anglysky_metodichka_2_semestr

L E S S O N 4

MODEL 3

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PARTICIPLE – ADVERBIAL

(Nominative Absolute Participle Construction)

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1.Hydrogen is a colourless, tasteless, inodorous gas, its density being 0.642.

2.Ether contains from 96 to 98 per cent of ethyl oxide, the remainder consisting of alcohol and water.

3.First-year students studying inorganic chemistry, they work mainly with minerals.

4.Oxygen being an explosive, we must not enter "the oxygen room" with a lighted

cigarette.

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Analyze the following sentences and translated them into Russian:

1. The salts of morphine are for the most part crystalline, they all being bitter, neutral and poisonous. 2. Soluble in water and alcohol, saccharine is used in the form of tablets, each containing the equivalent of 0.15 to 0.3 g of saccharine. 3. Proton is the basic particle of all atomic nuclei, it having a single positive charge equal to that of an electron which is negative. 4. Shortly after Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, in Paris Professor Antoine Becquerel began a series of experiments with a number of substances, the salt of uranium being chosen for his experiment. 5. Copper and silver are the best conductors of electricity, other metals offering greater resistance.

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SOLUTIONS

A solution is a solid or liquid homogeneous system consisting of two or more components, the relative quantities of which may vary over quite a wide range. The most important are liquid solutions.

Any solution consists of a dissolved substance called the solute and the medium through which the solute is uniformly distributed as molecules or as ions, this medium being commonly known as the solvent. However, it is not always easy to determine which of the substance is the solvent and which the solute. Usually the component, which in the

pure form has the same physical state as the solution itself, is considered the solvent (for instance, in the case of an aqueous solution of a salt the solvent is, of course, water). If both components possess the same physical state out of solution (e. g., alcohol and water), the component present in greater quantity is the solvent.

The homogeneity of solutions makes them very similar to chemical compounds. The evolution of heat, observed when some substances are dissolved also indicates that a certain chemical reaction takes place between the solvent and the solute. The difference between solutions and chemical compounds is that the composition of the latter is constant, while the composition of a solution prepared from any given components may sometimes vary over quite a wide range. Besides, many properties of the separate components can be detected among the properties of the solution, which is not the case with chemical compounds. The inconstancy of the composition of solutions approaches them to mechanical mixtures, but they differ sharply from the latter by their homogeneity. Thus, solutions are intermediate between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds.

E X E R C I S E S

I.Find out the Nominative Absolute Participle Construction in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1.The phenomenon of isomorphism being known, we may speak about the compounds which have the same molecular formula. 2. The solution being evaporated to dryness, we decided to stop the experiment. 3. Dry papaverin is very stable but in solution it dissolves rapidly, the rate depending upon temperature. 4. Many metallic compounds are very strong, their molecules being complex, but not having the strong atomic bonds which most chemical compounds possess as is indicated by their low heat of chemical combination. 5. No saturation after cooling taking place, we tried to explain the phenomenon.

II.Form nouns from the following verbs:

to dissolve, to determine, to consider, to detect, to differ, to distribute, to separate, to connect, to examine, to absorb, to interact, to influence, to move, to saturate, to present, to motion, to observe, to shake, to state, to range.

III.Form adverbs from the following adjectives:

entire, gradual, similar, uniform, attentive, different, separate, intermediate, homogeneous, thermal, considerable.

IV. Form all possible derivatives from the following words:

solve, connect, constancy, separate, solute, ion, motion, homogeneous, attentive, similar, uniform, entire, following, grade, saturation.

V.Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

watery condition, connect, homogeneity, diffusion, examine, effect, link, affinity, separation, entire, take place, detect, occur, aqueous, whole, uniform, state, similar, same,

influence.

VI. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

constancy, liquid, to be similar, to connect, to separate, latter, present, to differ, gradually, first, quickly, inconstancy, solid.

VII. State what part of speech the underlined words belong to and translate them into Russian:

1. Solutions both liquid and solid may consist of two or three components. 2. At ordinary temperature iodine is a dark bluish-black crystalline solid. 3. Phosphorus occurs in the combined state. 4. Mendeleyev stated that all the chemical elements were regularly interrelated. 5. Pure ethyl alcohol is a liquid boiling at 78 °C. 6. Liquids spread under the influence of gravity. 7. Don't be influenced by bad examples.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Раствор – это твёрдая или жидкая свободная система, состоящая из двух или более компонентов. 2. Любой раствор состоит из растворённого вещества и среды. 3. Однородность растворов приближается к их химическим соединениям. 4. Не всегда легко определить растворимые вещества и растворитель в растворе.

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a solution? 2. What does any solution consist of? 3. What is the difference between solutions and chemical compounds? 4. In what do solutions differ from mechanical mixtures? 5. What indicates that a certain chemical reaction takes place between the solvent and the solute?

X.Translate with a dictionary:

To prepare a solution of any substance, it is enough to leave the latter in contact with the solvent for some length of time. When this is done, most solid substances and all gases dissolve only to a certain limit. For instance, if more than 36 gr of common salt is added

to 100 gr of water at room temperature the salt will not dissolve entirely. A solution in which the solute will not dissolve any longer even after prolonged shaking is called a saturated solution at any given temperature.

The solid substance evidently dissolves in the liquid as follows. As we know, the molecules of any substance are in constant motion, this motion being of an oscillatory nature in solid substances. When we place a solid in a liquid which can dissolve it, individual molecules are gradually torn away from its surface as a result of interaction with the molecules of solvent. Due to diffusion, these molecules are distributed evenly throughout the bulk of the solvent. The separation of the molecules from the surface of the solid is caused both by their own oscillatory motion, and by attraction on the part of the solvent molecules.

XI. Translate the following without a dictionary:

Solutions play a very important part in life and in the practical activities of man. All the most important physiological liquids (blood, lymph, etc.) are solutions. All industrial processes based on chemical processes are also connected more or less with the use of various solutions. Lomonosov gave much attention to the study of solutions. He examined the influence of the temperature on the dissolving of various substances, thermal phenomena taking place when substances dissolve. He found that the act of dissolving is always accompanied by an energy effect. In this connection he considered that it was necessary to distinguish two types of processes: a) processes of dissolving during which heat is produced (when metals are dissolved in acids), b) processes of dissolving during which heat is absorbed (when salt is dissolved in water).

L E S S O N 5

MODEL 4

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Compound Sentence

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1.Chemistry is a very interesting subject and the students study it with great interest.

2.Opium is a very harmful drug, so large doses of it may cause death.

3.Oxygen may be produced either by the fractional distillation of liquid air or it may be isolated by the electrolysis of water.

4.Sulphuric acid may occur in scientific laboratories, but it is not found in commerce.

5.Alum occurs as large colourless crystals, crystalline fragments or it may occur as white powder.

6.The senior students study not only Biological, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry but they also must know Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry.

7.The smell of iodine is not so obtrusive, for it is solid at ordinary temperature.

8.Pharmaceutical students study many kinds of chemistry; therefore, there are special chemical laboratories in our Institute.

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Analyze the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. Hydrogen can be lighted and its flame melts ordinary glass. 2. Most vegetable drugs are dried either by natural heat or sometimes artificial heat is used. 3. The potassium sodium and ammonium salts of organic acids are soluble in water, but most other salts are sparingly soluble. 4. Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline series, so it is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal and other miscellaneous infections when caused by susceptible organisms.

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ACIDS

Acids may be divided into two main groups – inorganic and organic acids, but most of them owe their activity on protoplasm to the hydrogen ions liberated in solution. Some acids, such as salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and tannic acid are more dependent for their pharmacological action not on the hydrogen ions, but on the rest of the molecule. Both inorganic acids and many organic acids are corrosive, depending on the concentration. Dilute acids alter the surface charges and the solubility of colloids, and produce stimulation and irritation. Concentrated acids destroy the tissues by direct chemical action; therefore they are corrosive. The concentrated acids have an affinity for water and withdraw this from cells. The affinity is so strong in the case of sulphuric acid that not only water is withdrawn from the tissues but also carbonification may follow.

Most soluble acids and acid salts dissolve calcareous material, such as bones and teeth. Sulphuric acid and acids which form insoluble calcium salts are limited in their action. This action forms the basis of widening root canals with sulphuric acid or it may be done with phenolsulphonic acid. Chromic acid must be used with great care for it may cause ulceration and systematic poisoning.

to liberate, to alter, to dissociate, to consist, to corrode, to weaken, to charge, to dilute, to neutralize, to irritate, to depend, to combine, to connect, to differ, to produce, to diminish, to lead, to destroy, to widen, to conduct, to poison, to conclude, to solidify.

II.Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

affinity, to enlarge, to destroy, organic, dilution, to be constant, to diminish, inorganic, to build, concentration, strong, wide, dependent, insoluble, to alter, narrow, difference.

III.Translate the following groups of words:

1.mutual, mutuality. 2 to owe, owing. 3. to widen, wide, widely, width 4. to conduct, conductor, conduction, conductive, conductivity, conducting 5. to poison, poison, poisonous, poisoning 6. to conclude, conclusion 7. to acidify, acidity, acid 8. alkalinity, alkaloid 9. to corrode, corrosive, corrosion 10. to convert, conversely, conversion 11. accordance, according, accordingly 12. essential, essentiality 13. to dissolve, dissoluble

14.colloid, colloidal 15. to base, base, basis, basic

IV. translate the following adjectives paying attention to the word-building suffixes:

inorganic, organic, salicylic, tannic, chromic, hydrochloric, nitric, metallic, picric,

carbonic, alcoholic, scientific, sulphuric, volcanic, aqueous, calcareous, nitrous, poisonous, essential, corrosive, insoluble, mutual, dependent.

V.Answer the following questions:

1.Into what main groups are acids divided? 2. Are inorganic and many organic acids corrosive? 3. What do dilute acids produce? 4. Concentrated acids have an affinity for water, haven't they? 5. What may chromic acid cause if not used with great care?

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Кислоты можно разделить на две основные группы – органические и неорганические. 2. Как и неорганические кислоты, многие органические кислоты являются коррозийными. 3. Концентрированные кислоты разрушают ткани. 4. Сродство с водой концентрированных кислот очень велико. 5. Большинство кислот растворяют известковый материал, например, кости и зубы.

VII. Translate with a dictionary:

Strong and weak acids and bases

The difference between "strong" and "weak" acids or bases is essentially the difference in the degree of dissociation of the ions. A strong acid is dissociated to a very high degree in aqueous solution; therefore in such a solution there is a high concentration of hydrogen ions, and conversely a low pH. Similarly, a strong base, such as poisonous potassium hydroxide, is dissociated in aqueous solution to a very high degree, and it supplies a large number of hydroxyl ions. These hydroxyl ions combine with some of the hydrogen ions in the solution and thus diminish their concentration, so the pH of a solution of potassium hydroxide is considerably higher than. 7. Weak acids and bases are dissociated in aqueous solution to a much lower degree, producing much less alteration in the hydrogen ion concentration of the water, accordingly the pH of aqueous solutions of weak acids or bases is usually fairly close to 7.

VIII. Translate without a dictionary:

Acids, bases and salts are dissociated to a high degree when dissolved in water, therefore the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are the essential factors for acidity and alkalinity, respectively. Neutralization consists in mutual removal of these two ions as ionized water. Thus, sodium hydroxide is ionized into hydrogen ions and chlorine ions, and sodium chloride is ionized into sodium ions and chlorine ions.

But this removal of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions by mutual interaction is never quite complete. The purest water obtainable is slightly conducting, for it is very slightly dissociated into ions. The concentration of each ion in the purest water has been measured and it was found nearly 1 × 10-7 gr equivalents per litre at room temperature.

L E S S O N 6

MODEL 5

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to have

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1.Solutions of salicylic acid have an acid reaction.

2.You have to go to the doctor and ask him about this drug.

3.This year many girls and boys have been enrolled as students in pharmaceutical department of the Medical Institute.

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Analyze the following sentences and translated them into Russian:

1. Formic acid is a colourless liquid with a pungent odour which has a desiccating action on the skin. 2. The pharmacist has to control all the medical preparations in the emergency suite and see that these preparations are always in good form and ready for use. 3. The teacher has told the students that all solids consist of particles which are closely connected with each other. 4. Another scientific-engineering problem has been solved, and broad prospects have been opened up for further research of outer space and planets of the solar system by automatic space stations which bring back research data to the earth. 5. The first amount of titanium produced when examined indicated that the metal had promising