References: Consciousness, Self and Social Encounters

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A particularly useful discussion of these difficulties is to be found in Irving Thalberg, 'Freud's anatomies of the self', in Richard Wollheim, Freud, A Collection of Critical Essays (New York: Doubleday, 1974). A revised version of this essay appears in Richard Woliheim and James Hopkins, Philosophical Essays on Freud (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

2 Quoted in Thalberg, Freud's Anatomies of the self', p. 156.

3 Freud, An Outline of Psychoanalysis (London, Hogarth, 1969),

pp. 56‑7.

4 P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense (London: Methuen, 1966),

pp. 162‑70; G. E. M. Anscombe, 'The first person', in Samuel Guttenplan, Mind and Language (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972); J. L. Mackie, 'The transcendental "I", in Zak Van Straaten, Philosophical Subjects (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980).

5 Stephen Toulmin, 'The genealogy of "consciousness", in Paul F.

Secord, Explaining Human Behaviour (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982), pp. 57‑8.

Ibid., pp. 60‑1.

See J. S. Bruner, Beyond the Information Given (New York: Norton,

1973).

8 J. S. Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979).

9 Ulric Neisser, Cognition and Reality (San Francisco: Freeman, 1976), p. 22. See also idem, Memory Observed (San Francisco: Freeman, 1982); John Shotter, "Duality of structure" and "intentionality" in an ecological psychology', Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 13, 1983.

10 Neisser, Cognition and Reality, p. 29.

M. Wertheimer, 'Psychomotor coordination of auditory and visual

space at birth', Science, vol. 134, 1962.

Neisser, Cognition and Reality, p. 72.

13 E. C. Cherry, 'Some experiments on the recognition of speech,

with

one and two ears', Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,

vol. 25, 1953.

A. M. Treisman, 'Strategies and models of selective attention',

Psychological Review, vol. 76, 1969.

15 J. A. Deutsch and D. Deutsch, "Attention": some theoretical

considerations', Psychological Review, vol. 70, 1963.

16 Neisser, Cognition and Reality, pp. 84‑5.

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17 CPST, pp. 120‑3.

18 Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1963),

pp. 15‑16.

19 Ibid., p. 247.

20 Ernest Becker, The Birth and Death of Meaning (New York: Free

Press, 1962), p. 95.

21 See also Erikson, Childhood and Society, p. 249; Harry Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (London: Tavistock, 1955), chapter 4. I do not accept Erikson's claim that these psychological phenomena can be directly related to the form of social institutions.

22 G. Piers and M. B. Singer, Shame and Guilt (Springfield: Addison, 1963). Here I repeat some observations originally made in relation to the theory of suicide; cf. SSPT, p. 393, footnote 32.

23 Erikson, Childhood and Society, p. 251.

24 Ibid., p. 256.

25 Dennie Wolf, 'Understanding others: a longitudinal case study of

the concept of independent agency', in George E. Forman, Action

and Thought (New York: Academic Press, 1982).

26 T. B. Brazelton et al., 'The origins of reciprocity', in M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum, The Infant's Effects on the Caregiver (New York: Wiley, 1974).

27 L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society (Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1978), pp. 20ff.

28 Erik H. Erikson, Identity, Youth and Crisis (London: Faber & Faber, 1968), chapter 5; idem, Identity and the Life Cycle (New York: International Universities Press, 1967).

29 Erikson, Identity and the Life Cycle, p. 19.

30 See ibid., chapter 3, 'The problem of ego‑identity'.

31 Ibid., p. 102.

32 See CPST, pp. 123‑8.

33 Bruno Bettelheim, The Informed Heart (Glencoe: Free Press, 1960), p. 14. Goffman's work on 'total institutions' overlaps at many points with the analysis given by Bethelheim: Goffman, Asylums (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961).

34 Bettelheim, The Informed Heart, p. 132.

35 Ibid., p. 148.

36 'Since old prisoners had accepted, or been forced to accept, a childlike dependency on the SS, many of them seemed to want to feel that at least some of the people they were accepting as all­powerful father images were just and kind', ibid., p. 172.

37 See the examples collected in William Sargant, Battle for the Mind

(London: Pan, 1959).

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39 40

38 M. Merleau‑Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception (London:

Routledge, 1974).

Ibid., p. 101.

L. Goldstein, Language and Language Disturbances (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1948).

41 Merleau‑Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, p. 104.

42 Ibid., p. 109.

43 Erving Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places (New York: Free Press, 1963), p. 17; idem, Interaction Ritual (London: Allen Lane, 1972), p. 1.

44 Cf. Ithiel De Sola Pool, The Social Impact of the Telephone

(Cambridge, Mass.; MIT Press, 1981).

45 This seems to be the prevalent notion, for instance, in most of the contributions to Jason Ditton, The View from Goffman (London: Macmillan, 1980). See also Alasdair Maclntyre, After Virtue (London: Duckworth, 1981), pp. 108-9. Cf. R. Harré and P. F. Secord, The Explanation of Social Behaviour (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972), chapter 10.

46 Alvin W. Gouldner, The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology

(London: Heinemann, 1971), pp. 379‑81.

47 CPST, pp. 83‑4, and passim.

48 Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places, p. 18.

49 Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis (New York: Harper, 1974), p.

252.

50 Roger Caillois, Man, Play and Games (London: Thames &

Hudson,

1962); see also the famous work by Jan Huizinga, Homo Ludens

(London: Routledge, 1952).

51 Goffman, Frame Analysis, p. 560. I shall not discuss here the epistemological questions which are broached, but hardly resolved, in Goffman's discussion in this book. They share a good deal in common with Schutz's ponderings over the nature of 'multiple realities', and with many other currents in modern philosophy concerned with the apparently relativistic implications of the mediation of frames of meaning. See NRSM, chapter 4.

52 Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places, pp. 156ff.

53 Ibid.

54 This theme, of course, has been much explored. The best‑known work is Edward T. Hall, The Silent Language (New York: Doubleday, 1959); see also the same author's The Hidden Dimension (London: Bodley Head, 1966).

55 Harvey Sacks and Emmanuel A. Schegloff, 'A simplest

systematics

for the organisation of turn‑taking in conversation', Language, vol.

50, 1974.

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56 Cf. George Psathas, Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnometho‑

dology (New York: Irvington, 1979).

57 Jean‑Paul Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason (London: New Left

Books, p. 259).

58 Goffman, Interaction Ritual, pp. 141ff.

59 Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Han delns (Frankfurt:

Suhrkamp, 1981), vol. I, section 3.

60 Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places, p. 25.

61 Cf. the general discussion of politeness in Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, 'Universals in language use: politeness pheno­mena', in Esther N. Goody, Questions and Politeness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).

62 Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places, p. 35. cf. John Blacking, The

Anthropology of the Body. (London: Academic Press, 1977).

63 'I take many bodily feelings to be private. If I have a burn on my arm, I take the pain to be private, the sight to be public. This is not always so. Some people feel that they can actually feel another person's pain, or think directly another's thoughts, and may feel that other people can feel their bodily feelings, or actually be thinking their thoughts', R. D. Laing, Self and Others (London: Penguin, 1971), p. 34.

64 Harold Garfinkel, 'A conception of, and experiments with, "trust" as a condition of stable concerted actions', in 0. J. Harvey, Motivation and Social Interaction (New York: Ronald Press, 1963).

65 Erving Goffman, Forms of Talk (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), pp. 101ff.

66 Ibid., p. 103.

67 Ibid., pp. 70‑1.

68 Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism (Brighton: Harvester,

1979), pp. 51‑2.

69 For a recent example ‑ among very many others ‑ see Bruce J.

Biddle, Role Theory (New York: Academic Press, 1979).

70 CPST, p. 117.

71 Ibid.

72 A point often made in the controversy over role theory in Germany some two decades ago. A contribution that retains its interest is F. H. Tenbruk: 'Zur deutschen Rezeption der Rollenanalyse', Kölner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie, vol. 3, 1962.

73 Cf. Nigel Thrift, 'Flies and germs: a geography of knowledge', in

Derek Gregory and John Urry, Social Relations and Spatial

Structures (London: Macmillan, 1984).

74 Cf. William Labov, 'Rules for ritual insults', in David Sudnow,

Studies in Social Interaction (New York: Free Press, 1972).

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75 D. Lawrence Wieder, 'Telling the code', in Roy Turner,

Ethnomethodology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974).

76 Ibid., p. 149.

Critical Notes: Freud on Slips of the Tongue

i Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis

(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 51.

2 R. Meringer and C. Mayer, Versprechen und Verlesen (Vienna,

1895).

3 Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Harmondsworth:

Penguin, 1975), p. 39.

4 Ibid., p. 40.

5 Originally published in Freud's article, 'The physical mechanism of

forgetfulness' (1890); see the Standard Edition, vol. 3. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, p. 44. Ibid., p. 135.

Boileau, Art poétique, quoted in ibid., p. 148.

Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, p. 71.

Erving Goffman, 'Radio talk: a study of the ways of our errors', in Forms of Talk (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981).

Ibid., p. 242.

They were no doubt selected for this reason. Most of Goffman's material comes from collections of 'bloopers' edited by Kermit Schafer, such as Prize Bloopers (Greenwich: Fawcett, 1965).

Donald S. Boomer and John D. M. Laver, 'Slips of the tongue', British Journal of Disorders of Communication, vol. 3, 1968, p. 2.

Victoria A. Fromkin, 'The non‑anomalous nature of anomalous utterances', Language, vol. 47, 1971.

Goffman, Forms of Talk, p. 226.

As indicated by Goffman. ibid., pp. 223ff.

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