Методическое пособие 607

5. She didn't even try to raise the matter at the meeting. She just ________

completely.

a) crash course b) copped out c) cut corners d) creative accounting

VI. a) Answer the following questions:

1.What is the text about?

2.What is innovation?

3.Speak about the main goals of innovating.

4.What organizations can innovate?

5.What can you say about the programs of organizational innovation?

b) Ask your questions about the matter. Using the following phrases make dialogues / polylogs on the topic:

- Interrupting politely:

Excuse me, Pardon me,

Sorry to interrupt,

May I interrupt (for a minute)?

VII. Speak about innovation in the organizational context.

VIII. Read and translate text A and sum it up:

A) ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL OF INNOVATION

The measure of innovation at the organizational level relates to individuals, team-level assessments, and private companies from the smallest to the largest. Measure of innovation for organizations can be conducted by surveys, workshops, consultants, or internal benchmarking. There is today no established general way to measure organizational innovation. Corporate measurements are generally structured around balanced scorecards which cover several aspects of innovation such as business measures related to finances, innovation process efficiency, employees' contribution and motivation, as well benefits for customers. Measured values will vary widely between businesses, covering for example new product revenue, spending in R&D, time to market, customer and employee perception & satisfaction, number of patents, additional sales resulting from past innovations.

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IX. Read and translate text B and sum it up:

B) PROCESS ARCHITECTURE

Process architecture is the structural design of general process systems and applies to fields such as computers (software, hardware, networks, etc.), business processes (enterprise architecture, policy and procedures, logistics, project management, etc.), and any other process system of varying degrees of complexity.

Processes are defined as having inputs, outputs and the energy required to transform inputs to outputs. Use of energy during transformation also implies a passage of time: a process takes real time to perform its associated action. A process also requires space for input/output objects and transforming objects to exist: a process uses real space.

The structure of a process system, or its architecture, can be viewed as a dualistic relationship of its infrastructure and suprastructure. The infrastructure describes a process system's component parts and their interactions. The suprastructure considers the super system of which the process system is a part. (Suprastructure should not be confused with superstructure, which is actually part of the infrastructure built for (external) support.) As one traverses the process architecture from one level of abstraction to the next, infrastructure becomes the basis for suprastructure and vice versa as one looks within a system or without.

X. Using supplementary information from Internet give the presentation on the topic.

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Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Management application can be utilized by a person or a group of persons and by a company or a group of companies depending upon the type of management skills being used. It can also be done by structuring a company completely for providing professional accountings and management services such as management business solutions, business management solutions etc. are doing at global level but general managers and other leaders need extensive experience in and knowledge of purposeful activity. Management can be applied to every aspect of activity of a person or an organization.

Business administration is the process of managing a business or non-profit organization so that it remains stable and continues to grow.

The administration of a business includes the performance or management of business operations and decision making as well as the efficient organization of people and other resources to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.

In general, administration refers to the broader management function, including the associated finance, personnel and MIS services.

In some analyses, management is viewed as a subset of administration, specifically associated with the technical and operational aspects of an organization, distinct from executive or strategic functions. Alternatively, administration can refer to the bureaucratic or operational performance of routine office tasks, usually

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internally oriented and reactive rather than proactive. Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common set of functions to meet the organization's goals. These "functions" of the administrator were described by Henri Fayol as "the five elements of administration". Sometimes creating output, which includes all of the processes that create the product that the business sells, is added as a sixth element.

The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management and information technology management.

Owners may administer their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do this for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business' value: its financial resources, capital or tangible resources, and human resources. These resources are administered in at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.

I. Put the correct articles if necessary:

1. Management is … act of getting people together to accomplish … desired goals and … objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. 2. Management application can be utilized by … person or … group of … persons and by … company or … group of … companies. 3. … administration of … business includes … performance or management of business operations and decision making. 4. Alternatively, … administration can refer to … bureaucratic or operational performance of … routine office tasks. 5. … owners may administer … their businesses themselves, or employ … managers to do this for them.

II. Make the nouns in bold singular. Change sentences if necessary:

1. These factories produce furniture. 2. The wives of the sailors came to the shore. 3. I have hurt my feet and hands. 4. In the farmyard we could see oxen, sheep, cows and geese. 5. Do your teeth still ache? 6. These are my friends’ studies. 7. He keeps his toys in the boxes. 8. These ladies are those gentlemen’s wives. 9. The children are sitting on the benches.

III. Choose infinitive, gerund or participle:

1. Management is the act of (to get) people together (to accomplish) (to desire) goals and objectives (to use) available resources efficiently and effectively. 2. Management application can (to utilize) by a person or a group of persons. 3. It can also (to do) by (to structure) a company completely for (to provide) professional accountings and management services. 4. Administration refers to the broader management function (to include) the associated finance, personnel and MIS services. 5. Administrators engage in a common set of functions (to meet) the organization's goals.

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IV. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:

1.Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization … .

2.Management application can be utilized by … .

3.Business administration is the process of managing … .

4.… with the technical and operational aspects of an organization, distinct from executive or strategic functions.

5.The efficient and effective operation of a business and study of this subject … .

V. Match the two parts of the sentences:

VI. a) Answer the following questions:

1.What is the text about?

2.What is management?

3.What are the main functions of management?

4.What is business administration?

5.What are the major branches of management?

b) Ask your questions about the matter. Using the following phrases make dialogues / polylogs on the topic:

- Clarifying your own ideas:

In other words, What I mean is . . .

What I'm trying to say is . . .

Oh. I see. (You want to say that . . . ) I get it. (You mean . . .)

VII. Speak about management and business administration.

VIII. Read and translate text A and sum it up:

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A) BASIC FORMS OF OWNERSHIP

Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, but several common forms

exist:

Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner may operate the business alone or with other people. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from operating costs or judgements against the business. All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, computer infrastructure, any inventory, manufacturing equipment and/or retail fixtures, as well as any real property owned by the business.

Partnership: A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

Corporation: The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned. They can organize either for profit or as not- for-profit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange.

Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decisionmaking authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.

IX. Read and translate text B and sum it up:

B) ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business or other organization. The entrepreneur develops a business model, acquires the human and other required resources, and is fully responsible for its success or failure.

In recent years, "entrepreneurship" has been extended from its origins in business to include social and political activity. Entrepreneurship within an existing firm or large organization has been referred to as intrapreneurship and may include corporate ventures where large entities spin off subsidiary organizations. Entrepreneurs are leaders willing to take risk and exercise initiative, taking advantage of market opportunities by planning, organizing, and employing resources, often by innovating new or improving existing products. More recently, the term entrepreneurship has been extended to include a specific mindset (see also

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entrepreneurial mindset) resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives, e.g. in the form of social entrepreneurship, political entrepreneurship, or knowledge entrepreneurship.

According to Paul Reynolds, founder of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers." In recent years, entrepreneurship has been claimed as a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe.

Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo, part-time projects to large-scale undertakings that create many jobs. Many "high value" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding (seed money) in order to raise capital for building the business. Many organizations exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs.

X. Using supplementary information from internet give the presentation on the topic.

An organization (or organisation) is an entity, such as an institution or an association, that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.

There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, universities, and various types of political organizations. A hybrid organization is a body that

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operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities.

Organizational structure

The study of organizations includes a focus on optimizing organizational structure. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types:

Committees or juries

Ecologies

Matrix organizations

Pyramids or hierarchies

Matrix organization assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schema.

Pyramids or a hierarchy exemplify an arrangement with a leader who leads other individual members of the organization. This arrangement is often associated with bureaucracy. These structures are formed on the basis that there are enough people under the leader to give him support. Just as one would imagine a real pyramid, if there are not enough stone blocks to hold up the higher ones, gravity would irrevocably bring down the monumental structure. So one can imagine that if the leader does not have the support of his subordinates, the entire structure will collapse.

Economic approaches to organizations also take the division of labor as a starting point. The division of labor allows for specialization. Increasing specialization necessitates coordination. From an economic point of view, markets and organizations are alternative coordination mechanisms for the execution of transactions.

An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it, its communication, its autonomy, and its rules of action compared to outside events.

By coordinated and planned cooperation of the elements, the organization is able to solve tasks that lie beyond the abilities of the single elements. The price paid by the elements is the limitation of the degrees of freedom of the elements. Advantages of organizations are enhancement (more of the same), addition (combination of different features) and extension. Disadvantages can be inertness (through co-ordination) and loss of interaction.

I. Fill the gaps with personal or reflexive pronouns:

1. He is quit right, I agree with … completely. 2 . I looked at … in the mirror and left the house in a very good mood. 3 . ―Who is it?‖ — ―It’s …, may I come in?‖ 4 . Mr. Lloyds is very fat. … weighs over a hundred kilos. 5. … introduced his wife to the guests. 6. Where shall … meet, Bob? 7. James took the book and opened

… . 8. Selfish people only care about … . 9 . I taught … to play the guitar.

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II. Put the verbs into the correct tense form:

1. I (to meet) him in the park. 2. The day (to be) cold and it (to rain). 3. When I (to reach) home, my raincoat (to be) all wet. 4. What you (to do) yesterday? 5. You always (to spend) summer at the sea side? — Yes, as a rule. 6. Tomorrow father (to come) late. 7. We (to visit) St-Petersburg last summer, and we (to go) to Paris next month.

III. Choose the correct article if needed:

1.This is ... tree. ... tree is green. 2. I can see three ... boys. ... boys are playing.

3.I have ... bicycle. ... bicycle is black. My ... friend has no ... bicycle. 4. Our ... room is large. 5. We wrote ... dictation yesterday. ... dictation was long. 6. She has two ...

daughters and one ... son. Her ... son is ... pupil. 7. My ... brother's ... friend has no ...

dog.

IV. Find the Russian equivalents:

Entity; institution; association; corporations; governments; non-governmental organizations; international organizations; armed forces; charities; not-for-profit corporations; partnerships; cooperatives; universities; political organizations; a hybrid organization; the public sector; the private sector; organizational structure; human organizations; committees; juries; ecologies; matrix organizations; pyramids; hierarchies; bureaucracy; the division of labor; the degrees of freedom; interaction.

V.Choose the correct workplace:

1.Where goods are produced.

6.Where the computer people work.

a)Data Processing b) the warehouse c) the boardroom d) the factory

7.Where 'they' know nothing.

a)the warehouse b) head office c) the canteen d) the factory

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