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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (23), 2018 ISSN 2587-8093

perception of Rebecca by the narrator are presented in the form of semantic gradation. Thus, from thoughts (I thought) the heroine moves to imagination (I pictured) and, finally, she supposedly sees her foe (I could see). Together with the narrator, the readers are transferred from the world of things to the personality of the antagonist with her inherent manners (w r i t i n g u p o n t h e m s w i f t a n d s u r e ) and desires (b e s i d e t h e n a m e s s h e w a n t e d ). So, by means of artistic details, the author manages to create a complete, vivid and memorable image of Rebecca, which is so important for the realization of the author's idea that the whole novel is named after it.

Conclusion

On the basis of the analyzed linguistic material, we conclude the following:

1)images of the material world not only create a certain «background» of the literary work, but also play a significant role in the disclosure of characters and the implementation of the author's idea;

2)the identified details of the material world are the key means for creating Rebecca’s image. With their help, the author forms the image of a busy, efficient, authoritative, strong, bright and self-assured person;

3)the author deliberately endues the details of the material world with personifying elements, thereby forcing the readers to suspect that Rebecca is alive and reinforcing the suspense;

4)linguistic analysis of the text fragments shows that while describing the material world Daphne Du Maurier mainly uses syntactic means, such as inversion, repetitions, polysyndeton, syntactic parallelism, figures of attachment and detachment. Among the expressive means of the lexical level, we have identified metonymy and numerous cases of epithets.

5)in addition to the actual language means of forming the image of Rebecca, Daphne Du Maurier skillfully uses other artistic means of revealing her character, among which we have identified a color symbolism (ivory white) and a flower symbolism (azaleas). While the first symbol is purely positive, the second one hints at a contradictory, dual image of Rebecca. It is aimed to create a sense of ambiguity of the events, to make the readers suspect that there was a dark, sinister mystery in the fate of this character.

The results of this research can serve as the basis for a number of further scientific studies on the interpretation of the literary text which may include: 1) comparative analysis of the means of speech which form the attitude of the minor characters of the novel «Rebecca» to its antagonist; 2) research of methods of the suspense technique formation in other novels by Du Maurier or in the works of other writers who implement this technique.

References

[1]Palojko L.V. Obraz personazha v originale i literaturnom prodolzhenii anglojazychnogo romana kak ob#ekt filologicheskogo analiza: dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filologicheskih nauk. – Samara: Izd-vo PGSGA, 2014. – 216 c.

[2]Obnorskaja M.E., Polosina E.V. Tehnika sozdanija saspensa v romanah M. Stjuart. //Mir nauki, kultury, obrazovanija: nauchnyj zhurnal. Gorno-Altajsk, 2009. - №4(16). –S.29-33.

[3]Goncharova, N.Ju. Obraz anglijskogo sada v britanskom romane XX veka kak ob#ekt filologicheskogo analiza: dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filologicheskih nauk. – Samara: Izd-vo PGSGA, 2014. – 174 s.

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[4]Zhavoronok, I.A. Hudozhestvennaja detal' i ee funkcii v tvorchestve L.E. Ulickoj: avt. diss. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filolog. nauk. – Tver', 2012. – 19 s.

[5]Kashina, M.A. «Veshhnyj mir» I. Brodskogo: na materiale sbornika «Chast' rechi»; k voprosu o jazykovom mire pojeta: diss. … kand. filol. nauk. – Cherepovec, 2000. – 166 s.

[6]Kutafina, Ju.N. Predmetnyj mir hudozhestvennyj prozy N. V. Gogolja: "Peterburgskie povesti", "Mertvye dushi": diss. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filolog. nauk. – Elec, 1999. – 183 s.

[7]Levina, V.N. Hudozhestvennyj tekst kak avtorskoe otrazhenie kartiny mira // Vestnik TGU. Vyp. 4(40). Tambov: Izd-vo TGU – 2005. – S. 113–117.

[8]Mjakinina, E.S. Veshhnyj mir v tvorchestve N.V. Gogolja: na materiale «Vecherov na hutore bliz Dikan'ki», «Mirgoroda» i «Peterburgskih povestej»: diss. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filolog. nauk. – M., 2006 – 168 s.

[9]Razumovskaja, E.A. Vremja i veshh' (na materiale pojezii S. Surganovoj) // Izvestija Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaja serija. Serija: Filologija. Zhurnalistika. – T. 13. – № 1. 2013.

–S. 72-77.

[10]Saraeva, D.A. Jazykovaja reprezentacija hudozhestvennoj detali v sozdanii obrazov veshhnogo mira (na materiale anglojazychnyh tekstov nauchno-fantasticheskogo zhanra i zhanra "fjentezi"): dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. filologicheskih nauk. – Samara: Izd-vo SGSPU, 2016. – 179 s.

[11]Chudakov, A.P. Mir Chehova. Vozniknovenie i utverzhdenie. – M.: Sovetskij pisatel', 1986. – 379 s.

[12]Bardakova, V.V. Onomasticheskaja detal' v proizvedenii detskoj literatury // Gumanitarnyj vektor, № 4 (28). Izd.: Zabajkal'skij gosudarstvennyj universitet. – Chita, 2011. – s. 3235.

[13]Vvedenie v literaturovedenie. Jelektronnoe uchebnoe posobie, URL: http://litved.rsu.ru/index.htm (vremja dostupa – 15.09.18 g.)

[14]Borisova, E.B. Hudozhestvennyj obraz v britanskoj literature HH veka: tipologija, lingvopojetika, perevod: Diss. … dokt. filol. nauk. – Samara, 2010. – 383 s.

[15]Toporov, V.N. Issledovanija po jetimologii i semantike. – V 3 t. T. 1: Teorija i nekotorye chastnye ee prilozhenija. – M.: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury, 2004. – 816 s.

[16]lifewire.com, URL: https://www.lifewire.com/ivory-color-meanings-1073966 (vremja obrashhenija – 21.08.18).

[17]bourncreative.com, URL: https://www.bourncreative. com/meaning-of-the-color- beige/ (vremja obrashhenija – 12.09.18).

[18]flowermeaning.com, URL: http://www.flowermeaning.com/azalea-flower-meaning/ (vremja obrashhenija – 12.09.18).

Analysed sources

[1*] Du Maurier, D. Rebecca. N.Y., 2008. – 384 p.

[2*] Djumor'e, D. Rebekka. – M.: AST: Astrel', 2011. – 461 s.

Analysed lexicographic sources

[1**] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – Longman, 1997. – 1668 p.

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UDC 81’441`

THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL STYLISTIC FACTOR

IN DEFINING GRAMMATICAL HOMONYMY

А.G. Ivanova

____________________________________________________________________________

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, RUDN University

PhD in Linguistics, Associate Professor Aryuna G. Ivanova

e-mail: ariunadi@mail.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. In light of typological significance and topicality of defining lexicality / grammaticality of language as its determinant it is important to study functional and semantic differentiation of meaningful and formal words and the range of grammatical homonymy. The objective of the article is to reveal the degree and character of differentiation of semiological classes of words and basic parts of speech – a noun and a verb – in respect of potential grammatical homonymy’s range in typologically different languages – English and French. It is relevant to consider functional-stylistic factor.

Results. Grammatical homonymy is suggested to be an exponent of a language’s position on the grammaticaltylexicality scale. The conducted analysis allows to define the degree of differentiation and opposition of semiological classes of words and separate parts of speech – nouns and verbs in the studied languages. Typological similarities and differences of the given languages are as much important as greater or lesser dependence of language units on the functional-stylistic factor.

Conclusion. Semiological classes of words and separate parts of speech – nouns and verbs are quite consistently opposed on the basis of determining grammatical homonyms. Thus, in English, in revealing grammatical homonyms the Internet article is contrasted to the scientific article and fairy tale. Quite many words possess grammatical homonyms in the French internet article. Tendencies in differentiating semiological classes of word and formal words in respect of grammatical homonymy in the texts of different functional styles correlate with the language’s typological differences. Therefore, consideration of functional-stylistic factor is significant and famous statement about two or more morphological principles which function in one and the same language is proved.

Key words: grammatical homonymy, functional-stylistic factor, semiological classes of words, basic parts of words, grammaticalty-lexicality scale, Internet article, scientific article, fairy tale, English, French.

For citation: Ivanova А.G. The role of functional stylistic factor in defining grammatical homonymy / А.G. Ivanova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2018. - №4 (23). – P. 26 - 35

Introduction

As is well known, a function in modern science can have different interpretations and, as a result, the possibilities of functional approach in cognition of the whole diversity of science objects are also quite different. The definitions in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary combine the interpretation of a function through relationships [1]. Accordingly, the development of a functional approach along with a structural one (which explains an object as a set of relations), including in linguistics, is quite fair. Moreover, based on the data of the approaches, the development of a systematic approach to the study of the objects of modern linguistics takes place [2].

Language as a complex multi-level hierarchical structure is characterized by particular importance of the lower level constitutive units functioning as integrants (subunits) of the higherlevel units [3, p. 129-140]. For functional comprehension of language units, it is significant to take into consideration the correlation of language units not only with units of higher level,

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© Ivanova А.G., 2018

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (23), 2018 ISSN 2587-8093

but also with the lower ones, in other words in the focus of inter-level relations. In addition, as the relationship between meaning and sound has a categorial nature, in studying typological features of linguistic units it is of great importance to take into account functional-semantic characteristics of words and the semiological classes of words and parts of speech, into which words are included. As it is well known, even one language’s different parts of speech might have different grammatical tendencies, thus, certain parts of speech can be typologically diverse.

As functional relationships can be explained basing on the inner determinant of language [4, p. 43], the relation between the lexical and grammatical in language, which forms its typological determinant [4, p. 44-46] is of principal significance for whole-system typology. For example, the peculiarities of the morpheme structure of a word in a language depend on the position of the given language on the lexicality / grammatical scale [5, p. 30, 36].

The data of typologically different languages occupying different positions on the lexicality / grammatical scale are intended to present more holistically the functional significance of linguistic units for a further systematic approach to the analysis of a linguistic whole, for comprehending the laws of hierarchical division and system organization of language1.

In addition, the type of language determines such an important characteristic of linguistic units as presence / absence of parallelism between grammatical forms and their functions, involvement in homonymic relations of various grammatical classes of words.

Modern linguistic research pays great attention to the language of the media. At present, this phenomenon has been researched by Russian linguists as well, for example, O. V. Alexandrova, E. O. Mendzheritskaya, T. G. Dobrosklonskaya. Thus, according to O.V. Aleksandrova,

“the texts of the mass media are precisely discourse, they are always dynamic and modern ...” [6, p. 96]. In addition, their peciliarity lies in the fact that the style of such texts "depending on the studied materials can tend to a large extent either to scientific or to literary texts" [7, p. 69]. According to S. Herring computer-mediated discourse is developing, and its study can be divided into 5 areas [8]. Researchers recognize “Internet discourse is a collection of heterogeneous topics, style, composition, set of language characteristics of texts that combine fragments of various types of discourse, updating various information (visual, auditory, interactive) in a combined format” [9, p. 63].

The objective of the present study is to identify and compare the character and degree of differentiation of semiological classes of words and separate basic parts of speech, noun and verb, in the aspect of defining possible grammatical homonymy in typologically different languages and taking into account the functional and stylistic features of the texts under the study.

Methodology

As is known, the semantic basis for distinguishing parts of speech - nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs – constitute base meanings [10, p. 175]. According to L. G. Zubkova, certain syntactic functions are assigned to base meanings in accordance with their reflective properties. Further, to express syntactic functions, appropriate morphological categories and forms are developed [4, p. 81]. Therefore, the characteristics for the selection of parts of speech are arranged in the following sequence:

1 The author conducted research on the relationship of sound and meaning on the material of typologically different languages. This article summarizes the author’s research, and uses the results of the research work of N.V. Litrovnik, fulfilled under the supervision and direct participation of the author.

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semantic

↓

syntactic

↓

morphological.

But in a language, as in an open, changing system, syncretic words, combining the meanings of two or three parts of speech, are possible. As noted by S. O. Kartsevsky, “... thanks to this asymmetrical dualism of the structure of signs, the linguistic system can evolve” [11 p. 90]. Syncretism can be considered either as a phenomenon of grammatical homonymy, or as a polysemy (polyfunctionality) of grammatical form [12, p. 446].

The prevalence of grammatical homonymy is an indicator of the position of a language on the lexicality / grammatical scale. Morphological homonymy is due to a language’s grammatical structure and its dominant method of categorization. In languages of analytical type, like English, for example, a dictionary word can be multifunctional. A word acquires a grammatical characteristic mainly in a sentence [4, p. 74]. The differences between parts of speech in languages with developed analyticism are defined at the syntactic level, that is, due to the syntactic context. Close to such an opposition of parts of speech, namely, there is positional opposition observed in isolating languages, which are characterized by the absence of grammatical forms of a word.

The object of the study were two Indo-European languages, English and French from different language families – Germanic and Romance. Both languages are characterized by a greater or lesser degree of analytism and agglutinative technique of combining morphemes. The subject of the study are cases of potential grammatical homonymy.

The material of the study is presented in excerpts from a scientific article, a fairy tale, and news reports of approximately the same size (≈500-550 words). Samuel R. Levin “Homonyms and English form-class analysis” [1 *]’; Wonder tales "The Green Lady" [2 *]; Kim Gittleson, BBC, “Federal Reserve keeps interest rates at record low” [3 *]; Pierre Barbin, "Le Figaro" "Les contribuables américains qui ne paient pas leurs impôts n'auront plus de passeport" [4 *] ‘Pierre Barbin, Figaro, American taxpayers who have not paid the tax will not receive a passport’.

In close connection with the relevance of the distinction between universal and typological regularities of connection between the plane of expression and the plane of content, it is important to determine the degree of grammatical homonymy among meaningful and functional language units in texts of different genres. As in addition to typological similarities and differences between languages, functional and stylistic factor should be taken into consideration.

The choice of multi-genre texts is dictated by the stylistic opposition of the texts: standardized and codified scientific style ↔ figurative, expressive fairy tale, which is rather close to colloquial everyday style, ↔ efficient, dynamic and communicatively oriented news Internet reports.

Due to the hierarchical organization of a language structure, it is typologically significant for this study to divide texts into words then to define words’ belonging to semiological classes of words and further to the parts of speech, and finally identify relations of potential grammatical homonymy.

The study of online versions of print media and comparison with more traditional styles – scientific and colloquial – contributes to identification of typological features of language units

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in new modern formats of their use, namely in the Internet media. The use of quantitative, statistical analysis allows to identify the peculiarities of linguistic units functioning in the texts of different functional styles in the typological aspect.

Research results

A word. According to the research in analytical English, a word of a root structure may belong to different parts of speech.

As the obtained results show, the words of the English Internet article often may have relations of morphological homonymy. 38.6% of all words of the article may have homonyms. It should be noted that in the scientific article such words are found almost 1.5 times less (27.5%), that is, almost three quarters of words do not participate in homonymous relations. A little less than one third of the words in the fairy tale are involved in relations of grammatical homonymy, 30.6% [13, pp. 174-176].

In the French Internet article, words characterized by the presence of grammatical homonyms constitute 36.9%. The Internet news genre unites two languages – French and English - in the tendency of grammatical homonymy. As it can be seen, the consideration of the functional and stylistic factor is very indicative.

Semiological classes of words. Grammatical homonymy is associated with the degree of lexicality / grammaticality of separate classes of words. The most lexical of the semiological classes — notional words — have relations of grammatical homonymy less frequently than functional words. Thus, this trend is confirmed by the results of the analysis of the French Internet article and the English scientific article (Table 1).

Table 1

The number of homonyms in the semiological classes of words

As shown in the table, semiological classes of words in the presented texts in French and English are differentiated more or less consistently in terms of grammatical homonyms. The notional words in the French Internet article and in the English scientific article are involved into relations of grammatical homonymy 1.6 times and 1.5 times less than the functional words in these texts. The English Internet article and the English fairy tale, on the contrary, showed an opposite tendency – there are more homonyms among the notional words than the functional words.

Functional and stylistic differences are connected with the homonymy of the notional words. In the English Internet article, homonyms among the notional words are found 2 times more than among the notional words of the scientific article and 1.3 times more than among the

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