Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 4, Europe
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Encyclopedia of Prehistory
Volume 4: Europe
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
General Editors: Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember
Volume 1: Africa
Volume 2: Arctic and Subarctic
Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania
Volume 4: Europe
Volume 5: Middle America
Volume 6: North America
Volume 7: South America
Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia
Volume 9: Cumulative Index
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
Volume 4: Europe
Edited by
Peter N. Peregrine
Lawrence University
Appleton, Wisconsin
and
Melvin Ember
Human Relations Area FilesIYale University New Haven, Connecticut
Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Eneyclopedia of prehistory/edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember
p.em.
Includes bibliographicaI references and index.
Contents: v. 4. Europe
ISBN 978-1-4684-7131-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-1187-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8
I. Prehistoric peoples-Eneyclopedias. 2. Antiquities, Prehistorie-Eneyclopedias. I.
Human Relations Area Files, Ine. |
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GN710 .E53 2000 |
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960'.1 '03-de21 |
99-049489 |
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York OriginaIly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
http://www.wkap.nV
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All rights reserved
A C.I.P. reeord for this book is available from the Library of Congress
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronie, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, reeording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher.
ADVISORY BOARD
STANLEY H. AMBROSE |
University of Illinois, Urbana |
ROBERT E. ACKERMAN |
Washington State University |
BETTINA ARNOLD |
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee |
RICHARD E. BLANTON |
Purdue University |
UMESH CHATTOPADHYAYA |
University of Allahabad |
JAMES DENBOW |
University of Texas, Austin |
D. BRUCE DICKSON |
Texas A&M University |
TIMOTHY K. EARLE |
Northwestern University |
GARY M. FEINMAN |
The Field Museum |
ANTONIO GILMAN |
California State University, Northridge |
JONATHAN HAAS |
The Field Museum |
MARY HELMS |
University of North Carolina, Greensboro |
WILLIAM F. KEEGAN |
Florida Museum of Natural History |
LAWRENCE H. KEELEY |
University of Illinois, Chicago |
JAIME LITVAK KING |
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico |
PHILIP KOHL |
Wellesley College |
ALEXANDER LESKOV |
German Archaeological Institute |
WILLIAM D. LIPE |
Washington State University |
JOYCE MARCUS |
University of Michigan |
RONALD J. MASON |
Lawrence University |
VINCENT PIGOTT |
University of Pennsylvania |
THOMAS J. RlLEy |
North Dakota State University |
ANNA C. ROOSEVELT |
The Field Museum |
JEREMY A. SABLOFF |
University of Pennsylvania |
FRED SMITH |
Northern Illinois University |
ANNE P. UNDERHILL |
The Field Museum |
NIKOLAAS J. VAN DER MERWE |
Harvard University |
RICHARD ZETTLER |
University of Pennsylvania |
The Encyclopedia of Prehistory was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a nonprofit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The Inission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one Inillion pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible electronically each year to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is accessible electronically each year to those member institutions opting to receiving it. Each year the Collection of Archaeology adds indexed full-text materials on a random sample of the major traditions in the Encyclopedia of Prehistory. After a tradition has been included in the Collection of Archaeology, HRAF plans to add materials on the complete archaeological sequence relevant to the tradition.
Contributors
Bettina Arnold
Department of Anthropology
University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee Wisconsin
United States
William Barnett
Field Museum
Chicago, Illinois
United States
Xavier Clop Garcia
D'Anthropologia Social I Prehistoria
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Bellatera
Spain
D. Bruce Dickson
Dept. of Anthropology
Texas A&M University
College Station" Texas
United States
James Enloe
Department of Anthropology
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
United States
Michael Galaty
Department of Sociology/Anthropology
Millsaps College
Jackson, Mississippi
United States
Dragos Gheorghiu
Bucharest
Romania
HaskeD Greenfield
Department of Anthropology
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg
Canada
Alice Haeussler
Department of Anthropology
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
United States
Steve Jones |
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Albany, New York |
|
United States |
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viii Contributors
Tamaz Kiguradze
State Museum of Georgia
Tiblisi
Georgia
Philip Kohl
Department of Anthropology
Wellesley College
Wellesley, Massachusetts
United States
Elena Kuzmina
Institute for Cultural Reaserach
Moscow
Russia
Katina Lillios
Department of Anthropology
Ripon College
Ripon, Wisconsin
United States
Sam Lucy
Department of Archaeology
University of Durham
Durham
United Kingdom
Sarunas Milisauskas
Department of Anthropology
State University of New York
Buffalo, New York
United States
Sarah Milliken
Department of Archaeology
University College Cork
Republic of Ireland
Matthew Murray
Department of Anthropology
Minnesota State University
Mankato, Minnesota
United States
Peter N. Peregrine
Department of Anthropology
Lawrence University
Appleton, Wisconsin
United Staes
Ann Pike-Tay
Department of Anthropology
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, New York
United States
Christopher Prescott
IAKN, Norkish
Arkeologi
Oslo, Norway
Ralph Rowlett
Department of Anthropology
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
United States
Nathalie Shishlina
Department of Archaeology
State Historical Museum
Moscow
Russia
Lawrence Guy Straus
Department of Anthropology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque New Mexico
United States
Timothy Taylor
Department of Archaeological Sciences
University of Bradford
Bradford West Yorkshire
United Kingdom
Henrik Thrane
Prehistoric Archaeology
University of Aarhus
Moesgaard, Hoejbjerg
Denmark
Preface
The Encyclopedia of Prehistory represents an attempt to provide basic information on all archaeologically known cultures, covering the entire globe and the entire prehistory of humankind. It is designed as a tool to assist in doing comparative research on the peoples of the past. Most of the entries are written by the world's foremost experts on the particular areas and time periods.
The Encyclopedia is organized according to major traditions. A major tradition is defined as a group ofpopulations sharing similar subsistence practices, technology, and forms of sociopolitical organization, which are spatially contiguous over a relatively large area and which endure temporally for a relatively long period. Minimal areal coverage for a major tradition can be thought of as something like 100,000 square kilometers, while minimal temporal duration can be thought of as something like five centuries. Major traditions are not quite like cultures in an ethnological sense because, in addition to socioculturally defining characteristics, major traditions generally have a more extended temporal dimension. Major traditions are
also defined by a somewhat different set of sociocultural characteristics than are ethnological cultures. Major traditions are defined based on common subsistence practices, sociopolitical organization, and material industries, but language, ideology, and kinship ties play little or no part in their definition because they are virtually unrecoverable from archaeological contexts. In contrast, language, ideology, and kinship ties are central to defining ethnological cultures.
There are three types of entries in the Encyclopedia: the major tradition entry, the regional subtradition entry, and the site entry. Each contains different types of information, and each is intended to be used in a different way. The major tradition entry is a general summary of information about a single major tradition; it provides descriptive information about the environment and culture of the people whose lifeways comprised the tradition. The major tradition entry lacks formal references but provides a list of suggested readings. Although the geographical and temporal range of the major tradition entry was stipulated for the authors, they
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