References: Time, Space and Regionalization

1 See T. Hagerstrand, 'Space, time and human conditions', in A. Karlqvist, Dynamic Allocation of Urban Space (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1975); Derek Gregory, Ideology, Science and Human Geography (London: Hutchinson, 1978), and 'Solid geometry: notes on the recovery of spatial structure', in T. Caristein et al., Timing Space and Spacing Time (London: Arnold, 1978); T. Carlstein, Time Resources, Society and Ecology (Lund: Department of Geography, 1980); Allan Pred, 'The choreography of existence:

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comments on Hagerstrand's time‑geography', Economic Geography, vol. 53, 1977; Don Parkes and Nigel Thrift, Times, Spaces and Places (Chichester: Wiley, 1980); Nigel Thrift, 'On the determina­tion of social action in space and time', Society and Space, vol. 1,

1982.

2 T. Hagerstrand: 'Space, time and human conditions', cf. also Parkes

and Thrift, Times, Spaces and Places, pp. 247‑8.

3 Allan Pred, 'The impact of technological and institutional inno‑

vations on life content: some time‑geographic observations',

Geographical Analysis, vol. 10, 1978.

4 T. Hagerstrand, Innovation as a Spatial Process (Chicago: Chicago

University Press, 1967), p. 332. Cf. also Amos H. Hawley, Human

Ecology (New York: Ronald Press, 1950), chapters 13‑15; E. Gordon Ericksen, The Territorial Experience (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980).

5 After Parkes and Thrift, Times, Spaces and Places, p. 245.

6 D. G. Janelle, 'Spatial reorganisation: a model and concept', Annals

of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 58, 1969, and other articles by the same author.

P. Forer, in Carlstein et al., Timing Space and Spacing Time.

R. Palm and A. Pred, 'A time‑geographic perspective on problems

of inequality for women', in D. A. Lanegran and R. Palm, An

Invitation to Geography (New York: McGraw‑Hill, 1978).

9 T. Hågerstrand: 'Survival and arena: on the life‑history of

individuals

in relation to their geographical environment', in Carlstein et al.,

Timing Space and Spacing Time, vol. 2, p. 123.

T. Carlstein, 'Innovation, time‑allocation and time‑space packing',

ibid., p. 159; Carlstein, Time Resources, Society and Ecology.

11 Cf. T. Carlstein, 'The sociology of structuration in time and space:

a time‑geographic assessment of Giddens's theory', Swedish

Geographical Yearbook (Lund: Lund University Press, 1981).

12 T. Hagerstrand, 'What about people in regional science?', Papers of

the Regional Science Association, vol. 24, 1970, p. 8.

13 CCHM, chapter 5.

14 Ibid., pp. 161ff.; CPST, pp. 206‑10.

15 M. Melbin, 'The colonisation of time', in Caristein et al., Timing

Space and Spacing Time, vol. 2, p. 100.

16 Evitar Zerubavel, Patterns of Time in Hospital Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 22; cf. also P. A. Clark, 'A review of the theories of time and structure for organisational sociology', University of Aston Management Centre Working Papers, no. 248, 1982; E. Zerubavel, Hidden Rythms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). One might point out that while

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the 'year', 'month' and 'day' have links with natural events, the 'week' does not; cl. F. H. Colson, The Week (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926).

17 P. Aries, Centuries of Childhood (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973);

Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978).

18 Edward T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension (London: Bodley Head,

1966), p. 98.

19 Antonin Artaud, Le théåtre et la science (Paris: Seuil, 1947), p. 98.

20 R. D. Laing, Self and Others (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), p. 52.

21 CCHM, p. 169.

22 Huw Benyon, Working for Ford (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 76.

23 Elias, vol. 1.

24 Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New

York: Doubleday, 1959), p. 128.

25 Cf. N. Elias and J. Scotson, The Established and the Outsiders

(Leicester: University of Leicester Press, 1965).

26 Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1978), vol. 1, pp. 341‑4.

27 CSAS, chapter 9.

28 CCHM, chapter 5, and passim.

29 Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 143‑52.

30 Ibid., p. 153.

31 Andrew Pollard, 'Teacher interests and changing situations of survival threat in primary school classrooms', in Peter Woods, Teacher Strategies (London: Croom Helm, 1980).

32 Randall Collins, 'Micro‑translation as a theory‑building strategy', in

K. Knorr‑Cetina and A. V. Cicourel, Advances in Social Theory

and Methodology (London: Routledge, 1981). See also idem, 'On

the micro‑foundations of macro‑sociology', American Journal of

Sociology, vol. 86, 1981. For Goffman's thoughts on the matter ‑given in a lecture which, sadly, he did not live to deliver ‑ see 'The interaction order', American Sociological Review, vol. 48, 1973.

33 Ibid., p. 82.

34 Ibid., p. 99.

35 Joseph Rykwert, The Idea of a Town (London: Faber & Faber,

1976), p. 202.

36 CCHM, chapter 5.

Critical Notes: Foucault on Timing and Spacing

i Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth: Penguin,

1979), pp. 143‑4.

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Ibid., p. 148.

Cf. Maury D. Feld, The Structure of Violence (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1977), pp. 7ff.

4 Ibid., p. 7.

5 Jacques van Doom, The Soldier and Social Change (Beverly Hills:

Sage, 1975), p. 11.

6 Foucault, Discipline and Punish, p. 157.

7 Ibid., p. 160.

8 Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1978), pp. 86‑94.

9 Ibid., p. 957.

10 Foucault, Discipline and Punish, pp. 235‑6.

11 Erving Goffman, Asylums (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), p. 22. 12 Ibid., p. 33.

13 Ibid., p. 64.

14 Cf. Andrew L. Friedman, Industry and Labour (London: Macmillan,

1977).

15Foucault, Folie et déraison (Paris: Plon, 1961), p. 51. Foucault's

preoccupation with exclusion, sequestration, etc., is not accom‑

panied by a concern with the excluded themselves, who appear

only as shadowy figures. Thus in his analysis of the case of the

murderer Pierre Rivière the character himself barely emerges from

the testimony discussed, which is treated only as a 'discursive

episode'. Carlo Ginzburg's description of the cosmology of

Mennochio, a sixteenth‑century heretic, offers a telling comparison

in this respect. See Foucault et al., Moi, Pierre Rivière... (Paris:

Plon, 1973); Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London:

Routledge, 1980), pp. xvii‑ xviii, and passim.

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