Учебное пособие 2092

landscape because it is the outcome of natural or human actions and reactions of its constituent factors over a period of time. The second type of landscape is the cultural landscape because it is the result of human interaction with the natural environment and his involvement in the nature (Masnavi, 2014).

Natural landscape is kind of cultural landscapes. The nature and culture have long been in close relations with each other. Among the phenomena which today have been remained for us as the historical works and heritage, sometimes it becomes difficult to separate the elements of culture and nature, nevertheless some of these works possess dominant natural aspects and some of them dominant cultural aspects (Nadalipoor, 2014). In fact, remnants of the industrial heritage are more in number than the buildings with industrial activities. They include the landscape and views, machinery and industrial archaeology, also the monuments and other works of operation and production (Clark, 2013). A site of industrial heritage also could expand into a large area. For example, we could name the linear sites in connection with the energy distribution and transportation resources.

Generally, linear heritage due to passing through the natural, undisturbed and virgin scenes and because of presence of bridges and valuable industrial buildings alongside its track has been influential in creating appropriate landscapes, there fore the railway track is a combination of the cultural and natural landscape. Construction of railway began from the second half of the nineteen century and during the reign of Nasseredid Shah Gajar. Among the symbols of European life, the railway had attracted the Iranian thinkers more than anything else and its construction was a wish and considered the best means for Iran’s progress and achieving civilization (Ehteshami, 2003).

The North railway passes through the fertile and lovely plains of Mazandaran and enters Sari and Ghaemshahr cities. Then it passes the narrow valley of Talar located in the Alborz Mountains. GhaemShahr –Gadook railway route having a length of 115 km situated in the northern slopes of Alborz mountains is one of the most beautiful and wonderful routes of

Iran’s railways (Mokameli, 2000). In other words, the height of railway at the peak of Gadook is 2112 m from see level and this route has deep valleys and high and difficult peaks to pass through. Building the railway in this route requires construction of a large number of tunnels and valley bridges. The weather of this route is moderate and humid and cultivation of rice and wheat is prevalent there.

Protection of industrial complexes is a main part of protecting the industrial-historical character of a community. Many of these buildings due to their architectural features which represent the ver-

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nacular monuments of their industrial era are in the focus of attention. The industrial activities have been greatly altered during the last century. The North railway is one of the important and unique tourism attractions of our country. There are few people who have travelled to Iran and have not mentioned the North railway track as one the most memorable urban landscapes.

The main goal of this article is to achieve the comprehensive landscapes of industrial architecture features and finding and introducing the works that fall within the definition of the industrial architecture, among them one could refer to the identification of the generousness and values of industrial architecture heritage which provides for the protective backgrounds of architectural works of the industrial era and as the result this article is an attempt in the way of preserving the industrial heritage in terms of the tourism attractions of this valuable cultural landscape. This research has been conducted to respond to the two following key questions:

––What are the features of cultural landscapes of Veresk-bridge set?

––What are the noticeable principles for preservation of industrial heritage of Vereskbridge set and how the industrial heritage affects the cultural landscapes?

Response to the above questions is made possible by selecting the North railway track located at the Savadkooh region selected as an example of cultural landscape and a case study.

Research method. Protection of rail way stations buildings as the industrial heritage with the value of tourism attraction and with an environment of cultural landscapes had made this research an essential task. The analytic-descriptive research method has been adopted in this article with the aim of achieving our goal and responding the above questions.

The method of collecting information is through desk studies and utilizing the available documents and also conducting field studies. For understanding the subject, the condition of industrial heritage is studied. The analysis method is quantitative and descriptive and finally the information processing and the conclusion sections constitute the final stages of the research.

Charters and resolutions of industrial architecture heritage (TICCIH). The first half of 20th century has been the age of destruction of construction heritage which began by two world wars and environmental degradation caused by the industrial revolution, that which destroyed large individual buildings and also historical sites. In response to these horrible conditions, world organizations were established which had the task of establishing laws and regulations to preserve the cultural heritage (Bonyadi, 2012). With a look at the mov e- ments for preservation of the cultural heritage during the last 50 years, the first conclusion derived was that the approach of preserving industrial heritage has been under focus of attention, support and development of many associations, individuals and institutes on differ-

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ent scales (Torkzaban and Moradi, 2011). As a whole, different organizations have held national and international conferences and have issued resolutions, recommendations and regulations for conducting this issue.

UNESCO has attempted to manifest its high value for the coming generations through preservation and protection of the natural and cultural heritage in all of the world, so it has defined the historical works in this way: "Our past heritage, that which we are now living with and what we preserve for the future generations, our natural and cultural heritage, are both the irreplaceable properties of life" The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage", (World heritage convention),which has been approved in the year 1972, has given this standpoint a practical support (Bemanian et al. 2010). Among the international documents one could refer to the Paris recommendation (1962), Kyoto criteria (1967), Paris treaty (1972), Preservation of the world heritage and culture treaty (1973), Maastricht treaty (1992), Tara document (1994), Saint Antonio statement (1996), Stockholm statement (1998), Mexico city statement (1999), World heritage statement (2002), and ICOMOS charter (2007), which each of them in their turn has presented new and novel views in relation to "preserving industrial heritage" policies and have required the support of all organizations, communities and professional and expert entities in this regard and the agreed upon policies by the experts in these assemblies. The main principal entities responsible for formulation of these documents are "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO", "International Council on Monuments and Sites, ICOMOS", which have extensively promoted and enhanced the knowledge of preserving the heritage.

What that comes here includes the global approach toward presence of new structures in the field of the historical heritage which are presented in Table 1, in the form of international agreements such as the treaties, recommendations, charters and resolutions in the order of the date of their approval (Table 1).

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Issue № 4(32), 2016 ISSN 2075-0811

Capacity of the tourism landscapes. The outlook towards the landscape has had different historical paths in terms of the field of tourism and this paths include a variety of views toward the nature. The four types of perspectives include the decorative outlook based on the aesthetics taken from the nature, the recreational outlook from the viewpoint of environmental activists, the outlook from the viewpoint of those who believe in the preservation of nature, and the outlook which is linked with the concept of sustainability (Mansoori, 2014). There-

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fore, the quality of tourism spaces was determined based on a conflation of these four outlooks so that it could be in proportion with all types of the tourists’ encounters with landscape [Figure 1].

Fig. 1. All types of outlooks towards the nature (writers, adapted from Mansoori)

In most countries, tourist attraction has been recognized as an industry. It is a kind of tourism in which travel to natural areas (which have remained relatively undisturbed) is done with the aim of study and visual advantage from the natural views and with respect to the cultural aspects both in the past and now (Mahdavinejad et al, 2011). This definition is the sign of maximum utilization of the natural landscapes in terms of the historical sites and this relationship is analogous to the relation between man, nature and architecture (Noorinejhad, 2010). As a whole various examples of urban landscapes could be remembered by the public concerning

Iran’s territory. All natural and environmental capacities intermingled with or separated from the Iranians art both in the old or modern civilizations and manifestations of the architecture and manmade products in this territory fall in this category. Among the influential criteria concerning the sustainable capacity of tourism goals one could refer to the following:

1 –– The effect of tourism activities on the cultural aspects;

2 –– The effect of tourism on preservation of the old-historical and cultural monuments and contribution to the value system;

3 –– Preserving the national pride and culture.

Effect of railway on urban landscape. Combining the nature with manmade products and the way these two elements are situated alongside each other has created the views and scenes called as the urban landscapes (Daneshjoo et al, 2015). An urban landscape is the same mental image which is formed in our mind as the result of objective visualization of our surrounding views, whether this objective visualization be an urban landscape originating from the historical, natural or architectural identity or being dependent upon social events or collective

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memories of the visitors (Mahmoodi, 2013). The original landscape of the North railway represents the engineering techniques of its own time and the passage of the years that have created the many memories of the people who have traveled this route and encountered this historical landscape with its identity features. Today the bridges along the North railway are not just structures to connect two difficult to traverse points, but are landscapes which have turned to as collective memories of a few generations. The main elements for definition of assessment criteria concerning the status of the region and with respect to the analysis and assessment of the landscape are in the following order [Figure 2].

Fig. 2. Assessment measures for the North Rai lway track (writers, adapted from Mansoori)

The Semmering railway as an international example.The Semmering railway is situated on the high mountains with a height about 1850 m and a length of 40 km, which is regarded as a masterpiece of engineering in the field of railway construction and has a high standard of tunnel and valley bridges construction. This railway passes through beautiful scenes of mountains and around it there are various buildings and centers constructed for attraction of tourists and tourism

due to this invaluable industrial work and virgin and beautiful views [Figure3] .

Fig. 3. Stations and tourism houses of the Semmering railway (whc.unesco.org)

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This railway is among the most important tourism areas of Austria and is recorded in the list of world heritage of UNESCO. Due to implementing advance techniques in construction of this railway for the first time it has been regarded as a distinguished and invaluable work. A short track of this railway located at the heights has been in use since the middle ages and is among the few tracks in the heights of the mountains in which transport was done by animals and afterwards by the trains called Axen. During middle ages this railway was the most important railway that ultimately reached Vienna [Figure 4].

Fig. 4. Bridges of Semmering railway (whc.unesco.org)

Later on, by the opening of Berner railway its importance decreased but by the command of King of Austria in the 18th century to protect and rehabilitate these railways some appropriate measures were taken and this track was also connected to the city of Trist (whc.unesco.org). In addition to the value of these structures, they are also invaluable in terms of the implemented construction techniques, aesthetics etc.

Iran's North railway as an example. Features of the North railway track. From about 120 years ago, the construction of a general railway was the most important wish of Iranians. The people of northern Iran were also in thought of constructing a railway and connection to the center of the country. The construction of North railway commenced simultaneously with the establishment of general railway of Iran during the reign of Reza Shah in the 23th of Mehr 1306, based on the need and command of imperialist governments of Britain and Russia and it ended in the year 1316 and was opened in the year 1317. The geographical extension of this railway from the Garmsar station in Semnan province to the Gorgan station in Golestan province is 382 km which is divided into two parts of plain and mountainous areas in terms of the climatic conditions.

This line, beginning from Gorgan up to Shirgah with a length of 187 km passes along green plains and then passing through forests and mountainous regions with a length of 113 km, enters the Gadook neck and Firoozkooh. It has nearly 1450 bridges and culverts with a length of

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about 6842 m and among them the Veresk bridge with a length of 86 m and the main span of 66 m and height of 110 m is among the masterpieces of Railway construction, this line possesses a high standard in terms of the constructed tunnels and valley bridges (Hedayati and formi, 2016). The North railway as a geographical area possesses a high natural status. This natural feature has a special structure so that one could take advantage from the way the manmade elements are arranged for the purpose of constructiveness and responsiveness of the environment. These features not only represent the special character of the North railway track but in it the manmade structures, political issues, type of applied architecture, traditional pattern of all classes of people and many other issues are involved (Khajeh piri, 2014). Therefore, the North railway route from Gadook to Shirgah due to utilizing advanced methods of railway construction techniques which have been adopted for the first time are regarded with such a degree of importance and value. A portion of this route located in the heights is among the few high level routes in the mountains through which the trains do pass.

Bridges along the North railway. Construction of bridges is a major important part of constructing a general railway track and is regarded as the second rank after tunnel construction (Mokameli, 2000). Along the route from Gadook to Shirgah there are 75 constructed tunnels with a total length of about 21 km (Hedayati and Formi, 2016). The Gadook tunnel in the North railway is the longest tunnel among Iran's railway tunnels with a length of 2880m and an elliptical shaped section and consequently the walls and joints of the tunnel are also somehow embowed. Also where there exists pressure at the bottom of the tunnel it is made as inverted arches (Mokameli, 2000). Along the route there are 1256 large and small bridges and arch culverts and steel pipeline and overpasses, including 442 large and small bridges at Savadkooh region. Among these, the Veresk Bridge, Orim Bridge, Se Khat Tala Bridge, Shoorab Bridge, Kalantari bridge of Doab and Shirgah Bridge, each has been regarded as a masterpiece of construction engineering.

This railway line was designed and executed with respect to Iran’s architectural identity in an age of industrialization and this issue has caused manifestation of Iranian architectural elements in design and execution, including use of vernacular materials of the region and application of cubic shaped carved stones and also cement mortar as materials which have wellcoordinated themselves with Iran’s nature [Table2]. These bridges are designed in a way that have completely adapted themselves to the environment and green texture of the region and also they had the least effects upon natural environment and had minimally disturbed the general natural landscapes. The main element in the bridges are their arches, the decorating elements include a strip of 60 cm width made of cubic shaped stones, positioned at the exterior

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portion of the arches. The set of the railway bridges in the region of Savadkooh due to utilizing a single type with a similar form, has produced a good harmony so that if one travels this route seeing these consequent bridges alongside each other would experience a good feeling.

The North railway has been investigated from a number of aspects with respect to the cultur- al-natural issues, in the first step the mutual relation between people and building is taken into consideration and in the next step the relation with nature and its effect on people is examined. At the first stage these structures due to their age (70-100 years) could find their place in the hearts of the people of a generation.

Table 2

Bridges of the North railway, the Gadook-Shirgah route, Savadkooh region (cultural heritage, 1383)

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