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The problem of Death in Imamichi Tomonobu Views

Elena L. Skvortsova

Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, Moscow.

E-mail: squo0202@mail.ru

The article is devoted to the views of the Japanese philosopher Imamichi Tomonobu (1922– 2012) on the problem of death, which he considers in connection in connection with the concept of Nothingness. The action of Nothingness as the limitation of Being within every particular being means the inevitable finiteness, that is, the death of every living thing. The rational development of the theme of death was hampered by the fact that religion was mainly concerned with this topic. In the 20th century the philosophy of Existentialism came to grips with death as a purely human form of Nothingness. But prof. Imamichi believes that the Existentialists proceeded in their reasoning from the particular to the general, whereas the right way should be the opposite. The Japanese philosopher raises an important problem of “reducing” the process of dying in the era of high-speed society. Within the framework of his concept of “eco-ethics” the scientist advocates that in the modern high-tech world, the attitude should be clearly defined, and not carried beyond the limits of human consciousness.

KEY WORDS: Imamichi Tomonobu, death, process of dying, thanatology. Nothingness, Being, M. Heidegger, Existentialism, eco-ethica, metatechnica, urbanica.

The Model of Emperor’s Reign Description in Jinnōshōtōki

Polina V. Golubeva

Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow.

E-mail: golubeva.porina@gmail.com

Jinnōshōtōki (“Chronicles of the Authentic Lineages of the Divine Emperors”) was written by Kitabatake Chikafusa (1293–1354), a sophist and a loyal supporter of Go-Daigo emperor (1318– 1339). The Chronicles were created during one of the most difficult periods of Japanese history named the Nanboku-cho period (1336–1392) when the Imperial court was split into two branches. Jinnōshōtōki has a form of a historical treatise which consists of the descriptions of 97 Japanese emperors. It is one of the most significant written source of the period. However, there are few pieces of research about Jinnōshōtōki in the world Japanese studies and there is almost none in Russia. The aim of the research is to define the characteristics of emperors used by the author in the descriptions and try to understand whether there was a special model of the emperor’s description. To achieve the aim a data base which includes 33 characteristics and information about 97 emperors was created. After a formally-quantitative analysis of the data it became possible to define regularities and particularities of the historical text. However, it can be concluded that there is no strict model of the description that the author follows due to a free structure of the treatise prose. The achieved results are of great interest for further work on comparison the model of the emperor’s description in Jinnōshōtōki and previous Japanese historical texts.

KEY WORDS: Emperors of Japan, Jinnōshōtōki, Kitabatake Chikafusa, emperors’ descriptions.

Kōkan Shiren’s Notes in The First History

of Japanese Buddhism

Maya V. Babkova

Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, Moscow; School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow.

E-мail: maymayl@yandex.ru

The article presents an attempt to depict the stance of Zen thinker and poet Kōkan Shiren (1278–1346) on the question about the place of Zen lineage in Japanese Buddhism in 15th c. based upon the analysis of his Genkō Shakusho chronicle. While still alive Kōkan Shiren was already widely known as a Zen master, a poet, a man of letters and an expert on Chinese philosophy. He is the author of philosophical treatises, comments on Buddhist sūtras and numerous poetry. Among his works is the first Japan’s comprehensive history of Buddhism: “GenkōEra Account of Buddhism” (GenkōShakusho). It contains three main parts: biographies (den), tables (hyō), and treatises (shi). In this last part Kōkan Shiren writes about various rites and ceremonies, describes the doctrines of Japanese Buddhist lineages and discusses debates among them, presents famous temples, their history and miracles occurred there. Kōkan’s own opinion can be seen well enough through his style and expressions in this part of the text. As a Zen master, he was fully aware of the nonduality of the world as a place where Bud- dha-nature manifests itself, so he was sincere in his conviction that all the Japanese Buddhist lineages lead towards the same ultimate truth. At the same Тime he argued that Zen offers the shortest and the fastest way to the enlightenment and that this tradition is the closest to Buddha’s initial teaching.

KEY WORDS: Genkō Shakusho, Kōkan Shiren, Japanese Buddhism, Zen Buddhism.

Foreign countries on Gyoki-type maps

Ekaterina K. Simonova-Gudzenko

Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow.

E-mail: eksimonova@mail.ru

The article focused on the list and representation of foreign countries on Gyoki-type maps of Japan. A retrospective view gives us the opportunity to see the presence, addition, absence of one or another country, which allows to trace the process of forming Japanese spatial ideas especially about the outside world in 14th–19th centuries. The primary analysis revealed the sustainability of the spatial concepts of Japan as a divine country (shinkoku), the image of the world consisting of three countries (sangoku sekaikan). In addition, a large number of borrowings from Western representation of the world with which Japanese got acquainted in the second half of the 16th century, were found.

KEY WORDS: Gyōki-type maps, spatial ideas, shinkoku, sangoku sekaikan, Japan, Tan, Tenjiku, Chōsen.

The map of Japan from Tokai setsuyō hyakkatsū

(Osaka, 1801)

Maria M. Kikteva

National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow. E-mail: kiktevam@gmail.com

During Tokugawa era despite bakufu’s politics of isolation and prohibitions against foreign literature Japanese society estimated an eagle temptation toward every knowledge about outside world, it was the time of rapid development of cartography, widespread of commercial maps through different layers of urban population. One another characteristic point of the time is publishing of great amount of books on various topics and encyclopedias among them. This paper aims to investigate the evolution of geographical knowledge in setsuyōshū, conservative encyclopedias, which purpose was to ensure the stability of society according to Neo-Confucian principles. The paper studies the map of Japan from Tokai setsuyō hyakkatsū (Osaka, 1801), the peculiarities of its content and composition, genre specifications, common points with European, Japanese and Chinese maps, comparing it with Sancai Tuhui, Wakan sansai zue, Ikokumonogatari and Yonjinikoku jinbutsusetsu.

KEY WORDS: Tokugawa period, setsuyōshū, map of Japan, japanese cartography.

Akisato Ritō — the founder of meisho zue genre

Stanislava I. Golubchenko

Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow.

E-mail: allerdelavant@mail.ru

In this article the personality, writing and publishing activity of Akisato Ritōis studied, as well as the influence of his illustrated lists of famous places (meisho zue) on the development of publishing in the Kansai region in the Edo period. Akisato Ritō is a poet and writer who lived in Kyoto in the second half of the 17th — beginning of the 19th centuries. He is the author of about thirty works of the genre of illustrated guidebooks, mainly of the Kansai region (the city of Kyoto, the Settsu, Kawati, Izumi provinces, etc.). The features of these guidebooks, which were compiled on the basis of the previous ones and contained detailed information about many landmarks in a certain region, as well as a large number of detailed illustrations, are noted. Moreover, the author rechecked the information from the previous guidebooks and travelled to the region to do field studies. Furthermore, the role of many large print houses of Kyoto in publishing meisho zue, such as Yoshinoya Tamehati, Ogawa Tozaemon, Kawati-ya Tasuke, is revealed. After the success of the meisho zue of Akisato Ritō there were lots of imitations of them (for example, “Edo meisho zue”). It is pointed out that the publication of meisho zue Akisato Ritō the era of illustrated lists of landmarks begins.

KEY WORDS: Akisato Ritō, meisho zue, illustrated lists of landmarks, publishing.

The history of Japanese libraries: from ancient times up to Edo period

Varvara S. Firsova

Russian Academy of Sciences Library, Saint Petersburg; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg; Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities, Saint Petersburg.

E-mail: varuhanya@yandex.ru

The paper examines the history of Japanese libraries from the 6th century up to the Edo period. The oldest known library of Japan was founded at the time of Shotoku-Taishi (573–621). It can be concluded that the policy on establishing centralized government/state and the necessity of compilation of the official history of the country promoted the foundation of first state library. Further in Heian and Kamakura periods different types of libraries developed: government libraries, the Court library, Buddhist monastic libraries, private libraries which belonged to noble families etc. Unfortunately many of them were destroyed by fire and were not saved up to now. After military government had been established in the 13th century military clans established libraries, which responded to their needs. The access to these libraries was very limited. The exception was Kanazawa library, which was relatively more open to public. Another famous library was Ashikaga school library which was considered to be the first school library of Japan. In the Edo period mainly two types of libraries developed: scientific and entertainment libraries. Entertainment library was represented by kashihonya — rental bookshops. As the remarkable literacy rate was reached in the Edo period, the clients of kashihonya came from different classes and backgrounds. Thus, the culture of reading developed to a great extent. By tracing the history of the development of libraries it is possible to understand the reason of the significant role and popularity of Japanese libraries in modern Japan.

KEY WORDS: libraries, archives, libraries in Japan, history of libraries.

First Scholarly Journals in Japan

Irina V. Melnikova

Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.

E-mail: melnikova@silk.plala.or.jp

In Meiji period Japan, since 1874, a group of adepts of enlightenment and westernization which named itself Meirokusha issued the periodical, Meiroku Zasshi, which is now recognized to be the first scholarly journal in Japan. Meiroku Zasshi addressed to the problems of reforming Japanese society (the language reform, religious and judicial reform, introducing popularly elected assembly, etc.). The Western countries providing the model for Japan, their experience was introduced to the readers of Meiroku Zasshi through translations. Meiroku Zasshi is thoroughly studied and considered to be the valuable source of knowledge about Meiji thought. This article is a comparative study of Meiroku Zasshi and Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan, the first scholarly journal on Japan which was initiated in Yokohama in 1874. Comparing two journals we get important knowledge about the dialog between Japan and the West at the moment. We can trace how the Japanese and Western intellectual searched for the

language of mutual description and how differed the perspectives in the process of incorporation of the Japanese culture in the multiplicity of world cultures. Mori Arinori, the editor of Meiroku Zasshi, was the only Japanese member of the Asiatic Society of Japan and as such, he used the experience of the later in editing his own journal and rendering public discussions in Meirokusha. As for the content of the two scholarly journals in 1874–1875, there are two topics discussed in the both of them: the Japanese language and the Japanese religion, Shinto.

KEY WORDS: Meiji period, westernization, scholarly journals, Meiroku Zasshi, Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Mori Arinori.

Nittō guhō junrei kōki

Ennin

Рartial translation by Natalia V. Vlasova.

Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics.

E-mail: jutacu@gmail.com

The fragment includes records from the first to the second lunar month of 840. Ennin announces negotiations with Tang officials regarding permission to visit the Utaishan Mountains.

KEY WORDS: Ennin, diary, Tang China, Utaishan.

The Description of the Countries in Uchida Masao’s

Geographical Encyclopedia Yochi Shiryaku:

the case of Holland

Anna B. Sharova

Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow.

E-mail: anchyk90@yandex.ru

Holland played a very important role in the Japanese history because during nearly all the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) it remained practically the only country with which Japan maintained diplomatic relations. Uchida Masao’s geographical encyclopedia Yochi Shiryaku is considered to be the first significant work on world geography that was published at the beginning of Meiji period (1868–1912). The current article consists of a small preface and a partial translation of the description of Holland presented in this geographical work.

KEY WORDS: Uchida Masao, Yochi Shiyaku, Meiji period, geographical encyclopedia, Holland.

The Image of Japan in the Perception of British Publicists

and Politicians in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th centuries

Danila S. Bukin

Faculty of History and Philology, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk. E-mail: atrolet@gmail.com

The main aim of this paper is to reconstruct the British image of Japan on the basis of English periodicals. The work presents the views of the British on the nature of the Japanese people, as well as the development and future of Japan. It is shown that foreigners most often noted the practicality of the Japanese, their mastery of arts and depressing status of women. The trend of changes in the image of Japan is directly related to the growth of military and political influence and the change of its role on the world stage: if at the time of “opening” in the mid. 19th сentury the country seemed quite distinctive but still a Middle Ages state, then after the modernization, the Sino-Japanese war, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Russo-Japanese war it was considered a new world power and the hegemon of the East.

KEY WORDS: Japan, Meiji, Great Britain, Anglo-Japanese relations, Public opinion, English opinion journalism.

Effectiveness of Japanese Civil and Customary Law System

in Colonial Korea

Liubov V. Ovchinnikova

Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Moscow.

E-mail: lovchin@yandex.ru

In the present many of the historical events and processes are being reviewed, and quest for new sources of scientific research is becoming one of the priorities in historical science. This can be fully related to Korean colonial and post-colonial history. Analyzing Korean and Japanese colonial history some historians deny the influence of Japanese legacy on Korean modernization and post-colonial development. Others tend to overestimate the role of Japanese colonial governance in Korea (1910–1945) in the context of modernization and the formation of Korean post-colonial statehood. Conducting research, one tries to understand, what exactly has been going on in colonial Korea, what changes in the fields of economy, social life, peoplesʼ mentality and others have taken place. The period of Japanese colonial legacy should be considered as a time, when traditional and new institutions, ways of thinking. Norms of social life, etc. coexisted in one country. A researcherʼs analysis of colonial institutions is an important starting point. No matter of oneʼs historical stand — either he stands on the position that there has been a renunciation of colonial social institutions, or he thinks that the latter have become a certain prerequisite of post-colonial state system of the Republic of Korea. During the colonial period a judicial system based on Japanese Code had been introduced. The Japanese laws did not simply extend to Korea, but rather, Japan left room for Korean customs

and traditions, thus civil and customary law system in colonial Korea being quite effective. Furthermore, a substantial part of postcolonial Korean civil law is grounded on this colonial custom. Courts in Korea at that time were more than an instrument of self-serving colonialism. Conducting this research, the author uses, among other books, documents of Japanese colonial administration. They provide us important data and information concerning the formation of Korean state system and help promote research of Japanese and Korean history.

KEY WORDS: colonial Korea, General-Governor office, Japanese administration, colonial society, colonialism.

Japan through the eyes of the Third Reich on the example of Heinz Corazza work “Samurai, Knights of the Empire in Honor and Faith”

Kseniia V. Shupletsova

Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow.

E-mail: noisettepost@gmail.com

Cooperation of Japan and the Third Reich undoubtedly played a huge role not only in Asian but in the world history as well. Both nations due to similar ideology and goals in their foreign policy formed an alliance. Nonetheless, there is still a question to answer, why this cooperation was not contrary to the Nazi ideology. In this article was attempted to present from the example of essays “Samurai, Knights of the Empire in Honor and Faith” by ideologist Heinz Corazza the image of Japan made for Wehrmacht’s soldiers and the advantages of Samurai to adopt.

KEY WORDS: Japanese-German relations, Third Reich and Japan, Japanese-German ideological cooperation, Heinz Corazza.

From the “red people” to the “neighboring state”: Matsudaira Sadanobu and Russia

Vasilii V. Shchepkin

Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS, Saint Petersburg. Е-mail: vshepkin@gmail.com

Supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation (project MK– 3996.2018.6) “Russia in the foreign politics and intellectual life of Japan in the late 18th — early 19th centuries”.

Matsudaira Sadanobu (1758–1829) was an actual head of Japanese government in 1787–1793 when relations with Russia had become one of the key questions for Japanese authorities. His success in the negotiations with Russian envoy Adam Laxman made him one of the most

influential experts in external affairs even after his resignation. Through his autographic documents and diaries we managed to trace his attidude towards Russia and the idea of trade relations with it under the influence of several events: the Ainu uprising at Kunashir and northeastern Hokkaido in 1789, the visits of Adam Laxman and Nikolai Rezanov embassies in 1792–1793 and 1804–1805, and the assaults on Japanese settlements at Sakhalin and Iturup by Russian sailors in 1806–1807. By examining some common trends in Japan’s foreign policy in the first years of Sadanobu’s rule such as the reduction of trade with Dutch and Chinese merchants and the revision of Korean embassies to Japan, we have seen that Sadanobu’s early negative attitude towards Russia fits together with it. However, the negotiations with Russian envoy Adam Laxman pushed Sadanobu to reconsider the significance of relations with Russia and to pay more attention to the safety of northern boundaries of Japan. Sadanobu’s resignation in 1793 didn’t mean he was sidelined from the state affairs. His opinion was still taken into consideration by the central government as it was after the assaults on Japanese settlements at Sakhalin and Iturup by Russian sailors in 1806–1807. It appears that the capture of Russian captain Vasilii Golovnin in 1811 by Japanese officials were based on Sadanobu’s earlier offer to show off Japan’s martial prowess. Sadanobu’s recognition of Russia as a “neighboring country” signed the change in Japan’s awakening about the reshaped world order in the North Pacific.

KEY WORDS: Matsudaira Sadanobu, Japan’s foreign policy, Russia-Japan relations, foreign relations in East Asia, bakufu.

The Life of Daikokuya Kōdayū after Returning to Japan

Kirill M. Kartashov

Department of Asian, Middle Eastern and Turkish Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sveden.

E-mail: kirill.kartashov96@yandex.ru

Supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation (project MK3996.2018.6) “Russia in the foreign politics and intellectual life of Japan in the late 18th — early 19th centuries”.

The story of Daikokuya Kōdayū, a captain of a Japanese vessel, who spent nine years in Russia after a shipwreck and then returned to Japan with Adam Laxman’s expedition (1792–1793), is one of the most well-known episodes in the history of early Russian-Japanese contacts. However, while describing in detail Kōdayū’s stay in Russia, the primary sources and research works available in Russian barely say anything about Kōdayū’s life after his return to Japan. Based mainly on the Japanese materials, this article is an attempt to partially cover the gap.

KEY WORDS: Daikokuya Kōdayū, history of Japan, history of Russian-Japanese relations, rangaku, dissemination of knowledge about Russia in Japan.

The second Kuril Islands expedition

of lieutenant Khvosotv and ensign Davidov in 1807, based on the Davidov’s journal

Olga V. Klimova

Department of Asian and African studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg.

E-mail: o_klimova@hotmail.com

This study will examine the second Sakhalin and Kuril Islands expedition of lieutenant Khvosotv and ensign Davidov in 1807. The plan of the expedition to Sakhalin was originally built by Rezanov. He genuinely believed that it would help to establish trade between Russia and Japan. On the August 8th of the 1806 he issued an order that prescribed two officers to conduct the expedition to Sakhalin. However, on the 24th of September, he cancelled the expedition. Despite that fact Khvostov decided to conduct the expedition to Sakhalin. Moreover, the following 1807 year Khvostov, this time together with Davidov, carried out the plan of expedition to Sakhalin and Kuril island for the second time. This research is based on the Davidov’s journal “The Voyage of an American Company Tender “Avos” in 1807, under Ensign Davidov”, in which he gives a detailed description of the expedition. He makes interesting notes on the state of the Japanese settlements, compares them to the Russian ones, and describes the search of the first Russian settlements, which was founded by Zvezdochotov on Kuril Islands.

KEY WORDS: Khvostov, Davidov, Sakhalin expedition, Russo-Japanese relations, Zvezdochyotov, Kuril Islands.

Nikolai Muravyov-Amurskiy Mission in Edo, 1859

Artem V. Klimov

National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg. E-mail: klim583@rambler.ru

In 1859 Governor General of East Siberia, count Muravyov-Amurskiy (1809–1881) arrived in Edo (now Tokyo) as a head of squadron of warships to negotiate with the representatives of military government (bakufu). He sought acceptance by Japanese authority that Sakhalin is Russian territory to draw a border along La Perouse strait. Muravyov-Amurskiy tried to achieve his aim while not resorting to the threat of military force. Russian arguments were not accepted by Japanese diplomats. It was not until 1875 some 16 years later when by Saint-Pe- tersburg treaty Sakhalin fully became part of Russian Empire. Famous Japanese historian Akizuki Tosiaki, while not fully showing Muravyov-Amurskiy statements, is trying to show russian policy in Far East in a misrepresented manner.

KEY WORDS: Nikolai Muravyov-Amurskiy. Diplomatic relations, Russia, Japan.

“Charming sketches” and “Grotesque”: Russian Sources on Japanese Art in the second half

of the 19th century

Anna A. Egorova

Department for Scientific and Educational Work, The State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg.

E-mail: egorova-ermus@yandex.ru

The article is devoted to the critical analysis of Russian letter, periodicals and newspapers in which imaginations and impressions of Japanese art was reflected in the second half of the 19th century. The main goal was to close in on the problem of Japanese art reception in Russia and the influence of this early experience over understanding and assimilation of this artistic tradition. This aspect of art history is still less studied. But its examination allows to trace the Japanese art influence on Russian art in the and of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, to define characteristics of Russia “japonism” and special aspects of Japanese cultural identity understanding in the 20th century. Several groups of sources were involved to this study. There are: traveler’s evidances and references to Visual and Applied arts in books about Japan; catalogs of exhibitions held in St. Petersburg and Moscow in the 1880–1990s; information in the public press, and a few mentions in correspondence, diaries and memoirs.In general, these sources can be characterized by the following trends: 1) the gradual development of professional language describing Japanese art, the adaptation of terminology, the introduction of Japanese terms; 2) attempts to determine the originality of Japanese art in comparison with already relatively well-known Chinese and other «exotic» cultures; 3) the desire to understand Japanese art through comparison with the art of the West or Russian art; 4) a discussion about the ability of Japanese art to enrich the national artistic tradition.

KEY WORDS: Japanese Art, Russian Art of the 19th century, Russian Art of the 20th century, Meiji period Art, japonism, art history, art critics, exhibitions, art reception.

Kabuki Theater in Russia (1928)

as an Object of Research,

Nostalgia, Criticism

Anastasia A. Fedorova

Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow.

E-mail: nastassja.fedorova@gmail.com

In 1928, Japanese Kabuki Theater went on a tour to the Soviet Union. Soviet and Japanese press followed this event closely, introducing readers to cast members, the theater’s repertoire and its schedule, critical reviews written by professionals, as well as actors’ impressions from traveling to the USSR. In the postwar years, tour participants recalled their trip nostalgically. At the turn of the twentieth century Kabuki’s tour to the Soviet Union became an object of academic interest. In Japan and abroad, research projects investigating the tour’s