
- •Воронежский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет
- •Введение
- •Lecture 1 lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1. General characteristics of Lexicology
- •2. Branches of Lexicology
- •3. The connection of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics
- •4. Synchronic and Diachronic Lexicology
- •Lecture 2 word structure and word meaning
- •1. Lexical units. The word as a fundamental unit of the language
- •2. Components of the word meaning
- •3. Word-Meaning and Motivation
- •4. Types of Meaning
- •Lecture 3 semantic structure of the word
- •1. Types of context
- •2. Word-meaning in syntagmatics and paradigmatics
- •3. Polysemy and ways of its development
- •4. Types of lexical meaning
- •5. Types of polysemy
- •6. Types of semantic changes
- •Lecture 4 semantic relations of words
- •1. Homonymy. Classifications of homonyms, their sources
- •2. Sources of homonymy
- •3. Synonyms. Classification of synonyms. Euphemisms
- •4. Antonyms. Their classification
- •Lecture 5 general characteristics of english vocabulary
- •1. The volume of the vocabulary
- •2. Archaisms
- •3. Neologisms
- •4. Professional terminology
- •5. Standard English. Slang
- •Lecture 6 word-groups and phraseological units
- •1. Types of word combinations. Classifications of word-groups
- •2. Free word groups
- •3. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •4. A phraseological unit
- •5. Distinction between free word-groups and phraseological units
- •6. Classification of phraseological units
- •7. Sources of phraseological units
- •Lecture 7 word structure and word-formation
- •1. Morphological structure of the English word
- •2. Word-formation
- •3. Affixation. Prefixation
- •4. Suffixation. Classifications of suffixes
- •5. Conversion
- •6. Other types of word-formation
- •Lecture 8
- •Variants of the english language
- •1. British English and American English as the main variants of the English language
- •2. Morphological peculiarities of American words
- •3. Grammar peculiarities of American words
- •4. Lexical peculiarities of the two variants
- •5. The future of the English language
- •Lecture 9 english lexicography
- •1. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics, its aims and significance
- •2. The history of dictionary making
- •4. Classification of dictionaries
- •4. Main types of linguistic dictionaries of the English language
- •Modern Russian-English English-Russian Dictionaries
- •Modern English and American Dictionaries
- •Вопросы к зачету по курсу «Лексикология английского языка»
- •Final test English Lexicology
- •Заключение
- •Список литературы
- •Table of contents
- •394006 Воронеж, ул.20-летия Октября, 84
4. Antonyms. Their classification
The term antonymy (Greek opposite + name) is used for oppositeness of meaning. Antonyms are two or more words of the same language belonging to the same category of parts of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, which have contrasting meaning, e.g. poor – rich, failure – success, to exclude – to include, warmly – coolly, wide – narrow, old – young, big – small, clean – dirty, produce – consume.
Most antonyms are adjectives, because qualitative characteristics are easily compared and contrasted: high – low, strong – weak. Verbs take second place: to lose – to find, to live – to die. Nouns are not rich in antonyms: friend – enemy, good – evil.
Antonyms are subdivided into groups: a) root (or absolute) antonyms are antonyms having different roots, e.g. day – night, late – early, ancient – modern, bad – good; b) derivational antonyms are antonyms having the same root but different affixes, e.g. like – dislike, useful – useless, logical – illogical, joyful – joyless.
Like synonyms, antonyms with opposite meanings can be brought together: more or less, back and forth, likes and dislikes, blow hot and cold, the pros and cons, be bought and sold, more dead than alive, through thick and thin, a big frog in a little pond, penny wise and pound foolish.
SEMINAR 4
KEY TERMS
homonymy homophones
synonymy antonymy
opposition thematic group
euphemism homographs
synonymic dominant root antonym
total synonym stylistic synonym
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION AND EXERCISES
Homonyms. Sources of homonyms.
Classifications of homonyms.
Synonymy and synonymic patterns in the English language. Sources of synonymy.
Features of the synonymic dominant.
Ideographic and stylistic synonyms. Euphemisms.
Antonyms and parts of speech. Classification of antonyms.
Consider the following sentences and find homonyms:
A penny is one cent. The soap has a nice scent. She sent me a letter.
I will buy a pen at the store. Our house is by the school.
My hair is brown and cut short. The little hare ran quickly into the forest.
I have only one apple in my basket. Our team won the game.
Please wait in line for lunch. She lost weight on her diet.
How many words that sound alike are there?
Of all the saws I ever saw saw I never saw a saw saw as that saw saws (сколько я не видел, как пилят пилы, я никогда не видел, чтобы пила пилила так, как пилит эта пила).
There are three words saw – пила (used 3 times), saw – пилить (3 times), saw – видеть past simple (2 times).
Look up in a dictionary the words man and woman. Make a list of synonyms for the word woman and for the word man.
Read the poem and consider the homonyms.
Homonymy
Some words have different meanings,
and yet they’re spelt the same.
A cricket is an insect,
to play it – it’s a game.
On every hand, in every land,
it’s thoroughly agreed,
the English language to explain
is very hard indeed.
Some people say that you’re a dear,
yet dear is far from cheap.
A jumper is a thing to wear,
a jumper has to leap.
A little journey is a trip,
a trip is when you fall.
It doesn’t mean you have to dance
where’er you hold a ball.
(H. Hemsley)
Homonymy and its sources.
- Конечно, самый лучший язык – английский. Во-первых, потому что в нем около ста тысяч слов. В подметки ему не годится французский со своими сорока семью и немецкий со своими шестьюдесятью с чем-то тысячами. А огромное количество односложных слов в английском – разве это не облегчение? А омонимы английские – вот где клад! Ну, что русские омонимы? Стыд и смехота одна! Мука да мука или мiр да мир … Раз два и обчелся. А вы разверните-ка Оксфордский словарь и посмотрите, сколько страниц занимают в нем определения одного только крошечного трехбуквенного слова set. 67 страниц, молодой человек, – считанных! И это еще не все преимущества английского языка. Английский язык – язык без придури. В нем нет, как в несчастном русском языке, например, букв, которые никогда не бывают начальными. Наше, например, – будь оно трижды проклято, - Ы! Английский – язык честный, без привередничества. В нем все буквы, как буквы: равноправие-с. Дай Господи, чтобы он сделался международным. Вздохнуть можно было бы. А то корпишь над нашим идиотским русским языком – кто его только выдумал? Слова – как будто пьяный дрова рубил: одно полено в три аршина, а другое в три вершка. Попробуй-ка их аккуратно в штабель сложить…
- Простите меня, я что-то в толк не возьму. С какой, собственно, точки зрения вы рассуждаете о языках и оцениваете их?
- Разумеется, с практической, молодой человек. С точки зрения человека, который зарабатывает себе на хлеб составлением крестословиц. Да, судьба сыграла со мной скверную шутку, уродив меня русским, а не англичанином. Вы подумайте, родись я в Бирмингеме: 100 тысяч слов – раз, односложных слов – хоть купайся, омонимов – хоть обожрись! (from Азов В. Муки русского слова, Посльднiя Новости (Париж), 14 июля 1929 г.)
Test
1. The word “homonymy” means:
a) a word has two or more meaning
b) the sameness of form combined with the difference in meaning
c) a change of meaning based on the association of similarity
d) the process of semantic development
2. Most antonyms in English are:
a) verbs
b) nouns
c) pronounces
d) adjectives
3. Euphemism is a word which is:
a) more offensive
b) of native origin
c) less offensive or unpleasant
d) international
4. Root antonyms are antonyms having:
a) different roots
b) similar roots
c) different affixes
d) identical affixes
5. A synonym is a word:
a) similar in sound but of different meaning
b) similar in grammatical form
c) different in sound but of identical meaning
d) different in context
6. Synonymic dominant is the central term:
a) of a thematic group
b) of a word-group
c) of a language
d) of the word-formation