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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (21), 2018 ISSN 2587-8093

“I’m looking at a s a t e l l i t e p i c t u r e of your hotel on Google Earth,” Zan said, …

[1*, p. 51].

As a means of the audio communication of a modern city a device, nominated portable radio, is described. It is used by the policemen patrolling the streets of the city. Example:

The driver kept the bike weaving between the cars stalled in traffic, and his cohort rode pillion, turning to look rearward as he talked into a p o r t a b l e r a d i o [1*, p.29].

The device is also verbalized by the name of its part - radio mic. Example:

He thumbed on his r a d i o m i c , spoke briefly with someone Dagmar assumed was a superior, and then turned back to Dagmar and spoke to her while gesturing at the rear door

[1*, p. 39].

The names of the technical audio communication devices, mentioned on the pages of the English literary works, can also include synthesizer - an electronic musical instrument, and speakers, with the help of which music is broadcast and popularized in a modern city. Example:

The music thundering from its s p e a k e r s was propulsive: layers of Indian tabla; a harmony line drawn by a chiming s y n t h e s i z e r … [1*, p. 26].

The category of the studied names also comprises the nomination MP3 players. Example:

World culture was available to anyone with T1 connection, and the local people downloaded it, wrung it for meaning, remixed it, rebranded it, uploaded it, and broadcast it onto the street from speakers mounted on the facades of music stores, from off-brand M P 3 p l a y e r s , from speakers in taxi cabs, from podcasts and webcasts and radio and audio streamed from thousands of sources … [1*, p. 28].

The examples presented demonstrate clearly that not only substantives but also various terminological verbs act as a means of the objectification of the audiovisual devices. It is true for such nominations as download and upload. These lexemes are part of the metalanguage intended for describing such a branch of knowledge as information technology. This metalanguage includes the names of various electronic devices and gadgets, as well as the names of specific actions performed using them.

In our previous article, devoted to the study of the nominations of the digital communication devices of a modern city [12, p. 57], the analysis of the computer terms made it possible to come to the conclusion that the global nature of the processes of the globalization and computerization, enables this vocabulary to enter the category of linguistic universals.

The term of the information technology sublanguage power up is also of a specific character as well as the military term retask . The lexems are used in the English fiction discourse due to the description of such an advanced audiovisual device as a satellite.

Let us turn to the quantitative analysis of the names of audiovisual communication devices reflected in the English fiction discourse.

Table. The quantitative analysis of the names of the audiovisual communication devices, their

parts, and products, reflected in the English literary texts, correlated with the concept “Modern City”

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As it can be seen from the table, the group of the names of the audiovisual communication devices is relatively small (49 units). The number of references is led by television (12 units) and camera (10 units). Many of the nominations included in the group are represented by single examples in the texts. In our opinion, it is due to the fact that the frequency of their use by citizens is lower than the frequency of use of such electronic devices as the computer and the cell phone.

2.Metaphors as a means of the lexical objectification of audiovisual communication of a modern city

A special means of the lexical objectification of the audiovisual communication devices is a metaphor.

From time immemorial, the mysterious nature of the metaphor has attracted close attention of scientists and philosophers, poets and writers, who include such outstanding names as Aristotle, Rousseau, Jose Ortega y Gasset, and others.

The interest in metaphor as a tool of cognition turned out to be a unifying stimulus for various scientific fields: psychology, logic, philosophy, linguistics, etc., giving birth to cognitive science.

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Emphasizing the uniqueness of the metaphor nominative function, N.D. Arutyunova writes: "... the metaphor chooses the shortest and most nontrivial way to the truth, refusing from the ordinary taxonomy" [13, p. 382].

In the English fiction discourse describing various audiovisual communication devices, the following metaphorical expressions act as the means of the verbalization: the glassy eye of a security camera, music thundering, and kept the bike weaving. Example:

She … parked directly under t h e g l a s s y e y e o f a s e c u r i t y c a m e r a … [1*, p.411].

The spheres-sources of these metaphors are:

1)the sphere of anatomy (the glassy eye of a security camera);

2)the sphere of nature (music thundering (like thunder));

3)the sphere of hand crafts, man's manual labor (kept the bike weaving (that is, to move like wave, similar to a thread in the weave).

Let us consider each of the metaphorical figures in detail.

In the metaphorical expression the glassy eye of a security camera the analogy is drawn between the electronic device and a human eye.

"Usually two main types of associations that generate terms are distinguished: by the external similarity and by the similarity of functions" [14, p. 91].

Indeed, the CCTV camera resembles the human eye, taking into account not only its function, to be a receiver of visual information, to observe, but also its appearance. Undoubtedly, the video camera lens is somewhat reminiscent of this part of the human body.

The metaphor music thundering reveals the correlation between the music, sounding from such an audiovisual communication device as speakers, and such a natural phenomenon as thunder. The participle thundering goes back to the ancient English noun þunor - thunder [1 **, p. 1].

In this case the semantic shift arises as a result of the combination of the word music, whose meaning is characterized by not only a positive connotation, but also by the ability to generate the expectation of something sublime and poetic from the lexical units used with it, and the word thundering, meaning the unpleasant for man’s ear sound.

Scheme 2. Metaphors, objectifying audiovisual communication devices, reflected in the English fiction discourse, correlated with the concept "Modern City"

The metaphor kept the bike weaving that is present in the discourse studied correlates with such anthropocentric sphere as hand craft due to the meaning of the word weave. The tra-

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jectory of the movement of the machine is compared with the undulating arrangement of the thread in the weave [2 **, p. 1].

The metaphors studied can be attributed to two types: anthropomorphic and naturemorphic metaphors.

Thus, it can be concluded that the metaphors which are present in the English fiction discourse and acting as a means of the objectification of the audiovisual communication devices reveal a close connection of the world of technology with the human world (the sphere of anatomy, the sphere of manual labor, crafts) and with the environment that surrounds man, that is, the nature (the thunder that man hears).

The analysis of a considerable quantity of the studied lexemes made it possible to reveal their specific character. The lexical units, described in the article, represent the technical terms that function within the framework of the fiction discourse. Therefore, the language personality that stands behind the studied contexts aroses a special interest.

In accord with Y.N. Karaulov’s definition, the language personality is a personality, expressed in the language (the texts), and through the language, reconstructed in its main features on the basis of the language means" [15, p. 38].

Y.N. Karaulov asserts that the language personality’s main features include "the hierarchy of meanings and values in its picture of the world, in its thesaurus" [15, p. 36].

Any language personality’s picture of the world contains the unique features that are inherent to a particular cultural and linguistic community of a definite cultural era, the signs of the time and of the people’s lifestyle. It can comprise both common and individual characteristics.

On the one hand, the language personality that stands behind the studied texts is the author’s individual representation of the reality, since one of the sources of the research, namely the novel by Walter John Williams "This is not a game", is a detective story with the special effects which include, for example, the use of a satellite. On the other hand, the language personality of the third millennium is a product of the scientific and technological progress of modern society. The achievements of science and technology, becoming an attribute of the everyday life of modern man, enrich his thesaurus with their names, take root in it. Special technical terms of audiovisual communication become the part of the ordinary everyday discourse. The functioning of the audiovisual devices results in the usage of terminological verbs which are gradually getting into the stream of the national language.

Moreover, the rapid changes that are taking place in the language, people’s verbal behavior, their linguistic consciousness, native speakers’ behavior and communication culture, in general, affect not only the English-speaking world. In the era of globalization, all these processes are universal. According to Z.E. Fomina: "The 20th century as well as the 21st century are characterized by the fact, that any events, occurring on the planet, are linked together. And with every day coming the mankind’s social, scientific and cultural connection is increasing"

[16, p. 152].

Conclusion.

Thus, the research showed that the English fiction texts, correlating with the concept "Modern City", contain various names of the audiovisual communication devices. The quantitative analysis of the lexical units showed that their number is small (49 units) in comparison with the volume of vocabulary included in the field of the names of the computer means of communication (81 units) and in the field of the names of the cellular communication devices (206 units), which were described in the previous articles devoted to the study of the concept "Modern City" [17, p. 54, 12, p. 43]. The most frequently the names of the television (12 units) and the camera (10 units) are mentioned. Many nominations occur in the texts no more than once. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that we are talking about the advanced high-cost technologies (satellite), on the other hand, these devices are in demand by a fairly narrow circle of people (radio, synthesizer).

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In the course of the research, a cognitive model of the construct “Camera(s)” was formed, due to which the correlations of the technical device with various spheres of man’s life, related to his safety, labour tools, and the periodicity of his vital activity, were revealed.

The research done made it possible to come to the conclusion that the technical devices of the audiovisual communication are created by man in accord with his own image, and also with the objects of the surrounding world. The metaphorical expressions contained in the fiction discourse analyzed allowed observing a clearly marked correlation machine-man.

The third millennium language personality’s thesaurus, along with the lexical units of the national language, includes also a special technical terminology. The world processes of globalization and computerization of modern society lead to the names of technical devices going beyond the framework of one language, acquiring the status of language universals.

References

[1]Maslova V.A. Kognitivnaya lingvistika: Uchebnoe posobie/ V.A. Maslova. – Minsk: Tetra Sistems. 2004. – 256 s.

[2]Kubryakova E. S. YAzyk i znanie: Na puti polucheniya znanij o yazyke: CHasti rechi s kognitivnoj tochki zreniya. Rol' yazyka v poznanii mira/Ros. akademiya nauk. In-t yazykoznaniya. – M.: YAzyki slavyanskoj kul'tury, 2004. – 500 s. – (YAzyk. Semiotika. Kul'tura).

[3]Babushkin A.P. Tipy konceptov v leksiko-frazeologicheskoj semantike yazyka. Voronezh, 1996.

[4]Stepanov YU.S. Koncepty. Tonkaya plenka civilizacii. M., 2007.

[5]Pimenova M.V. Dusha i duh: osobennosti konceptualizacii. Kemerovo, 2004.

[6]Fomina Z.E. Koncepty «CHuzhbina» i «Rodina» v russkoj yazykovoj kartine mira

/Z.E. Fomina // Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-lingvisticheskie issledovaniya. – 2005. – Vyp. 3. – S. 42-58.

[7]Fomina Z.E. Osobennosti konceptualizacii fenomena «CHislo» v nemeckom yazykovom soznanii (na materiale nemeckih chislovyh frazeologizmov) /Z.E. Fomina // Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i me-todiko- lingvisticheskie issledovaniya. – 2013. – Vyp. 1 (19). – S. 40-56.

[8]Fomina Z.E., Lavrinenko I.YU. Kognitivnye strategii kak mental'nye deter-minanty pri yazykovoj ob"ektivacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filosofskom diskurse F. Behkona/Z.E. Fomina, I.YU. Lavrinenko // Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-lingvisticheskie issledovaniya. – 2014. – №1 (21). – S. 23-37.

[9]Sertakova E.A. Koncept «gorod» v russkoj kul'ture // CHelovek i kul'tura. — 2014.

-№ 2. - S.97-126. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2014.2.12044. URL: http://e-notabene. ru/ca/ article_12044.html (Vremya obrashcheniya - 19.05.18).

[10]Belova N.A. Koncept «Gorod» v sovremennom literaturovedenii// Vestnik

YUgorskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. - 2012 g.- Vypusk 1 (24). S. 87-91. EHlektron-nyj resurs. – Kod dostupa: cyberleninka.ru›Grnti›n/kontsept-gorod-v… (Vremya obrashcheniya - 19.05.18).

[11]Bondarko A.V. Teoriya funkcional'noj grammatiki: Vvedenie. Aspektual'-nost'. Vremennaya lokalizovannost'. Taksis. - L.: «Nauka», 1987. – - EHlektronnyj resurs. – Kod dostupa: twirpx.com>file/1063778/, s. 34,35 (vremya obrashcheniya – 21.06.17).

[12]Kryachko L.N. Koncept «Sovremennyj gorod» kak centr cifrovoj svyazi v angloyazychnoj hudozhestvennoj kartine mira//Nauchnyj ZHurnal. Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet. Seriya «Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovaniya», 2017, vypusk 3(35). – S 44-59.

[13]Arutyunova N.D. YAzyk i mir cheloveka. – 2-e izd., ispr. – M.: «YAzyki russkoj kul'tury», 1999. – I – XV, 896 s.

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[14]Podkolzina T. A Metafora i tipologiya terminosistem//Filologicheskie nauki. №3, 1992. S. 90-100.

[15]Karaulov YU.N. Russkij yazyk i yazykovaya lichnost'. Izd.,. 4-e, stereotipnoe.- M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. – 264 s.

[16]Fomina Z.E. Sovremennye processy globalizacii v sfere yazyka, kul'tury i obrazovaniya v kontekste vzglyadov nemeckih myslitelej i teorii V.I. Vernadskogo o vzaimodejstvii kul'tur i civilizacij / Z.E. Fomina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-strot. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-lingvisticheskie issledovaniya. – 2006. – Vyp.6. – S. 141-153.

[17]Kryachko L.N. Koncept «Sovremennyj gorod» v informacionnokommunikacionnom prostranstve cheloveka (na materiale angloyazychnoj hudozhestvennoj literatury) / Kryachko L.N. // Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovaniya. – 2016. – vyp. 4 (32).

tronnyj resurs. - Kod dostupa: https://www.etymonline.com/word/thunder, s. 1 (vremja obrashhenija – 11.04.18).

[2**] weave |Origin and meaning of weave by Online Etymology. – Jelektronnyj resurs. - Kod dostupa: etymonline.com›word/weave, s. 1 (vremja obrashhenija – 29.04.18).

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UDC 811.111’276.6:796.032-056.24

CODIFICATION PECULIARITIES OF PARALYMPICS VOCABULARY

IN MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

T.A. Martseva

National Research

Tomsk Polytechnic University Senior teacher of Department of Foreign Languages

Tatiana Aleksandrovna Martseva e-mail: t.martseva@mail.ru

Statement of the problem. The article deals with codification problem of the lexical units in lexical and semantic field «Paralympics» in modern English language; the author identifies groups of standardizing prescriptions in the context of nomenclature activity of International Paralympic Committee with a high level of recommending element.

Results. The author has analyzed the peculiarities of prescriptions, offered by International Paralympic Committee to nominate the athletes with impairments. Two groups of interconnected recommendations have been identified: extraand intralinguistic. Extralinguistic prescriptions refer to the volume of texts, key words, composition of photographs used in the articles. Intralinguistic prescriptions include ways to nominate Para athletes, attributes used to describe them, the specifics of describing Paralympic events.

Conclusion. The activity of International Paralympic Committee can be considered highly prescriptive regarding both extraand intralinguistic peculiarities of texts, dedicated to Paralympic events.

Key words: language standard, codification, modern English language, lexical units, nomenclature lexical units, Paralympics vocabulary, neologisms, extraand intralinguistic prescriptions.

For citation: Martseva T.A. Codification peculiarities of paralympics vocabulary in modern English language / T.A. Martseva // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2018. - №2 (21). – P. 100-107.

Introduction.

Modern English has spread worldwide as an intermediary language almost in every sphere of human activity. This process is named by V.V. Kabakchi as “globanglization of the world” [1, p. 79]. Since any language can be compared with “the mirror of the society” (metaphor offered by F. Schiller) and the spread of English has reached the record number – over 1.3 billion speakers [2], its lexical system should reflect the ongoing social changes. It is primarily visible in the new spheres of human activity, an increase in people’s social activity and certainly involves such sphere of activity as sport. Currently, due to active integration processes of people with disabilities in economic, cultural, political and other social spheres, the Paralympic sport has become an inherent part of sports events. Paralympic movement appeared in the middle of the XX century on the territory of Great Britain as an equivalent of the Olympic Games for people with disabilities. The Paralympics was in the shadow of the major sports event for a long time. However, it gradually accumulated its own traditions, unique types of sports, supporters and authorities. This movement has got an autonomous and independent position among the other sports events. Its traditions are so strong that English language has become the only permanent official language of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to commemorate the motherland of the Paralympic movement. Therefore, the English language can be

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© Martseva T.A., 2018

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considered a donor for the new lexical units in the Paralympic vocabulary. Owing to the aforementioned popularity of the English language, nomenclature prescriptions of the IPC, as a monocentric performer of the language policy, automatically become the regulations for the prescribed means of nomination and usage of lexical units in other languages, borrowing the linguistic material of the international English language. As a result, the relevance of the current research is seen not only through the compulsory synchronous recording of recurrent trends in the vocabulary of the English language but also through the authenticity of a newly formed cluster of the Paralympic vocabulary with a high degree of neologization.

Methodology of the research.

The object of the current research is a corpus of the Paralympic vocabulary containing 1017 lexical units, collected by the author from the English digital media texts throughout the period of 2015–2018. The subject of the research is the codification peculiarities of the Paralympic vocabulary by the IPC in modern English.

The objective of the research is to identify the peculiarities of Paralympic lexical units’ codification in the English language.

The research of the Paralympic vocabulary codification is done on the basis of the text of IPC Style Guide [1*], and the comments on the Glossary of Olympic and Paralympic terms [2*].

The researcher applied the method of observation as well as distributional and semantic analysis of the Paralympic lexical units.

Results.

Dynamic development of the English language and therefore the formation of the new lexical and semantic (onomasiological) fields raised the question of codification of new language phenomena. However, due to the short-lived tradition of codification and instability of codification prescriptions, the standardization of prescriptions is quite low. It is mostly connected with the nomenclature characteristics of the Paralympic cluster of vocabulary in the English language lexical system as well as historically determined acentricity of the English language standards distribution [3, c. 70]. Language standards are also characterized by their openness and incompleteness, which is connected with constantly changing life of society [4, p. 16]. The linguistic standard is traditionally viewed ambiguously: on the one hand, it is considered artificial and restraining the natural development of the language, on the other hand, it is the necessary characteristic of any developed language [6, p. 165]. Therefore, a linguistic standard is viewed as a linking element in a complex structure of a standard language, which helps to turn a language into a regulated, selective and compulsory system [7, p. 36].

There are two types of standards: lexicographic standard, formed as a result of linguists’ activity as well as the activity of the performers of linguistic policy; and nomenclature, which acts as a specific codification, performed on the government level. The lexicographic standard accumulates language experience and reflects the most typical trends of the language. Nomenclature standard has regulative characteristic and prescribes the appropriate language behavior, which sometimes contradicts the lexicographic standard or historical linguistic traditions. Such division of the types of standard, as an intra-linguistic phenomenon, and codification, its extralinguistic side, was suggested in the first part of XX century by the representatives of Prague linguistic circle.

Following this tradition, modern linguists also identify two processes, connected with the language standardization: normalization and codification. Normalization deals with spontaneous processes that occur in a language, whereas codification is a conscious activity of the definite stakeholders – some groups of native speakers. This activity is aimed at the description and reinforcement of language standards [5, p. 23]. It is the interaction of normalization and codification that leads to the formation of the literary language standards. The degree of such interaction can be different for different levels of the language. Processes of normalization and codification reflect the whole historic path of language development. As a rule, there are two major

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patterns of language standards’ formation: monoand polycentric, but the situation with the modern English language demonstrates that the formation of literary language standards cannot be attributed to one center or a few centers. It is based on the most prestigious regional variant at the certain moment [8, p. 160]. Functioning of normalization and codification processes is visible in the Paralympic vocabulary.

English vocabulary is growing rapidly and lexicographers do not always manage to record new lexical units in the reference books. Modern electronic dictionaries are updated every half a year and every time include several thousands of new words and phrases that have stood the test of time (as a rule, from five to ten years). In the meantime English vocabulary increases by 14.7 lexical units daily [9]. By January 1st, 2017 the English language had contained 1,041,257,5 lexical units, whereas the major electronic dictionaries like Oxford Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Merriam Webster Dictionary [1**, 2**, 3**] include about 300,000 lexical units. It takes some words over 50 years to be included into a dictionary. For example, the lexical unit Paralympics appeared in English language in the 1950s, but was included in the dictionaries in the 2000s. Throughout this time the word had been actively used in the language, mostly in the texts of official and journalistic styles.

The first lexical unit connected with the Paralympics is interesting for several reasons: 1) it became the basis for the formation of derivatives Paralympian (used as a noun and an adjective) and Paralympic (used as an adjective); 2) lexical unit Paralympics is used to create collocations, e.g. Paralympics games, Paralympics sports, annual Paralympics; 3) the initial component para- of the compound stem Paralympics has become a productive prefix used for creating new lexical units [10, с. 31], which are a part of a thematic field «Paralympics», e.g. pa- ra-sports, para-athletes, para-swimming etc.; 4) the pattern of the lexical unit Paralympics is used for creating other lexical units to nominate the concepts in consecutive areas (competition for athletes with hearing impairments, competition for athletes with modern assistive devices, competition for autistic athletes and others), e.g. Deaflympics, Cyber Olympics, Bionic Olympics, Special Olympics etc.

High productivity of lexical unit Paralympics is not reflected in existing lexicographic reference books; only three lexical units connected with the Paralympics are currently codified: 1) Paralympic (an adjective, recommended by lexicographers for creating the collocations in attributive function to all lexical units connected with the Paralympic games); 2) Paralympian (a noun, meaning an athlete – participant of the Paralympic competitions); 3) a collocation

Paralympic Games (with a mark «also the Paralympics»). The corpus of the Paralympic vocabulary compiled by the author over a period of 2015 – 2018 contains 1017 lexical units. 46% of the corpus is nomenclature lexical units artificially created for internal use of Paralympic organizations. Some lexical units were later used in speech and journalistic texts, but yet the majority of them are still used only in the texts of the official style. Most of them are not codified in the dictionaries, and there is a broad variation in their usage, e.g.: The IPC compiles the Paralympic evaluation data gathering – the analysis and feedback from the different perspectives in one report thus giving a complete picture of the Games. These are the information sources for the report: OCOG Games knowledge reports, official report on Paralympic Games, Games debriefing, client feedback, stakeholder forums.

Nevertheless, the nomenclature Paralympic lexical units are codified in the documents of the IPC, namely in IPC Style Guide [1*]. This document includes extraand intra-linguistic recommendations regarding the usage of the Paralympic vocabulary in modern English literary speech.

Extra-linguistic recommendations are connected with the Paralympics texts’ design, in particular the volume of the text, usage of key words, composition of the Paralympics photos that accompany the texts, etc. For instance, the Style Guide prescribes the usage of orthography and punctuation, typical for the British English in all Paralympics texts. The authors of such texts should be simple and clear in their descriptions, they are recommended to avoid, whenev-

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er possible, the complex terms, so that their text products can be understandable not only for the narrow group of people connected with the Paralympic movement, but also for the world community – representatives of all age groups, nationalities and background. There should be a third person narration to form the necessary image of the Paralympic kinds of sports which is a typical function of a journalistic style of text.

The Style Guide also prescribes the type of font, which should be used in all print and souvenir products, as well as in business correspondence, including the electronic ones to create and highlight the unified image of the Paralympic movement. The rarely used font Trade Gothic Next LT Pro is recommended to visually highlight the Paralympic texts.

The special attention is paid to the style of narration, as it reflects the ideas and values of the Paralympic movement and can play an educational as well as an inspirational role. Consistent following of the IPC prescriptions regarding the style and nominations should lead to creating the bright speech image of the Paralympic Games. The style of the narration should be active, dynamic and friendly, it should focus on the positive and strong characteristics rather than negative and weak ones [1*, p. 8].

There are similar requirements to the photographs, which are a vital part of creating the image of the Paralympic Games: the focus of attention in every photo should be an athlete and not his or her impairment. The impairments are not concealed; they are demonstrated as an inherent attribute of para-athletes. The Paralympians are shown as strong and self-reliant individuals despite their impairments [1*, p. 20]. Such requirements to the visual image of a sportsperson with disabilities reflect the attitude to their nominations.

Intra-linguistic prescriptions fall into the following groups of IPC codification requirements: 1) types of athletes’ nominations; 2) use of attributes; 3) spelling of the Paralympic events’ nominations.

Let us look into each of the aforementioned groups:

1.Types of nominations: 20% of the Style Guide rules are devoted to the section of the nominations and descriptions of athletes with disabilities. If it is necessary to define the limitation or disability of any kind, the IPC prescribes the usage of the only lexical unit «impairment» instead of «disability» (the lexical unit widely used at the beginning of XXI century), e.g. an athlete with impairment, a sprinter with visual impairment, athletes with intellectual impairment.

Oxford dictionary offers the following definition of the word «impairment»: the state or fact of being impaired – having a disability of a specified kind. The old-fashioned lexical unit «disability» has got the following definition: a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities [1**]. The authors of the IPC Style Guide believe that the usage of new nominations that contain the element «impairment» shifts the focus from the athletes’ physical limitations to their abilities, opportunities and competitive spirit [1*, p. 29]. The authors of the Style Guide express hope that in the future the impressive and inspiring achievements of the Paralympic athletes will lead to changing the attitude of the society to them and refusing from any lexical units denoting their disabilities, naming para-sportspeople in the same way as the able-bodied ones – «athletes».

On the way to such significant transformation the journalists are offered to follow the following rule: all nominations of the Paralympic athletes should have the first element naming the sportsperson and only then the impairment can be mentioned, e.g.: not an impaired alpine skier, but an alpine skier with impairment; the document also states that it is often not necessary to mention physical impairments of the athletes. Therefore, whenever possible it is recommended to avoid mentioning physical impairments.

2.Use of attributes: Paralympic reports describing the achievements of para-athletes should avoid such lexical units as «tragic», «afflicted», «victim», «confined to a wheelchair» and others; such words create the image of the weak, constrained person, dependent on the others which contradicts the image of the Paralympic hero; in case it is necessary to point out the

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