Аврамова Интродуцтион то Нуцлеар Енглиш 2011
.pdfСпряжение глагола «to have» в Present, Past, Future Simple Tenses
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Утвердительная |
Вопросительная |
Отрицательная форма |
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форма |
форма |
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I have a pet. |
Do I have a pet? |
I don’t have a pet. |
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He has a pet. |
Does he have a pet? |
He doesn’t have a pet. |
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Present |
She has a pet. |
Does she have a pet? |
She doesn’t have a pet. |
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It has a pet. |
Does it have a pet? |
It doesn’t have a pet. |
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-Yes, he does. |
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-No, he doesn’t. |
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We have a pet. |
Do we have a pet? |
We don’t have a pet. |
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You have a pet. |
Do you have a pet? |
You don’t have a pet. |
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They have a pet. |
Do they have a pet? |
They don’t have a pet. |
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I had a pet. |
Did I have a pet? |
I didn’t have a pet. |
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He had a pet. |
Did he have a pet? |
He didn’t have a pet. |
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She had a pet. |
Did he have a pet? |
She didn’t have a pet. |
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Past |
It had a pet. |
Did it have a pet? |
It didn’t have a pet. |
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We had a pet. |
Did we have a pet? |
We didn’t have a pet. |
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You had a pet. |
Did you have a pet? |
You didn’t have a pet. |
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-Yes, I did. |
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-No, I didn’t |
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They had a pet. |
Did they have a pet? |
They didn’t have a рet. |
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I shall/will have a |
Shall/will I have a pet? |
I shan’t/won’t have a pet. |
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pet. |
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He will have a pet. |
Will he have a pet? |
He will not have a pet. |
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She will have a pet. |
Will she have a pet? |
She will not have a pet. |
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Future |
It will have a pet. |
Will it have a pet? |
It will not have a pet. |
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We shall/will have |
Shall/will we have a pet? |
We shan’t/won’t have a |
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a pet. |
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pet. |
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You will have a |
Will you have a pet? |
You won’t have a pet. |
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pet. |
-Yes, I will. |
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-No, I shan’t. |
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-No, I won’t. |
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They will have a pet. |
Will they have a pet? |
They won’t have a pet. |
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Глагол «to have» многозначный.
1.Смысловой глагол «иметь». В Present Simple его синонимом является выражение «to have got».
I have a friend. = I have got a friend He has a friend. = He has got a friend.
2.Смысловой глагол, значение которого зависит от существи-
тельного, с которым он сочетается: to have breakfast – завтракать;
to have a cup of tea – выпить чашку чая; to have a sandwich – съесть бутерброд; to have a chat – поболтать;
to have a shower – принять душ;
to have a good time – провести хорошо время;
3.Заменитель модального глагола «must» в значении «вынуж-
ден», «приходится».
I have to get up early. He has to get up early. He had to get up early.
4. Вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tenses (to have +V-ed).
I have carried out the experiment.
I have been carrying out the experiment for a week.
Exercise 14. Определите значение глагола «to have» в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.An educated man has a basic knowledge of at least one science.
2.He or she has to know at least one foreign language.
3.The research worker has checked the results of the experiment.
4.He had to check the results of the experiment.
5.The word «physics» has Greek origins.
6.Many countries have nuclear power nowadays.
7.Many countries had to build nuclear power plants.
8.A number of countries have built nuclear power plants.
9.We have no time to experiment with energy sources; civilization has to use nuclear power – the one safe, available energy source.
10.We have great respect for scientists who have made great contributions to science.
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11. These days you can have a chat with anybody across the globe via the Internet.
Exercise 15. Определите значение глагола «to have» в следую-
щих предложениях. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Titanium has many advantages over aluminium. It has a high melting point, it has great strength and is corrosion-resistant. Engineers have to consider its properties when using it for engineering purposes. Russia has large deposits of this metal. Titanium has been widely used for making ships, aircraft, bridges and turbines; it has also found many other fields for its application.
Exercise 16. Назовите
а) 3 вещи, которые у вас есть;
b) 3 вещи, которые у вас были в прошлом; c) 3 вещи, которые вы должны сделать,
d) 3 вещи, которые вы уже сделали.
Exercise 17. Заполните пропуски, употребив подходящие формы глаголов «to be» и «to have».
1.Wealth … nothing, health … everything.
2.An educated man … an elementary knowledge of computers and programming.
3.Ancient philosophers … a different viewpoint on the universe.
4.My friend … a programmer now. A few years ago he … a student at University.
5.The students … done a programming course.
6.A triangle … three sides and three angles.
7.How many angles does a square …?
8.Obninsk … Russia’s first science city.
9.Obninsk … founded in the 1950s.
10.Obninsk … a bright future ahead.
11.Knowledge … power.
12.Everything the students study at University … some practical use in everyday life.
IX. ОБОРОТ «THERE IS (ARE)»
Оборот «there is (are)» сообщает, что в определенном месте находится какой-то предмет (предметы). Оборот «there is (are)» пере-
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водится следующим образом: «есть, имеется, находится, существует», или не переводится совсем.
1.There is a book on the table. There are some books on the table. There is some money in the bag.
- Is there a book on the table? - Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Are there any books on the table?
Is there any money in the bag?
2.There is not a book on the table.
There is no book on the table.
There are not any books on the table. There are no books on the table.
There isn’t any money in the bag. / There is no money in the bag.
3.There was a conference at the Institute yesterday. There were a lot of students at the conference.
There will be a seminar tomorrow.
There will be a lot of students at the seminar.
4.There lived a king…
There hangs a picture on the wall.
Exercise 18. Переведите следующие поговорки. Найдите их русские эквиваленты.
1.There is no place like home.
2.There are no roses without thorns.
3.Where there is a will, there is a way.
4.There are more ways to the wood than one.
Exercise 19. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на оборот «there is (are)».
1.There is a lot of energy in the nucleus.
2.There are many different sources of energy (forms of energy).
3.There is radiation everywhere around us.
4.Is there any form of life on other planets?
5.There were different hypotheses of the origin of life.
6.There were a lot of myths about radiation and nuclear power.
7.There will always be a conflict between the old and the young.
8.There will be about 9 billion people living on this planet by 2050.
9.There have been many arguments about the safety of nuclear power plants.
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10.There is a very important fact about the nuclear reactor. It is its radioactivity.
11.There is no such thing as zero risk. We cannot guarantee absolute safety.
12.There was a severe accident at Chernobyl.
13.There was no solution to this problem.
14.There will be no easy answers to this question.
15.There exist more than a hundred elements in nature.
Exercise 20. Переведите предложения на русский язык, исполь-
зуя оборот «there is (are)».
1.В Обнинске есть ядерная электростанция. Это первая в мире ядерная электростанция.
2.В городе много исследовательских институтов.
3.В Обнинске есть местный музей.
4.В атоме есть ядро.
5.В ядре есть протоны и нейтроны.
6.Вокруг ядра находятся электроны.
7.В ядре заключено много энергии.
8.В прошлом году в университете была международная конференция.
9.На конференции было много зарубежных ученых.
10.В этом году тоже будет конференция.
11.На конференции будет много известных ученых.
12.Есть ли много журналов в библиотеке?
13.Есть ли интересная информация в этой статье?
14.Были ли ошибки в тесте? (в переводе?)
15.Будет ли интересный фильм по телевизору сегодня?
X. СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ. ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
В английском языке существует 4 группы времен в изъяви-
тельном наклонении: Simple, Continuous (Progressive), Perfect, Perfect Continuous tenses. В каждой группе – соответствующие формы во временах Present, Past и Future.
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Simple –факт |
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Continuous |
(Progressive) – про- |
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цесс в определенный момент |
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to ask |
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to be в соотв. вр. + V-ing |
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I ask |
1) often – seldom |
I am asking |
now |
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He asks always – never |
He is asking |
at present |
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She asks |
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usually – sometimes |
She is asking |
at the moment |
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It asks |
2) every day |
It is asking |
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We ask |
We are asking |
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Present |
You ask |
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every week |
You are asking |
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They ask |
every month |
They are asking |
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every year |
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from time to time |
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I/he asked |
yesterday |
I was asking |
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I/he wrote |
the day |
He was asking |
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before yesterday |
She was asking |
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Past |
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last week |
It was asking |
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last month |
We were asking |
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last year |
You were asking |
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2 days ago |
They were asking |
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the other day |
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in 1945 |
1) at 5 o’clock yesterday |
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«when» (did)... |
2) when you came |
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I/we shall ask |
tomorrow |
I/we shall be asking |
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I/we will ask |
the day after |
I/we will be asking |
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He will ask |
tomorrow |
He will be asking |
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Future |
You will ask |
next week |
You will be asking |
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They will ask |
next month |
They will be asking |
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next year |
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in 2 days |
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one of |
1) at 5 o’clock tomorrow |
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these days |
2) when you come |
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in 2020 |
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Perfect – совершение действия к |
Perfect Continuous – процесс в |
определенному моменту |
определенный период |
to have в соотв. вр. + V-ed |
to have been в соотв. вр. + V-ing |
I have asked 1) сигнала нет – важен |
I have been asking |
результат в настоящем; |
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He has asked 2) often – seldom; |
He has been asking |
She has asked always – ever – never; |
She has been asking |
It has asked |
It has been asking |
We have asked already – yet , just; |
We have been asking |
You have asked 3) this morning |
You have been asking |
They have asked today |
They have been asking |
this week |
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this month |
1) for an hour |
lately – recently |
2) since 10 o’clock |
I/he had asked |
I/he had been asking for an hour |
1) by 5 o’clock yesterday |
1) by 5 o’clock yesterday |
2) when you came |
2) when you came |
I/we shall have asked |
I/we shall have been asking |
I/we will have asked |
I/we will have been asking |
He will have asked |
He will have been asking |
You will have asked |
You will have been asking |
They will have asked |
They will have been asking |
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for an hour |
1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow |
1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow |
2)when you come |
2) when you come |
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Exercise 21. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык и определите время глагола-сказуемого.
1.Nuclear power plants provide clean and cheap energy.
2.The experiments have already provided and will provide useful information for the program.
3.Nuclear power plants have demonstrated remarkable safety and efficiency recently.
4.Engineers worldwide are studying physical and electronic properties of nanomaterials.
5.Investigators have been studying the interaction between these phenomena for a long time.
6.Nanotechnology is developing rapidly.
7.Nanotechnology has been developing at a great speed recently.
8.In the 19th century scientists discovered many secrets of nature.
9.Man’s curiosity has discovered many secrets about the world we live in.
10.Scientists have developed a number of theories on the structure of matter.
11.They had developed the basic ideas by the turn of the 20th century.
12.Rutherford had studied physics for more than 20 years when he proposed the idea of the nucleus.
13.When Newton started to write his great «Principia», he had been collecting and establishing facts for many years.
14.They had worked on the project for a long time before they obtained positive results.
15.Young scientists will have developed incredible things by 2050.
16.Have you ever wondered what you will be doing in ten years’ time?
Exercise 22. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, употребляя соответствующее время глагола «to design a device».
1.Этот отдел разрабатывает (конструирует) компьютерные устройства.
2.Сейчас они разрабатывают новое устройство.
3.Они разрабатывают устройство уже месяц.
4.Они разработали надежное устройство.
5.Они разработали устройство в прошлом месяце.
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6.Они разрабатывали устройство, когда иностранная делегация прибыла в институт.
7.Они разработали устройство к концу месяца.
8.Они разрабатывали устройство в течение 2 месяцев к этому времени.
9.Они будут разрабатывать новое устройство в следующем месяце.
10.Они будут разрабатывать новое устройство в конце месяца.
11.Они разработают новое устройство к концу месяца.
12.Они будут разрабатывать устройство в течение месяца к этому времени.
XI. ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА ГЛАГОЛА ВО ВРЕМЕНАХ SIMPLE. ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ
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Утвердительная |
Вопросительная |
Отрицательная |
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форма |
форма |
форма |
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I ask. |
Do I ask? |
I don’t ask. |
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He asks. |
Does he ask? |
He doesn’t ask. |
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Present |
She asks. |
Does she ask? |
She doesn’t ask. |
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It asks. |
Does it ask? |
It doesn’t ask. |
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We ask. |
Do we ask? |
We don’t ask. |
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You ask. |
Do you ask? |
You don’t ask. |
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– Yes, I do. |
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-No, I don’t |
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They ask. |
Do they ask? |
They don’t ask. |
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Past |
I asked. |
Did you ask? |
I didn’t ask. |
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I wrote |
Did you write? |
I didn’t write. |
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– Yes, I did. |
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– No, I didn’t. |
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I shall/will ask. |
Will I ask? |
I shan’t/won’t ask. |
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Future |
He will ask. |
Will you ask? |
He won’t ask. |
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She will ask. |
- Yes, I will. |
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It will ask. |
- No, I won’t. |
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We shall/will ask. |
- No, I shan’t. |
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You will ask. |
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They will ask. |
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Типы вопросов
I.General Question (Yes/No Question)
II. Special Questions (Wh-questions)
III. Alternative Questions (or)
IV. Tag Questions.
Popov invented the radio in 1897.
1.Did Popov invent the radio in 1897? – Yes, he did.
2.What did Popov invent?
When did Popov invent the radio?
NB! Если вопрос относится к подлежащему, порядок слов прямой.
Who invented the radio? – Popov did.
3.Did Popov invent the radio or TV?
4.Popov invented the radio, didn’t he? – Yes, he did.
Exercise 23. Поставьте предложения 1–16 в вопросительную форму, а предложения 8–14 в вопросительную и отрицательную
форму. Используйте образец.
Образец: They left school last year.
Did they leave school last year?
They didn‟t leave school last year.
1.We study at Obninsk University.
2.The students will work at nuclear power plants upon graduation.
3.The Greek word «physics» means «nature».
4.You gain experience through everything you do.
5.Science requires experimenting.
6.He will take part in the project.
7.The proton has a positive charge.
8.The instructions were very complicated.
9.They made a lot of mistakes in the program.
10.My friend did well in his exams last term.
11.Printed books will soon disappear.
12.People will get all the information on disks.
13.Money is the solution to every problem.
14.He did a lot of interesting things in his life.
15.Cosmic rays bombard the earth from outer space.
16.The computer can change our life dramatically.
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