- •Contents
 - •Preface
 - •Contributors
 - •1 Vessels
 - •1.1 Aorta, Vena Cava, and Peripheral Vessels
 - •Aorta, Arteries
 - •Anomalies and Variant Positions
 - •Dilatation
 - •Stenosis
 - •Wall Thickening
 - •Intraluminal Mass
 - •Perivascular Mass
 - •Vena Cava, Veins
 - •Anomalies
 - •Dilatation
 - •Intraluminal Mass
 - •Compression, Infiltration
 - •1.2 Portal Vein and Its Tributaries
 - •Enlarged Lumen Diameter
 - •Portal Hypertension
 - •Intraluminal Mass
 - •Thrombosis
 - •Tumor
 - •2 Liver
 - •Enlarged Liver
 - •Small Liver
 - •Homogeneous Hypoechoic Texture
 - •Homogeneous Hyperechoic Texture
 - •Regionally Inhomogeneous Texture
 - •Diffuse Inhomogeneous Texture
 - •Anechoic Masses
 - •Hypoechoic Masses
 - •Isoechoic Masses
 - •Hyperechoic Masses
 - •Echogenic Masses
 - •Irregular Masses
 - •Differential Diagnosis of Focal Lesions
 - •Diagnostic Methods
 - •Suspected Diagnosis
 - •3 Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
 - •3.1 Biliary Tree
 - •Thickening of the Bile Duct Wall
 - •Localized and Diffuse
 - •Bile Duct Rarefaction
 - •Localized and Diffuse
 - •Bile Duct Dilatation and Intraductal Pressure
 - •Intrahepatic
 - •Hilar and Prepancreatic
 - •Intrapancreatic
 - •Papillary
 - •Abnormal Intraluminal Bile Duct Findings
 - •Foreign Body
 - •The Seven Most Important Questions
 - •3.2 Gallbladder
 - •Changes in Size
 - •Large Gallbladder
 - •Small/Missing Gallbladder
 - •Wall Changes
 - •General Hypoechogenicity
 - •General Hyperechogenicity
 - •General Tumor
 - •Focal Tumor
 - •Intraluminal Changes
 - •Hyperechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Nonvisualized Gallbladder
 - •Missing Gallbladder
 - •Obscured Gallbladder
 - •4 Pancreas
 - •Diffuse Pancreatic Change
 - •Large Pancreas
 - •Small Pancreas
 - •Hypoechoic Texture
 - •Hyperechoic Texture
 - •Focal Changes
 - •Anechoic Lesion
 - •Hypoechoic Lesion
 - •Isoechoic Lesion
 - •Hyperechoic Lesion
 - •Irregular (Complex Structured) Lesion
 - •Dilatation of the Pancreatic Duct
 - •Marginal/Mild Dilatation
 - •Marked Dilatation
 - •5 Spleen
 - •Nonfocal Changes of the Spleen
 - •Diffuse Parenchymal Changes
 - •Large Spleen
 - •Small Spleen
 - •Focal Changes of the Spleen
 - •Anechoic Mass
 - •Hypoechoic Mass
 - •Hyperechoic Mass
 - •Splenic Calcification
 - •6 Lymph Nodes
 - •Peripheral Lymph Nodes
 - •Head/Neck
 - •Extremities (Axilla, Groin)
 - •Abdominal Lymph Nodes
 - •Porta Hepatis
 - •Splenic Hilum
 - •Mesentery (Celiac, Upper and Lower Mesenteric Station)
 - •Stomach
 - •Focal Wall Changes
 - •Extended Wall Changes
 - •Dilated Lumen
 - •Narrowed Lumen
 - •Small/Large Intestine
 - •Focal Wall Changes
 - •Extended Wall Changes
 - •Dilated Lumen
 - •Narrowed Lumen
 - •8 Peritoneal Cavity
 - •Anechoic Structure
 - •Hypoechoic Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •Anechoic Structure
 - •Hypoechoic Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •Wall Structures
 - •Smooth Margin
 - •Irregular Margin
 - •Intragastric Processes
 - •Intraintestinal Processes
 - •9 Kidneys
 - •Anomalies, Malformations
 - •Aplasia, Hypoplasia
 - •Cystic Malformation
 - •Anomalies of Number, Position, or Rotation
 - •Fusion Anomaly
 - •Anomalies of the Renal Calices
 - •Vascular Anomaly
 - •Diffuse Changes
 - •Large Kidneys
 - •Small Kidneys
 - •Hypoechoic Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •Irregular Structure
 - •Circumscribed Changes
 - •Anechoic Structure
 - •Hypoechoic or Isoechoic Structure
 - •Complex Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •10 Adrenal Glands
 - •Enlargement
 - •Anechoic Structure
 - •Hypoechoic Structure
 - •Complex Echo Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •11 Urinary Tract
 - •Malformations
 - •Duplication Anomalies
 - •Dilatations and Stenoses
 - •Dilated Renal Pelvis and Ureter
 - •Anechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Hyperechoic
 - •Large Bladder
 - •Small Bladder
 - •Altered Bladder Shape
 - •Intracavitary Mass
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Hyperechoic
 - •Echogenic
 - •Wall Changes
 - •Diffuse Wall Thickening
 - •Circumscribed Wall Thickening
 - •Concavities and Convexities
 - •12.1 The Prostate
 - •Enlarged Prostate
 - •Regular
 - •Irregular
 - •Small Prostate
 - •Regular
 - •Echogenic
 - •Circumscribed Lesion
 - •Anechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Echogenic
 - •12.2 Seminal Vesicles
 - •Diffuse Change
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Circumscribed Change
 - •Anechoic
 - •Echogenic
 - •Irregular
 - •12.3 Testis, Epididymis
 - •Diffuse Change
 - •Enlargement
 - •Decreased Size
 - •Circumscribed Lesion
 - •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
 - •Irregular/Echogenic
 - •Epididymal Lesion
 - •Anechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Intrascrotal Mass
 - •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
 - •Echogenic
 - •13 Female Genital Tract
 - •Masses
 - •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
 - •Uterus
 - •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
 - •Myometrial Changes
 - •Intracavitary Changes
 - •Endometrial Changes
 - •Fallopian Tubes
 - •Hypoechoic Mass
 - •Anechoic Cystic Mass
 - •Solid Echogenic or Nonhomogeneous Mass
 - •14 Thyroid Gland
 - •Diffuse Changes
 - •Enlarged Thyroid Gland
 - •Small Thyroid Gland
 - •Hypoechoic Structure
 - •Hyperechoic Structure
 - •Circumscribed Changes
 - •Anechoic
 - •Hypoechoic
 - •Isoechoic
 - •Hyperechoic
 - •Irregular
 - •Differential Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
 - •Types of Autonomy
 - •15 Pleura and Chest Wall
 - •Chest Wall
 - •Masses
 - •Parietal Pleura
 - •Nodular Masses
 - •Diffuse Pleural Thickening
 - •Pleural Effusion
 - •Anechoic Effusion
 - •Echogenic Effusion
 - •Complex Effusion
 - •16 Lung
 - •Masses
 - •Anechoic Masses
 - •Hypoechoic Masses
 - •Complex Masses
 - •Index
 
1 Vessels
Aorta, Vena Cava, and Peripheral Vessels 3
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	Aorta, Arteries  | 
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	Anomalies and Variant Positions  | 
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Situs Inversus
Aplasia, Hypoplasia,
and Duplication of the Aorta
Coarctation of the Aorta
Oblique/Transverse Course of the Aorta
Kinking of the Aorta
Variant and Duplicated Arteries
Dilatation  | 
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	Aortic Ectasia  | 
	
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	True Aneurysms  | 
	
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	Dissecting Aneurysms  | 
	
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	False Aneurysms  | 
	
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Stenosis  | 
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	Aortic Stenosis  | 
	
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	Arterial Stenosis  | 
	
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	Aortic/  | 
	
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	Arterial Embolism  | 
	
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	Arteriosclerotic Aortic/  | 
	
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	Arterial Occlusion  | 
	
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	Anastomotic/Bypass Stenosis  | 
	
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	Tumor Stenosis/Infiltration  | 
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Wall Thickening  | 
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Early Arteriosclerotic Lesions
(High Echogenicity, No Changes of the Wall Surface) Advanced Arteriosclerotic Lesions
(Plaques <4 mm without Surface Changes) Complex Arteriosclerotic Lesions (Plaques ≥4 mm) Protruding Arteriosclerotic Lesions
(Plaques with Mobile Parts) White Thrombus
Arteritis
Mönckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis (Medial Calcific Sclerosis) Synthetic Grafts
Intraluminal Mass  | 
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Aortic/Arterial Embolism
Protruding Arteriosclerotic Plaques
White Thrombi
Endovascular Stent
Intimal Dissection
Perivascular Mass  | 
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Pseudoaneurysm
Arteriovenous Fistula/
Arteriovenous Malformation
Suture-line Aneurysm
Suture-line Breakdown, Graft Infection
Hematoma, Abscess
Lymphomas, Metastases
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Horseshoe Kidney
Intestinal Loop
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	Vena Cava, Veins  | 
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	Anomalies  | 
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	Anomalies/Duplication of the  | 
	
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	Inferior Vena Cava  | 
	
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	Anomalies of the Iliac Veins  | 
	
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	Duplication of Renal and  | 
	
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	Peripheral Veins  | 
	
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	Dilatation  | 
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	Inferior Vena Cava Engorgement  | 
	
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	Prestenotic and  | 
	
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	Poststenotic Dilatation  | 
	
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	Thrombosis  | 
	
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	Venectasia  | 
	
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	Venous Insufficiency  | 
	
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Vena Cava, Veins (Continued)  | 
	
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Intraluminal Mass  | 
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	Venous Thrombosis  | 
	
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	Phleboliths, Calcification  | 
	
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	Venous Valves  | 
	
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	Compression, Infiltration  | 
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	Enlarged Caudate Lobe  | 
	
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	Budd–Chiari Syndrome/  | 
	
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	Veno-occlusive Disease  | 
	
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	Lymph Nodes, Cysts  | 
	
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	Other Masses  | 
	
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	Malignant Tumor  | 
	
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Portal Vein and Its Tributaries 39
Enlarged Lumen Diameter  | 
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	Portal Hypertension  | 
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	Prehepatic Block  | 
	
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	Intrahepatic Block  | 
	
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	Posthepatic Block  | 
	
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Intraluminal Mass  | 
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	Thrombosis  | 
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	Portal Vein Thrombosis  | 
	
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	Splenic Vein Thrombosis  | 
	
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	Thrombosis of the  | 
	
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	Superior Mesenteric Vein  | 
	
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	Tumor  | 
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	Tumor Infiltration  | 
	
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