going

действие

2.

He said he was going to

to live in Moscow.

 

live in Moscow.

Exercise 27. Переведите на английский язык, соблюдая правило согласования времен.

1.Он говорит, что работает в вычислительном центре.

2.Он сказал, что работает в вычислительном центре.

3.Он говорит, что работал в вычислительном центре.

4.Он сказал, что работает в вычислительном центре.

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5.Он говорит, что будет работать в вычислительном центре.

6.Он сказал, что будет работать в вычислительном центре.

7.Он сказал, что изучает эту проблему.

8.Он сказал, что изучал эту проблему.

9.Он сказал, что будет изучать эту проблему.

Exercise 28. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.

1.Scientists always believed that it was impossible to stop progress in science and technology.

2.When Norbert Wiener first used the word «cybernetics», he didn’t know that the word would become so popular in the world of science.

3.Scientists believed that computers would create wonders and a high living standard for humanity.

4.Some people understood that the introduction of computers would cause problems. They believed that computers would ultimately destroy the world.

5.We didn’t know what a virus was and the programmer explained to us that a virus was a set of illicit instructions that infected other programs.

6.He also said that programmers had developed an antivirus program referred to as a vaccine.

7.Enjoy the joke. When asked what his job was an intelligence agent answered that his mission was so secret that he didn’t know himself what he was and what he did.

XIII. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (THE PASSIVE VOICE)

Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) – особая форма глагола, которая обозначает, что подлежащее не совершает действия, а подвергается действию другого лица или предмета. При этом лицо,

совершающее действие, может не упоминаться.

E.g. Popov invented the radio in 1897.

The radio was invented (by Popov) in 1897.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного

глагола to be в соответствующем времени и III формы смыслового глагола. Все времена, кроме Perfect Continuous, имеют страдатель-

ный залог.

64

Система времен в английском языке. Страдательный залог

 

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect

 

Continuous

 

 

 

 

 

I am asked.

I am being asked.

I have been asked.

 

 

He is asked.

He is being asked.

He has been asked.

 

Present

She is asked.

She is being asked.

She has been asked.

 

It is asked.

It is being asked.

It has been asked.

-----

We are asked.

We are being asked.

We have been asked.

 

You are asked.

You are being

You have been

 

 

 

 

 

asked.

asked.

 

 

They are

They are being

They have been

 

 

asked.

asked.

asked.

 

 

I was asked.

I was being asked.

I had been asked.

 

 

He was asked.

He was being

He had been asked.

 

 

 

asked.

 

-----

 

She was asked.

She was being

 

 

Past

 

asked.

 

 

We were

We were being

 

 

 

asked.

asked.

 

 

 

You were

You were being

 

 

 

asked.

asked.

 

 

 

They were

They were being

 

 

 

asked.

asked

 

 

 

I shall/will be

 

I shall/will have been

 

 

asked

 

asked.

 

 

He will be

 

He will have been

 

 

asked.

-----

asked.

-----

Future

She will be

 

She will have been

 

asked.

 

asked.

 

We shall/will

 

We shall/will have

 

 

be asked.

 

been asked.

 

 

You will be

 

You will have been

 

 

asked.

 

asked.

 

 

They will be

 

They will have been

 

 

asked.

 

asked.

 

65

Exercise 29. Переведите следующие поговорки. Найдите их русские эквиваленты.

1.Rome wasn’t built in one day.

2.Lost time is never found again.

3.Hell is paved with good intentions.

4.A tree is known by its fruit.

5.What is done cannot be undone.

6.Don’t count your chickens until they are hatched.

Exercise 30. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на времена в страдательном залоге.

1.The physical laws are usually expressed in the language of mathematics.

2.Since heat is not fully converted into another form of energy, some of it is released into the environment.

3.Tremendous energy is released when the nucleus is split.

4.Radiant energy is emitted in the form of photons.

5.Every body is attracted to the centre of the earth by gravity.

6.The law of universal gravitation was discovered by Isaac Newton.

7.It has been discovered that matter is converted into energy and vice versa.

8.The structure of elements is determined by internal forces and energy.

9.This value was determined experimentally and compared with the calculated values.

10.This value has been determined experimentally.

11.A lot of effort is being made to save natural resources.

12.A new discovery was made after the experiment had been carried out.

13.Alternative energy sources have been developed and are being developed in many countries.

14.Numerous methods had been used for this research before the most efficient method was developed.

15.Scientists believe that one day all the fuels used at present will be replaced by hydrogen.

16.Only after the last tree has been cut down, only after the last river has been poisoned, only after the last fish has been caught, only then will you find that money cannot be eaten. (Indian prophecy)

66

Exercise 31. Переведите следующие предложения из действи-

тельного залога в страдательный. Используйте образец.

Образец: Scientists express the physical laws mathematically.

The physical laws are expressed mathematically.

1.Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus.

2.Nuclear forces hold the atom together.

3.The Sun emits photons of light.

4.The atmosphere partially absorbs cosmic rays.

5.Newton discovered the law of universal gravity.

6.Galileo introduced the fundamental concepts of physics.

7.Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.

8.E. Rutherford proposed the nuclear atom model.

9.People share information through the Internet.

10.The scientists will prove the hypothesis.

11.The problem will require further research.

12.Scientists are developing alternative energy sources.

13.They are building a solar power plant.

14.Scientists have created artificial elements.

15.The programmer has made a lot of mistakes in the program.

16.They cannot store energy.

17.They must define the terms.

Exercise 32. Переведите следующие предложения из страда-

тельного залога в действительный. Используйте образец.

Образец: Radiation is absorbed by matter.

Matter absorbs radiation.

1.Every body is attracted to the Earth by gravity.

2.Physics is divided by scientists into several specific fields of study.

3.Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere by fossil fuels.

4.The idea of an atom was proposed by Democritus in 530 BC.

5.Radioactivity was discovered by H. Becquerel.

6.The theory of relativity was developed by Einstein.

7.Television was invented by John Baird in the 20th century.

8.Clean and cheap energy will be provided by solar power plants.

9.Alternative energy sources are being developed by scientists.

10.The hypothesis has been proved.

11.An extensive database has been created by the programmers.

12.Similar experiments have been carried out by other investigators.

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13.The first controlled chain reaction was produced by Fermi in 1942.

14.New power plants must be designed.

15.Living things can be damaged by ionizing radiation.

XIV. ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

Мы используем страдательный залог тогда, когда нас интересует не действующее лицо или предмет, а предмет или лицо, испы-

тывающее действие другого лица или предмета.

Сравнение: The Sun gives us heat.

1.Heat is given to us by the Sun.

2.We are given heat by the Sun.

Особенность страдательного залога в английском языке состоит в том, что не только прямое дополнение («heat»), но и косвенное до-

полнение («us») и предложное дополнение в английском предложении могут стать подлежащим соответствующей страдательной конструкции. При наличии прямого и косвенного дополнения предпочтительнее, чтобы подлежащим стало косвенное дополнение.

Обратите внимание на следующие группы глаголов, которые надо уметь переводить в страдательном залоге.

1.Глаголы, требующие косвенного дополнения: to give – gave – given – давать;

to show – showed – shown – показывать; to tell – told – told –говорить;

to promise – promised – promised – обещать; to offer – offered – offered – предлагать;

to allow – allowed – allowed – позволять.

2.Глаголы, требующие предложного дополнения: to deal with – dealt – dealt – иметь дело с;

to refer to – ссылаться на; to depend on – зависеть от; to rely on – полагаться на; to insist on – настаивать на;

to speak of, about – spoke – spoken – говорить о; to think of, about – thought – thought – думать о; to send for – sent – sent – посылать за.

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3. Глаголы, не требующие предлога в английском языке, но тре-

бующие соответствующего предлога при переводе на русский язык: to follow – следовать за;

to answer – отвечать на; to affect – влиять на;

to influence – влиять на; to watch – следить за.

Exercise 33. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на времена и особенности страдательного залога.

1.The computer will do exactly what it is told to do.

2.The Earth is given energy by the Sun.

3.People are offered great opportunities by new technologies.

4.The laboratory was offered to develop a new device.

5.The laboratory was promised all the necessary equipment.

6.The 19th century was spoken of as the age of steam. Our age is spoken of as the age of information technology.

7.This information is not correct and cannot be referred to.

8.Since oxygen causes combustion, this process is referred to as oxidation.

9.The Rutherford model of the atom is referred to as the nuclearatom model.

10.All these problems were dealt with from both theoretical and experimental points of view.

11.The data are rather contradictory. They cannot be relied upon.

12.Experience shows that nuclear power can be relied upon.

13.These properties are not accounted for by the reaction.

14.Such questions are not easily answered.

15.Great causes are followed by great results.

16.This method is the most accurate, and it should be followed when great accuracy is required.

17.Living things are affected by radiation.

18.Our way of thinking is greatly affected by mathematics.

19.The motion of the electron is influenced by the magnetic field.

20.To explain the law of action and reaction, Newton said, «If you press a stone with your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone».

69

XV. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЗАМЕНИТЕЛИ (ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ)

Модальные глаголы выражают отношение к действию инфинитива, следующего за ними (как, правило, без частицы «to»). Модальные глаголы называются также недостаточными, так как они не

имеют неличных форм глагола и, следовательно, не могут образовы-

вать временных форм Perfect, Continuous, Perfect Continuous и т.д.

 

Present

Past

Future

Эквивалент(ы)

 

You can do it.

You could do it.

 

 

You are able to

You were able to

You will be able

to be able to

 

do it.

do it.

to do it.

 

 

Вы можете сде-

Вы (с)могли

Вы сможете

 

 

лать…

сделать…

сделать…

 

 

You may do it.

You might do it.

 

 

You are allowed

You were al-

You will be al-

to be allowed to

 

to do it.

lowed to do it.

lowed to do it.

 

 

 

Вам разрешили.

Вам разрешат.

 

 

Вам разрешает-

 

 

 

ся.

 

 

 

 

You must do it.

 

 

Вы должны сде-

 

 

 

 

лать определен-

 

 

 

 

но.

 

 

 

 

a) You have to

You had to do it.

You will have to

to have to

 

do it.

 

do it.

 

 

He has to do it.

 

Вам придется.

 

 

Вам приходится

Вам пришлось

 

 

(Вы

(Вы были вы-

 

 

 

вынуждены).

нуждены).

 

 

 

Do you have to

Did you have to

Will you have to

 

 

do it?

do it?

do it?

 

 

Does he have to

 

 

 

 

do it?

 

 

 

 

b) You are to do

You were to do

_

to be to

 

it.

it.

 

 

 

He is to do it.

He was to do it.

 

 

70