Index

Abbevillian, 1

Abbie, A., 109

Abri Pataud, 1 Absarokius, 51, 52, 53, 235

Acheulean, 1–3, 67, 246, 248, 269 Adams, R.M., 190

Adapidae, 3–5 Adapiformes, 5–6, 44, 61 Adapis, 3, 4, 5, 6, 274

magnus, 4 parisiensis, 4

Adapoidea, 5, 84, 176

Adapoides, 403, 481 Adaptation (s), 6, 255–256 Adaptive function, 258 Adaptive radiation, 6, 556 Ad Dabtiyah, 91–92 Adovasio, J., 47, 405

Aegyptopithecus, 31, 157, 266, 598 Aeolopithecus, 598

Afar Basin, 6–9, 23 Aff., 9

Afontova Gora, 9

Aframonius, 16, 58, 266 Africa 9–21,

Afro-Arabian paleobiological region, 11 archaic Homo sapiens in, 78

archaic moderns in, 80 climatic history, 12

Early Paleolithic, 225–226 geology and geography, 9–11 fossil primates and faunas, 16–20 fossil record, 11–16

land mammal ages (LMAs), 12–16 Middle Paleolithic, 417–418 Miocene, 17

Paleogene, 16–17 Pleistocene, 19–20, 569–570 Pliocene, 17–19

primate evolution in, 9 regional subdivision, 11–12

Africa, east, 21–29 Early Paleolithic, 225

Index 1511

fossil records, 24–26 geology and geography, 21

history of paleoanthropological discovery in, 21–24 hominins and contemporary cercopithecids evolution, 26 Hominoidea evolution, 24–26

human culture and modern morphology evolution, 26–28 modern cultures in, evolution of, 28–29

Africa, north, 29–33 Early Paleolithic, 226 early primates, 29–31 food production, 32–33 fossil records, 29–31

geology and geography, 29 human fossils, 31

Middle Paleolithic, 417 monkeys, Old World, 31 Paleolithic archaeology, 31–32

Africa, southern, 33–38 Early Paleolithic, 225–226

geology and geography, 33 Middle Paleolithic, 4l8 pre-Pliocene humans, 34–38 pre-Pliocene primates, 33–34

Afropithecini, 38, 221, 362

Afropithecus, 17, 25, 38, 158, 305, 362, 580 turkanensis, 38, 358

Afrotarsius, 31, 38–39, 266 chatrathi, 38

Age at death, determination of, 273 Age of Mammals, 162

Agerinia, 3, 5, 481 Aggregation-dispersal, 39 Agriculture/food production, 28

in North Africa, 32–33 in Americas, 49

in Southwest Asia, 90 in Western Asia, 98–100

Ahmarian, 39, 96, 392 ’Ain Ghazal, 39

’Ain Hanech, 31–32, 40 Alengerr, 25

Alexeev, A., 332

Algeripithecus, 29, 60, 61, 62, 545–548 Allele, 40

Allenopithecina, 171

Allenopithecus, 168, 171 Allia Bay, 114, 123

Allocebus, 175 Allometry, 40–42

Alouatta, 63, 103, 104, 210 Alpagut, B., 639

Alsatia, 5

Index 1512

Altamira, 39, 42 Altamura, 42 Altaniini, 51, 53

Altanius, 51, 52, 53, 84, 206, 493 Altiatlasius, 16, 29, 42–43, 52, 61, 62, 495

Alveojunctus, 411 Ambrona, 43 Americas, 43–49

geology and geography, 43 humans in, 44–48

later developments, 48–49 primate history, 43–44

Amino-acid dating, 50

Amphipithecus, 61, 84, 157 Amud Cave, 50–51, 95 Amudian, 51

Anapithecus, 576–578 hernyuki, 578

Anaptomorphinae, 44, 51–53, 495 Anaptomorphini, 51, 53

Anaptomorphus, 52, 53 Anasazia, 549 Anchomomys, 3, 5, 266, 481 Anderson, P, 393 Anderson, R., 561 Andrews, P., 362, 372, 451

Anemorhysis, 51, 52, 53 Angel, J.L., 156 Angles-sur-1’Anglin, 53

Animals, domesticated, 32, 33, 215–220 in Southwest Asia, 90

Ankarapithecus, 53–54, 580, 581 meteai, 53, 92, 639

Antelian, 54 Anteneanderthal, 54 Anthropogene, 54

Anthropoidea, 29, 31, 54, 593–594 geographical background, 55–56 macroevolutionary patterns, 63–64 morphology and adaptation, 56–58

origins and evolution, fossil evidence, 60–62 origins and evolution, geography, 62 origins and evolution, hypotheses, 58–60

Anthropoids, 55

Anthropology, 64 forensic, 272

Antillothrix bernensis, 161 Anyathian, 64

Aotus, 44, 161, 371, 562, 563 dindensis, 63

Apatemyidae, 64–65

Ape, 65–67

Index 1513

-human relationships, 447–448 Apidima, 66–67

Apidium, 31, 61, 266, 545–548 moustafai, 545

phiomense, 545 Apollo11, 37, 67 Arago, 54, 67–68, 76

Arambourg, Camille, 21, 68, 128, 131, 274, 358, 538, 539 Aramis, 82–83, 115

Arapahovius, 51, 52, 53 Arboreal quadrupedalism, 394

Archaeoindris, 503, 504

Archaeolemur, 68–70 edwardsi, 68 majori, 68

Archaeolemuridae, 68–70

Archaeologicai sites, classification of, 70–72 Archaeologists, 64

Archaeology

analysis of data, 74–75 formation of records, 73–74 history of, 72–73

recovery of data, 74 subfields of, 73

Archaic Homo sapiens, 528–530 in Africa, 78

characteristics of, 75–76 in Far East, 78

fossil material of, 76–77 status of, 78–79, 246, 248

Archaic moderns, 79–82 Archonta, 82 Arcy-sur-Cure, 391

Ardipithecus, 17, 82, 310, 413 ramidus, 8, 18, 26, 82–84, 413

Argon dating, 582–584 Arsinoea, 31, 265, 545–548 Art

bas-reliefs, 53

cave paintings, 42, 375, 391, 520, 522–523, 552 Ice Age, 520–526

Late Paleolithic, 378

Paleolithic, 519–526 pottery, 32, 49

rock paintings, 33, 37

Venus figurines, 365, 378, 379, 521, 523–524 Asfaw, B., 83, 112, 124, 125, 134

Asia, eastern and southern, 84–91 Early Paleolithic, 226–227

human paleontology and archaeology, 86–90 Middle Paleolithic, 418

nonhuman primate history in, 84–86

Index 1514

Asia, Middle Paleolithic, 416, 418 Asia, western, 91–101

archaic moderns in, 80–81

development of complex societies, 99–100 Early Paleolithic, 93–94

Middle Paleolithic, 95 primate fossils, 91–92

transition to food production and village life, 98–99 Upper Paleolithic, 95–98

Asiomomys, 176, 495, 497 Astrochronology, 196 Atapuerca, 54, 101–102

Ateles, 103, 104

Atelidae, 44, 102–103, 449 Atelinae, 103–104 Atelini, 104

Ateloid, 54

Ateloidea, 104, 448–449, 565 Aterian, 31, 32, 104–105 Athlitian, 105

Atlanthropus mauritanicus, 68 Aubrey, J., 72

Aurignac, 105

Aurignacian, 54, 105–107, 251–252 Australia, 107–112

earliest inhabitants, 107–109 theories on the peopling of, 109–112

Australopithecus, 8, 11, 17, 22, 31, 112–117, 310, 396, 560

afarensis, 7, 18, 22, 26, 82, 114, 118–120, 131, 268, 300, 413–414, 467 africanus, 18–19, 34, 113–114, 120–123, 204

anamensis, 18, 26, 112, 114, 123–124, 266, 359 bahrelghazali, 18, 31, 124

evolutionary relationships, 115–117 garhi, 124–125

prometheus, 112 ramidus, 82, 83, 115 transvaalensis, 112

Avahi, 349

Avenius, 550 Awl, 125 Axum, 29

Aycrossia, 53 Aye-ayes, 204–205

Azibius, 6

Azilian, 125

Azych, 94

Babakotia, 503, 504

Bacho Kiro, 81, 127

Background extinction, 261

Badegoulian, 127

Index 1515

Bailey, L., 447

Baise Basin, 87

Bambata, 37, 127

Ban Don Mun, 88 Baradostian, 96, 127 Baringo Basin, 128–130

Barnesia, 481

Barry, J., 642 Bar-Yosef, O., 715 Bate, Dorothea, 22 Bateson, W., 280

Baton de commandement, 130

Beard, K.C, 5, 208, 306, 573, 678–679 Beaumont, P, 139, 430

Begun, D.R., 221, 222

Behavior, modern human origins and, 434–440 Behrensmeyer, A.K., 185

Bei, W., 735 Beidha, 130, 364

Belohdelie, 8, 18, 82, 114, 130–131 Benefit, B.R., 159, 401, 724 Berger, L., 293

Berruvius, 550

Beryllium and aluminum nuclide dating, 131 Beyrich, August, 490

Biache-St. Vaast, 131 Biberson, Pierre, 68, 131 Biblical archaeologists, 73

Bifaces, 1–3, 28, 90, 131, 225, 302 Bilzingsleben, 131–132

Binford, L.R., 151, 219, 250, 268, 364, 419, 456, 735 Binford, S., 456

Bioarchaeology, 137

Biochronology, 132 Biological role (biorole), 258

Biological species concept, 659, 660 Biomechanical scaling, 41 Biomechanics, 132–133 Biostratigraphy, 674, 675–676 Bipedalism, 394–395

Bipolar technique, 133 Bird, J., 268

Birdsell, Joseph B., 109, 133, 707 Biretia, 31, 61, 265, 545–548

Bishop, Walter William, 23, 133, 451, 465 Black, Davidson, 133–134

Blackwater Draw, 134, 272, 394 Blackwell, B., 464

Blades, 32, 39, 51, 93, 96, 134, 251, 439 Aurignacian, 105–107

Late Paleolithic, 376–378

Late Stone Age, 20, 28, 381–382

Index 1516

Magdalenian, 402 waisted, 107

Blanton, R., 191

Blombos, 134 Blumenbach, J.F., 609 Boaz, N.T., 622 Bocherens, H., 435 Bock, W.J., 259

Bodo, 8, 19, 27, 78, 134–135 Boëda, E., 456

Boker Tachtit, 95–96, 135 Bola stones, 47

Bolt’s Farm, 34 Bone biology

applications of, 137 behavior, 135–136 paleoanthropology and, 137

as records of life history, 136–137 structure and function, 136

Bone tools, 32, 35, 37, 98, 137–138, 402, 439, 612–613 Bonifay, E., 614, 623

Border Cave, 20, 35, 37, 80, 138–139

Bordes, François, 139, 206, 250, 274, 420, 454, 456, 553 Bosinski, G., 525

Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, 73, 139–140, 274, 275, 375, 453, 622 Boule, Pierre Marcellin, 140, 156, 272, 274, 340, 369, 586

Bouri, 27, 124–125 Bow and arrow, 140 Boxgrove, 76, 140–141 Brace, C.Loring, 112 Brachiation, 65

Brachyteles, 103, 104, 210 arachnoides, 565

Braidwood, R.J., 353, 475

Brain, C.K., 122, 137, 538, 667, 682 Brain, evolution of

evidence from comparative neuroanatomy, 142–148 lines of evidence, 141–142

paleoneurology/study of endocasts, 142 summary, 148–149

volumes of reconstructed hominins, 143–144 weights and EQs of selected primate, 145

Branisella, 44 boliviana, 565

Branisellinae, 161

Bräuer, G., 430, 433

Breccia Cave Formation, 150–151 Breitinger, E., 585

Breuil, Henri, 105, 125, 151, 171, 274, 479, 522, 622, 695, 717 Broad-spectrum revolution, 151, 407–408

Broca, Pierre Paul, 151

Broken Hill, 78, 334, 357

Index 1517

Bromage, T.G., 177 Bronze Age, 152

Broom, Robert, 112, 120, 152, 292, 383, 536, 538, 542, 616, 667, 681–682 Brothwell, D.R., 430

Brown, T.M., 411

Brunet, M., 124

Buckland, D., 552

Buda industry, 2, 152, 724 Buffon, J.-L.L., 254 Bulla, 6

Buluk, 23, 24, 38, 152

Burial sites, 22, 31, 98, 109, 130, 215, 297–298, 361, 529–530, 616, 681 Late Paleolithic, 379

Middle Paleolithic, 420 Burin, 152

Burji, 23

Butzer, K.W., 404, 682

Buxella, 481 Buxton, L.D.H., 451

Cacajao, 562, 563

Cactus Hill, 47

Caenopithecus, 3, 6

Cain, A.J., 661

Caipora, 104

Calcium-41 dating, 153

Calico Hills, 153

Callicebus, 562, 563

Callimico, 154

Callimiconini, 153, 154

Callitrichinae/Callitrichines, 44, 153–154, 161

Callitrichini, 153, 154

Callithrix, 153, 154

Camp, C, 292

Campbell, B., 334

Camps, 637–638

Candelabra model, 154

Cann, R.L., 432

Cantius, 5, 6, 240, 274, 481

Capsian, 20, 154

Cardial Neolithic, 253

Carlocebus, 551, 562, 563

Carneiro, R., 191

Carpentarians, 109

Carpenter, C.R., 587

Carpocristes, 154, 155

Carpodaptes, 154, 155

Carpolestes, 154, 155

Carpolestidae, 43, 44, 154–156

Cartailhac, Émile, 156, 453

Cartelle, C, 63

Index 1518

Cartmill, M., 60, 725 Castro, Bermúdez de, 102

Çatal Hüyük, 98, 99, 156, 193 Catarrhines, 54–62, 238, 449–450

macroevolutionary patterns, 63–64 Catarrhini, 24, 31, 54–55, 156–160

characteristics, 156 archaic, 157–158 modern, 158–160

relationships of major subgroups, 156–157 Cation-ratio dating, 160

Caton-Thompson, G., 363 Catopithecus, 31, 60, 61, 157, 265

browni, 490–491

Cave of Hearths, 19, 35, 160–161

Cave paintings, 42, 375, 391, 520, 522–523, 552 Cebidae, 44, 161, 449

Cebinae, 161–162 Ceboidea, 54, 104, 565

Cebuella, 153, 154 pygmaea, 565

Cebupithecia, 562, 563 sarmientoi, 64, 371

Cebus, 103, 161, 162, 210, 211 Cemeteries, 32

Cenozoic, 11, 162–163 time scale, 629, 706–707

Center-and-edge model, 336 Ceprano, 163–164 Cercamoniinae, 6, 58, 266

Cercamonius, 5, 481 Cercocebus, 166, 171, 211 Cercopithecidae, 164–166, 449 Cercopithecids, 26, 34, 166 Cercopithecina, 171 Cercopithecinae, 164, 166–171

Cercopithecines, 18, 24, 26, 86, 210, 211 Cercopithecini, 168, 170 Cercopithecoidea, 156, 159, 171–172 Cercopithecoides, 18, 26, 34, 187–188, 242

Cercopithecus, 18, 166, 168, 171 aethiops, 168

lhoesti, 168 cf., 172

Chad, 124

Chalicomomys, 550

Character compatibility analysis, 482 Charaman, 35

Charentian, 454–455 Châtelperronian, 172–174, 251 Chauvet Cave, 174 Cheirogaleidae, 174–176

Index 1519

Cheirogaleus, 175 major, 175 medius, 175

Chemeron Formation, 19, 26, 115, 128–129 Chemoigut Formation, 19

Chesnaye, G.R., 21

Chesowanja, 268 Chetverikov, S.S., 282

Chia Lan-p’o (L.P.Chia), 355 Childe, Vere Gordon, 176, 190, 475

Chilecebus, 44, 63, 551 carrascoensis, 161, 162

Chilhac, 176 Chimpanzees, 65–66

China, 176–177

Chiromyoides, 571, 572 Chiropotes, 562, 563 Chiroptera, 82, 271–272 Chiwondo Beds, 19, 177–178

Chlororhysis, 52, 53

Chopper-chopping tools, 2, 64, 88, 178, 225, 226 Ch’orora, 8

Chow, M., 400

Christy, H., 73, 105, 375, 518, 717 Chromosome, 178

Chronolestes, 155

Chronolestinae, 155 Chronostratigraphy, 674, 676

Chumashius, 496 Clacton, 178

Clactonian, 1, 2, 178–179 Clade, 179

Cladistics, 179–181 numerical, 481–482

Clark, John Desmond, 22, 23, 35, 181, 177, 358, 430

Clarke, John Grahame Douglas, 181, 225, 229, 382, 407, 415, 423, 443, 475, 666, 716 Clarke, R.J., 163, 536, 667

Classical archaeologists, 73 Classical genetics, 280–281 Classic culture, 49 Classification

categories of, 182

practice of animal, 181–182 principles of, 182

Cleaver, 182–183 Climate

influences on hominid evolution, 184–185 Late Paleolithic, 376

long-term trends, 183–184 Pliocene, 575–576 short-term influences, 184

Cline, 185

Index 1520

Clothing, 185–186, 613–614 Clottes,J., 194, 525

Clovis, 45, 48, 186, 512–513 Cohen, M., 219

Cole, Sonia, 22 Colobina, 186–188

Colobinae, 164, 186–189, 210, 449–450 Colobines, 18, 24, 26, 31, 34, 159 Colobus, 186, 187, 188

Colobus flandrini, 31 Colugos, 207–208 Combier, J., 655 Commont, V., 622 Compatibility analysis, 482

Competition, extinction and, 261 Complex societies, 189

around the world, 192–194 defined, 190

development of, 190–192 multicausal models, 191–192 unicausal models, 190–191

Constant, R., 614 Constructional morphology, 258 Containers, 613

Continental drift, 628 Cooke, H.B.S., 23

Coon, Carleton Stevens, 88, 90, 154, 194, 353, 428, 429, 432, 609 Cope, E.D., 480

Copelemur, 481

Coppens, Y., 112, 118, 119, 299, 538, 539 Coral reefs, 632

Core, 194 Cosmostratigraphy, 196 Cosquer, Henri, 194 Cosquer Cave, 194 Courtin, J., 194 Cracraft, J., 661 Cremation, 109 Creswellian, 195 Cretaceous, 50, 62

Cro-Magnon, 195, 275, 336–337

Crouzelia, 578 auscitanensis, 577

Crouzeliinae, 576–578

Cryptadapis, 5 Cueva Morin, 195

Cultural anthropology, 64, 195, 557 Cultural cross-dating, 74

Cultural evolution, 254 Culture, 196

Curtis, G.H., 23 Cuvier, G., 4, 254, 375

Index 1521

Cyclostratigraphy, 674, 676–677 calibration, 201

carbonate cycles, 199 cycle groups, 199–201 eccentricity, 198

Milankovitch cycles, 196–198 obliquity/tilt, 198

sapropels, 199

stable-isotope ratios, 198–199 stratigraphy and cycles, 198–201

Cytogenetics, 281, 444

Dabban, 20, 32, 203

Dactylonax, 64

Dactylopsila, 64 Dali, 78, 203

Danakil Depression (Eritrea), 7

Dar-es-Soltane, 31, 32, 80, 203 Darra-i-Kur, 81, 95

Dart, Raymond Arthur, 112, 120, 122, 137, 152, 203–204, 297, 340, 403, 694 Darwin, Charles Robert, 6, 11, 204, 238, 254–256, 555, 632, 660

Darwinian phylogenetics, 259–261 Dating

amino-acid, 50

beryllium and aluminum nuclide, 131 calcium-4l, 153

cation-ratio, 160 dendrochronology/tree-ring, 206

ESR (electron spin resonance), 236–237 fission-track, 270–271

Homo erectus, 324

OSL (optically stimulated luminescence), 500–501 potassium-argon, 582–584

radiocarbon, 610–611 radiometric, 611

TL (thermoluminescence), 707–708 trapped-charge, 709 uranium-series, 721–722

Daubentonia, 64, 65, 350 madagascariemis, 204–205 robusta, 204

Daubentoniidae, 204–205, 350 Dawaitoli, 205–206

Dawkins, W.B., 728 Dawn Stone, 235 Dawson, C, 559 Day, M.H., 430 Dean, D., 163, 248 Dean, M.C, 536

Decoredon, 84, 176, 206, 493, 495 De Heinzelin, J., 125, 351

Index 1522

Deinothere, 21 Delluc, B., 524–525 Delluc, G., 524–525

Delson, E., 4, 5, 63, 117, 157, 239, 400, 499, 535, 537, 552, 724 De Lumley, H., 704

Denaturing, 214 Dendrochronology, 206 Dendrogram, 482

Dendropithecus, 17, 24, 25, 158, 234, 206–207, 401 macinnesi, 206, 365, 617, 658

Denen Dora, 7 Denisova Cave, 207 Depéret, C., 628

Dermoptera, 82, 207–208 Desert varnish films, 160

De Sonneville-Bordes, Denise, 206 Developed Oldowan, 1, 28 Developmental genetics, 283–284 Devil’s Tower, 280, 287

Devon Downs, 208

DeVries, H., 256

Diakonoff, I., 191 Dibble, H.L., 96, 456 Die Kelders, 37, 208 Diet

categorizing primate foods, 208–209 herbivory (plant eating), 210–211 hypothesis, 616

insectivory, 209–210 omnivory, 211

Dillehay, T., 47, 450, 513

Dillerlemur, 550 Dingcun, 88, 90, 212

Dinopithecus, 170, 171 Dionysopithecus, 84, 176, 578 Diphyletic, 271

Diré-Dawa, 20 Discontinuity, 257 Disotell, T., 309

Djebelemur, 6, 16, 29, 58, 61, 62, 157 Djetis, 212

Djibouti, 212–213

Dmanisi, 213, 242 DNA

hybridization, 213–215, 432–433 studies, 444–445

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 215, 254, 256, 636, 659 Doctrine of uniformitarianism, 421

Doini Vĕstonice, 215

Dolicho (Parapreshytis) eohanuman, 188 Dolichocebus, 44, 63, 551

gaimanensis, 161, 162

Index 1523

Dolichopithecus, 188, 189, 274 ruscinensis, 242

Domestication, 32, 33, 215, 475 benefits of, 216–217 consequences of, 219–220 identification of, 217–219 origin of, 219

in Southwest Asia, 90 Donggutuo, 87

Donrussellia, 220, 274, 481 Douglass, A.E., 206 Doyle, A.C, 561 Drachenioch, 220

Dragon bones/teeth, 220–221 Drawhorn, G.M., 115

Drift, 289 Drimolen, 34, 221

Dryopithecines, 24, 159, 221–222 Dryopithecini, 221

Dryopithecus, 53, 92, 159, 176, 222–223, 241, 274, 309, 313, 362, 375, 578 crusafonti, 222

fontani, 222, 623 laietanus, 222, 580, 581 simonsi, 221 wuduensis, 86, 221, 223

Dual-source hypothesis, 109

Dubois, Eugene, 86, 223, 302, 323, 340, 361 Dwarfism, 223

Dyseolemur, 496, 497 Dyuktai, 223

Early Mousterian, 248

Early Paleolithic, 672

Africa, central, 226

Africa, East, 225

Africa, North, 226

Africa, southern, 225–226

Asia, eastern and southern, 226–227

Asia, southwest, 226

Asia, western, 93–94

Europe, 227–229

Early Pleistocene, 568

Early Stone Age, 20, 229–230

Eastern Gravettian, 618

Eburran, 28

Ecological and behavioral morphology, 258

Ecology, 230

Economy, prehistoric, 230–233, 439

Eemian, 20

Efremov, I.A., 686

Ehringsdorf, 233, 473

Index 1524

Eisenberg, J., 57

Ekgmowechashala, 233, 411, 493

Ekgmowechashalinae, 44, 233, 495 Ekora, 23

Elandsfontein, 35

Eldredge, N., 661 El Wad, 233 Emiran, 95, 233 Emireh points, 233 Engis, 234

Eoanthropus dawsoni, 560 Eocatarrhines, 31 Eocatarrhini, 157–158, 234 Eocene, 234–235

Early, 4

Late, 11

Eoliths, 26, 235

Eosimiidae, 235

Eosimias, 11, 60, 62, 84, 157, 176 centennicus, 235

sinensis, 235 Epigravettian, 235–236, 618 Epimerization, 50 Epipaleolithic, 236 Epipaleolithic Natufian, 98

Epipliopithecus, 578 Equus, 87

helmei, 160

Erq el-Ahmar Formation, 93

Erythrocebus, 168, 171, 210

ESR (electron spin resonance) dating, 236–237 Ethnoarchaeology, 237–238, 421 Ethnography, 195

Ethnology, 195

Ethology, 238

Etler, D., 90

Eucatarrhini, 158–159, 238–239

Eulemur, 384, 386 coronatus, 384 fulvus, 384, 389 fulvus rufus, 384, 386 macaco, 384, 389 mongoz, 384 rubriventer, 384

Euoticus, 277, 278 Euprimates, 43, 44, 239, 593 Europe, 239–254

Archaic Homo sapiens, 76–77, 246–248 early paleolithic, 227–229

early postglacial, 253

human colonization, earliest, 242–246

middle paleolithic and classic Neanderthals, 248–251, 415–416

Index 1525

rise of primates, 240–242

upper paleolithic and modern humans, 251–252

Europolemur, 3, 403, 481 Evans, J., 140

Eve theory, 432–434 Evolution, 254–258

adaptation, 255–256 levels of, 445

modern evolutionary theory, 256–258 modern synthesis, 256

natural selection, 255 Evolutionary morphology, 258–259 Evolutionary systematics, 259–261 Ewing, J.F., 367

Exotics, 261

Extinction

competition and, 261

living fossils and rates of, 261–262 mass, 262

modern, 263

Pleistocene overkill, 262–263 Eyasi, 23, 263

Falconer, H., 140 Family, 265 Fauresmith, 20, 35, 269

Fayum Depression, 38, 265–267 Fejej, 23, 82, 114, 267–268 Fells Cave, 268

Felsenstein, J., 482

Ferguson, W., 83, 115, 119, 129, 318, 539 Fire, controlled, 28, 35, 268–269, 613 First Family, 7

First Intermediate, 269 Fischer, G., 525 Fisher, R., 256, 282

Fishing, 28, 32, 37, 90, 613 Fission-track dating, 270–271 Flake-blade, 271

Flakes, 1–2, 26, 31–32, 229, 271, 391–392, 396 Flannery, K.V., 151, 191–192, 219, 407 Fleagle, J.G., 157, 169

Florisbad, 20, 35, 271 Flower, W.H., 678

Flying-primate hypothesis, 271–272 Fogden, M., 209

Folsom, 272 Fontan, M., 222

Fontéchevade, 272, 473 Forbes’ Quarry, 287 Forensic anthropology, 272

Index 1526

Formative agriculture, 49 Fort Ternan, 25, 272–274, 362 Fossils, 274

extinction rates and living, 261–262 Founder-effect speciation model, 433, 660 France, 274–275

Freeman, L, 43, 195

Frere, John, 72, 140, 275, 340, 384 Fried, M., 190

Friedman, I., 483 Functional anatomy, 258

Functional morphology, 258, 275-276

Gadeb, 8, 268 Galagidae, 277–280 Galago, 211, 277–278

sadimanensis, 278 senegalensis, 278 Galagoides, 277, 278

demidoff, 174, 277, 278

Galeopithecus volans, 207 Galeopterus variegatus, 207 Galileo, 40

Galton, F., 282 Gamble’s Cave, 22 Gánovce, 280 Gargas, 280 Garrigou, F., 455

Garrod, Dorothy Anne Elizabeth, 233, 280, 647, 685 Garstang, J., 354

Gazin, C.L., 4, 480

Gazinius, 53

Gebo, D.L., 278, 451 Gene, 280

Genetics

classical, 280–281 cytogenetics, 281 developmental, 283–284

modern human origins and, 432-434 molecular, 282–283

population, 282 quantitative, 282

Genome, 284 Geoffroy, E., 678 Geomagnetic field, 532

Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS), 533 Geometric Kebaran, 97

Genotype, 285 Genus, 285

Geochronometry, 285–286 Gervais, P., 498

Index 1527

Gesher Benot Ya’acov, 93, 287 Gi, 287

Gibbons, 65, 312–313, 344–346 Gibraltar, 287

Gigantism, 287–288

Gigantopithecus, 84, 86, 176–177, 288–289, 308, 393, 581, 640, 729 bilaspurensis, 642

blacki, 86, 220, 288 giganteus, 288, 642

Gignoux, M., 474

Gilbert, G.K., 196

Gingerich, P.D., 4, 58, 545, 677 Ginsburg, L, 234, 238 Glaciation defined, 289

evidence of, 289–291

Ice Ages and evolution, 291–292 Glacio-eustatic change, 629–630 Gladysvale, 34, 113, 120, 292–293 Golden Spike, 293, 423 Goldschmidt, R., 256

Gona, 23, 26 Gondwana, 10–11, 563 Gongwangling, 86 Gönnersdorf, 293

Goodman, M., 443, 444, 446 Goodwin, A.J. H., 229, 381, 421 Gordon, H.L., 21

Gorgopithecus, 170, 171 Gorillas, 66, 210, 308

Gorjanović-Kramberger, Dragutin Karl, 293, 366 Grabau, A., 628

Grade, 293–294

Graecopithecus, 159, 242, 294, 309, 580 freybergi, 221, 294, 309

Grande Coupure, 240, 262, 274, 294–295

Gravettian, 295–297 Greenberg, J., 45 Gregory, J.W., 22

Gregory, William King, 4, 221, 297, 480 Grimaldi, 297–298

Grine, F., E., 117, 208, 536, 537

Griphopithecus, 92, 158, 241, 298, 362 alpani, 298, 551

darwini, 298 Group selection, 257

Groves, C.P., 327, 431, 448 Grün, R., 306

Guidon, N., 552 Guitarrero Cave, 298 Gunnell, G., 572 Guomde, 80

Index 1528

Haasgaat, 34 Habgood, P.J., 431

Habitat theory, 178, 181

Hadar Formation, 18, 26, 82, 114, 299–302 Middle Pliocene, 7

paleoanthropology, 299–301 paleoenvironment, 299

Hadropithecus, 68–70 stenognathus, 68, 69

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 223, 302 Hagfet et Tera, 32 Hahnōfersand, 302

Haldane, J.B.S., 256, 282 Hale, H.M., 208

Halfan, 32 Halstead, L.B., 561 Hamburgian, 302

Hamilton, W.D., 257, 655 Hammerstones, 1

Handaxes, 1–3, 20, 22, 32, 35, 225–228, 302–303, 410

Hapalemur, 4, 384, 386 aureus, 386, 389 griseus, 386, 389 simus, 386, 389

Haplorhini, 303–304 Hardy, G.H., 282 Harpoon, 304–305 Harris, J.W.K., 301, 632

Harrison, T., 157, 207, 468, 499 Hartwig, W.C., 63

Haua Fteah, 20, 32, 203, 305 Hayonim, 305

Heinrich events, 628

Heliopithecus, 17, 25, 91–92, 305, 362 leakeyi, 38, 305

Hellman, M., 221

Hemanthropus (Hemianthropus), 305–306 peii, 220–221

Hemiacodon, 52, 496, 497

Hermiacodontina, 496, 497 Henning, W., 179–180 Henslow, J.S., 204

Heti Formation, 235 Hexian, 88, 306 Higher primates, 306 Hilgen, F., J., 534 Hill, A., 129

Hill, W.C.O., 678

Hinton, M., 561

Hipparion, 87, 575

Index 1529

datum, 575

Historic archaeologists, 73 Hoabinhian, 306

Hoanghonius, 6, 11, 58, 61, 84, 176, 306 stehlini, 491

Hoernes, Moritz, 474 Hofer, H.O., 678

Hoffstetter, R.I., 62, 68, 157, 239 Hole, F., 219, 475

Holmes, A., 563 Holocene, 20, 306–308 Holophyletic, 450 Hominid evolution

Pliocene, 576

sea-level change and, 630–631 Hominidae, 308–309

Homininae, 66, 309–310, 313–316 Hominini, 26, 310–311, 595

Hominoidea, 24–26, 31, 65, 156, 158–159, 206, 221, 311–317, 594–595 Hominoids, 158, 206

Gibbon divergence and origins, 312–313 hominines, 313–317

orangutan divergence, 313 origins, 311–312

Homo, 26, 310, 317–322 antecessor, 102, 163, 322 antiquus praegens, 83 definition of genus, 317 ergaster, 27, 242, 326–328

evidence for early cultural activities, 320–321

habilis, 19, 26, 34, 317–318, 328–331, 332–333, 384, 486, 528, 667 heidelbergensis, 27, 42, 78, 79, 248, 331–332, 405

kanamensis, 22, 359 mauritanicus, 163 modjokertensis, 443

neanderthalensis, 77, 79, 250, 334, 332, 469 primigenius, 627

rhodesiensis, 79

rudolfensis, 19, 26, 177, 185, 332–334, 528, 720–721

Homo erectus, 3, 8, 19, 22, 26, 31, 86, 88, 90, 242, 318–320, 322–326, 425, 528–530 anatomical characteristics, 324–325

bilzingslebenensis, 132 dating, 324

first discoveries, 323 geographic distribution, 323–324 role in evolution, 325–326 taxonomy questions, 325 yuanmouensis, 733

Homogeneity hypothesis, 109–110 Homology, 258–259, 339

Homo sapiens, 3, 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 90, 334–339, 425

See also Archaic Homo sapiens

Index 1530

sapiens, 28, 44, 530–531, 618 Homo-Simiadae, 204 Homunculini, 562, 563

Homunculus, 551, 562, 563

Hooton, Earnest Albert, 339

Hope Fountain industries, 225, 339 Hopwood, Arthur Tindell, 22, 339–340

Howell, F.Clark, 22, 23, 43, 68, 317, 432, 505, 537, 585 Howells, William White, 154, 339, 340, 429, 552 Howieson’s Poort, 20, 37, 340

Hoxne, 340

Hrdliča, Ales, 340, 451 Hublin, J.-J., 163 Hubrecht, A.A.W., 303

Huerzeleris, 5, 481

Hughes, A.R., 667

Human colonization, earliest, 242–246 Human ecology, 404

Human origins, modern. See Modern human origins Human paleontology, 340–344

hunter-gatherers, 341 origins of adaptations, 343 political relationships, 343 social organization, 342–343

subsistence practices, 341–342 technology, 342

Human sexual dimorphism, 633–634 Humbu Formation, 19

Hummalian, 95

Hunter-gatherers, 341–344 origins of adaptations, 343 political relationships, 343 social organization, 342–343 subsistence practices, 341–342 technology, 342

Hunting, 28, 32, 37, 48, 613, 637–638 Hürzeler, J., 498–499

Hutton, J., 706

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 344, 626

Hylobates, 65, 86, 177, 344, 346 concolor, 344, 346 syndactylus, 210, 344, 346

Hylobatidae, 24, 158, 344–346

Hylopithecus hysudricus, 221 Hypodigm, 346

Hyporder, 346

Ibero-Maurusian, 20, 32, 347

Ice Ages, 291–292, 518

art, 520–526

Ignacius, 549, 550

Index 1531

Illiger, C, 678 Immunological distance, 347 Incertae sedis, 347, 578 Indonesia, 348–349 Indriidae, 211, 349–350 Indriiformes, 68

Indri indri, 349 Indrioidea, 350 Indrioids, 4 Infraorder, 350

Infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), 501 Inskeep, R., 474

Iron Age, 350

Isaac, Glynn Llywelyn, 1, 23, 351, 466, 553 Ischial callosities, 351

Isernia, 351

Ishango, 28, 338, 351 Ishida, H., 23, 624

Isolating mechanisms, 659–660 Isotopes, stable, 663–666

Isotope stratigraphy, 674, 676–677 Istállöskö, 351–352

Jablonski, N., 187 Jabrud, 353 Jabrudian, 51, 353 Jabrud Shelter III, 54 Jarmo, 353

Java/“Java man”, 78, 84, 86, 348 Jebel Irhoud, 20, 31, 32, 80, 353

Jebel Qatrani Formation, 16–17, 31, 265–266 Jelinek, A., 460, 685

Jemezius, 496 Jerf ’Ajla, 95, 353

Jericho, 98, 99, 354, 363 Jerison, H., 41

Jewelry, 354, 378 Jian Shi, 355 Jinniushan, 78, 355

Johanson, D.C, 23, 112, 115, 118, 119, 299, 537 Jones, E.R., 518

Jones, P.R., 612 Jussieu, A. de, 375

Kabwe, 19, 35, 357–358

Kada Damoumou, 7

Kada Hadar, 7

Kafuan, 358

Kaitio member, 358

Kajong, 23, 24

Kalambo Falls, 35, 226, 268, 358

Index 1532

Kalb, J.E., 23, 134, 299 Kalepithecus, 24, 128, 158, 207

songhorensis, 658 Kalochoro member, 358 Kalodirr, 23, 24, 38, 358 Kamasia Range, 128 Kamlial beds, 84

Kamoyapithecus, 17, 23, 24, 158, 239, 597 hamiltoni, 399

Kanam, 22, 23, 358–359 Kanapoi, 23, 82, 114, 123, 359 Kanjera, 21, 22, 359

Kao Pah Nam, 88

Kapthurin Beds/Formation, 19, 28, 359–360 Karain, 360

Karari, 360 Kariandusi, 27 Karungu, 21

Kataboi member, 360 Katanda, 20, 28, 360 Kay, R.F, 157, 545, 642 KBS member, 360–361 Kebara, 95, 361 Kebaran, 96, 236, 361 Kedung Brubus, 361 Keeley, L., 393

Keilor, 361

Keith, Arthur, 334, 339, 361–362, 405, 560, 561, 647 Kenniff Cave, 362

Kent, P.E., 22–23

Kent’s Cavern, 362

Kenyapithecinae, 24, 25, 31, 33, 38, 92, 362, 551 Kenyapithecini, 221, 362

Kenyapithecus, 17, 25, 129, 158, 241, 305, 312–313, 362–363 africanus, 362, 401, 465

wickeri, 274, 358, 362 Kenyon, Kathleen, 354, 363 Kerian, 17

Kesem-Kebena, 8–9, 23 Keyser, A., 221, 293 Khoisan, 37 Khormusan, 32

Kibish, 363

Kimbel, W.H., 299, 537 Kimura, M., 446

King, L.C, 23 King, W., 332, 469

Kirkbride, Diana, 130, 364 Kisingirian, 17

Kitching, J.W., 403

Klasies River Mouth Cave, 20, 35, 37, 80, 364 Klein, R., 364, 419, 474

Index 1533

Knuckle-walking, 394, 727

Koenigswald, Gustav Heinrich Ralph von, 212, 288, 305, 323, 364, 405, 443, 503

Kohatius, 52, 53, 84 Köhler, M., 580 Kohl-Larsen, F, 118

Kohl-Larsen, L, 22, 371, 467, 614

Komba minor, 278

robustus, 278 winamensis, 278

Konso, 23, 364–365

Koobi Fora Formation, 18, 19, 26, 82, 114, 268, 329 Koonalda Cave, 365

Koro Toro, 124 Koru, 22, 24, 365, 595 Kostenki, 365

Kota Tampan, 365

Kow Swamp, 79, 109, 365–366 Krapina, 81, 293, 366, 473 Kromdraai, 34, 366–367, 538 Ksar ’Akil, 54, 81, 95–96, 367 Kuldara, 93

La Brea Tar Pits, 369

La Chaise, 369, 473

La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 275, 334, 369

Lacopithecus, 176, 576–578 robustus, 576, 578

La Cotte de St. Brelade, 369–370 Laetoli, 26, 82, 114, 371–372 Laetolil Beds, 18, 225

La Ferrassie, 275, 370

Lagar Velho, 372–373

Lagonimico, 562, 563 conclucatus, 154, 371

Lagothrix, 103, 104 Lahr, M.M., 431 Lainyamok, 373

Lake Mungo, 107, 109, 373 Lake Rudolf, 21

Lakhuti, 95 Lamarck, J., 254

Laming-Emperaire, A., 522 La Naulette, 370–371 Land-mammal ages, 373–374 Landscape archaeology, 374 Lang Trang, 86, 374 Language acquisition, 321, 429 Lantian, 269, 374–375 Lanyon, L., 136

La Quina, 275, 371

Index 1534

Larnach, Stanley, 401

Lartet, Edouard, 73, 105, 140, 222, 274, 375, 383, 415, 453, 518, 717 Lascaux, 39, 375

Late Paleolithic, 375–380, 672 art and engravings, 378 burial, 379

climates and environments, 376 colonization, 380

musical instruments, 378–379 people in, 376

personal adornment, 378

sociopolitical organization and settlement patterns, 380 subsistence strategies, 379

technology, 376–378 Late Pleistocene, 569

Late Stone Age, 20, 28, 37, 380–383 Laugerie sites, 383

Laurasia, 481

Lautsch, 425

La Venta, 371

Laventiana, 566

annectens, 64, 161, 162, 371 Lazaret, 268, 269, 383

Leakey, Louis S.B., 22, 23, 68, 112, 118, 128, 153, 274, 317, 323, 328, 339, 340, 351, 359, 371, 383–384, 430, 466, 467, 468, 486, 505, 536, 538, 614, 658

Leakey, Mary Douglas Nicoll, 118, 274, 275, 371, 384, 466, 467, 468, 484, 486, 505, 536, 538, 540 Leakey, Mary G., 22, 112, 114, 123, 359, 398

Leakey, R.E., 23, 323, 351, 466, 536 Le Chaffaud, 383

Le Gros Clark, W.E., 22, 317, 340, 383, 585, 590 Lehringen, 384

Leidy, R., 480

Le Moustier, 275, 334, 383 Lemur, 4, 384–386

catta, 384, 389 Lemuridae, 384–386

Lemuriformes, 5–6, 204, 349, 350, 386–389 Lemuroidea, 209, 389

Lemurs, 4, 5, 401–402

Leontopidthecus, 154

Lepilemur, 4, 350, 389 leucopus, 390 Lepilemuridae, 389–391

Leptadapis, 3, 4, 5, 6

Leroi-Gourhan, André, 274, 280, 391, 522–523, 561 L’Escale, 369

Les Trois Frères, 391 Le Suard, 369 Levallois, 391–392, 585

Levalloiso-Mousterian, 31, 32, 269 Levant, 54, 95, 438

Levantine Aurignacian, 392

Index 1535

Levantine Mousterian, 95 Lévi-Strauss, C., 523 Lewis, G.E., 559 L’Hortus, 369

Lhywydd, E., 72

Libypithecus, 31, 187, 622 Limnopithecus, 24, 158, 207, 597

evansi, 658

legetet, 365, 617–618

Linnaeus, Carolus, 181, 182, 254, 317, 683 Lithic use-wear, 392–393 Lithostratigraphy, 674, 675

Liucheng, 393–394 Llano complex, 48, 394 Locherangan, 23, 24, 394

Locomotion human, 394–396 primate modes, 394

Loess, 290 Lokalalei, 396

Lokalalei member, 26, 225, 396 Lokitaung, 21

Lomekwi Formation, 19, 396 Longgu, 220

Longgupo, 86, 396 Longya, 220 Lonyumun member, 396 Loperot, 23, 24

Lophocebus, 169, 170, 171 Lorblanchet, M., 525 Lorenz, K., 238

Loris, 396–398 Lorisidae, 396–398 Lorisoidea, 174, 209, 398

Loris tardigradus, 210

Lothagam, 23, 26, 82, 115, 398–399 Lothidok, 23, 24, 399 Lothidok-Esha, 25

Lothidok site, 399 Loveina, 235, 496, 497 Lovejoy, O.J., 119 Lower primates, 399 Loy, T.H., 393

Lubbock, John, 72–73, 514 Luckert, W.P., 303

Lucy, 7, 118, 119, 299, 372, 489 Lufeng, 399

Lufengpithecus, 86, 176, 222, 399, 400, 581, 729 Lukeino Formation, 25, 129

Lumley, H. de, 383 Lunates, 408 Lupemban, 20, 269, 400

Lushius, 6, 400

Index 1536

Lyell, Charles, 306, 423, 489, 490, 567, 574, 687, 706 Lynch, T., 298

Maba, 78

Maboko Island, 22, 25, 362, 401 Macaca, 63, 86, 166, 171, 177, 274, 622

sylvanus, 170 Macaques, 31 Macaronis, 280 MacArthur, R.H., 263 Maclntosh, N.W.G., 401 Macroevolution, 256, 507

Macrotarsius, 84, 176, 495, 496 Madagascar, 68–70, 401–402 Mae Tha, 88

Magdalenian, 53, 127, 402 Maglemosian, 402–403 Magnetostratigraphy, 674, 676 Magosian, 403

Mahgarita, 403, 481 Maka, 82, 114

Makapansgat, 34, 113, 120, 204, 403–404 Malakunanja, 107

Mal’ta, 404 Malthus, T., 255

Mandrillus, 168, 169, 170, 171 Man-land relationships, 404 Maret, R.R., 339

Marine magnetic anomalies, 533 Markgraf, R., 545, 598

Marks, A., 135

Marmosets, 153

Marshack, A., 106, 280, 518, 523, 525 Martin, H., 454

Martin, P.S., 262–263 Martin, Rudolf, 404, 590 Mason, R.J., 160

Mass extinctions, 262 Matupi Cave, 28 Mauer, 54, 404–405

Maximum-likelihood cladistics, 482 Mayr, Ernst, 256, 405, 659, 661 Mazak, V., 327

McBurney, C.B.M, 203, 305 McCorriston, J., 219, 475

McCown, Theodore D., 334, 405, 647 McCrossin, M.L., 159, 278, 401 McGraw, W.S., 169

McHenry, H.M., 115

McKenna, M.C., 233

Mckennamorphus, 53

Index 1537

Meadowcroft Shelter, 47, 405

Mechtoid, 347 Megaladapis, 350, 389

edwardsi, 390 grandidieri, 390 madagascariensis, 390

Meganthropus, 86, 364, 405–406 africanus, 118, 371 palaeojavanicus, 405

Mehlman, M.J., 461 Meignen, L., 456 Mein, P., 234, 239

Melka Kontouré, 8, 26, 27, 406 Mellars, P., 456

Mendel, G., 256, 280–281 Merriwether, D.A., 433 Mesolithic, 253, 406–409, 672

See also Epipaleolithic broad-spectrum revolution, 407–408 defined, 407

settlement and social organizations, 409 technologies, 408–409

Mesopithecus, 92, 166, 188, 189, 274, 503, 504 pentelicus, 188, 242

sylvanus, 242 Mesopotamia, 193 Messinian event, 574–575 Meswa Bridge, 595 Meyer, A., 561 Mezhirich, 409–410 Mfwangano, 24

Micodon, 44, 371 kiotensis, 154

Micoquian, 410

Microadapis, 3, 481

Microcebus, 174, 175 Microchoerinae, 410–411, 495

Microchoerus, 61, 410 Microcolobus, 129 Microevolution, 256 Microliths, 28, 90, 408 Micromomyini, 549, 550

Micromomys, 550 Micropithecus, 24, 158, 207

clarki, 365, 465, 658 Microsyopidae, 411 Microsyopinae, 411

Middle Awash, 7–8, 411–415 Middle Paleolithic, 415–421, 672

Africa, equatorial, 417 Africa, North, 417 Africa, southern, 418

Index 1538

Asia, eastern, 418

Asia, southeast and southern, 418 Asia, southwest, 416

Asia, western, 95

classic Neanderthals and, 248, 250–251 Europe, 415–416

hominid fossil associations, 419 origin of, 420

settlements, 419 site structures, 419 subsistence, 419

symbolic behavior, 420 technology, 420

transition between upper and, 420–421 Middle Pleistocene, 568–569 Middle-range theory, 421

Middle Stone Age, 20, 28, 35, 37, 421–423 Milankovich, M., 533–534

Milankovitch cycles, 183, 196–198 Millar, R., 561

Miller, G.S., 560

Milner, R., 561

Mindelian, 67 Mining, 32 Miocene, 423–425

Africa, 17 biogeography, 424–425 East Africa, 21 environments, 424 faunas, 424

Mioeuoticus bishopi, 278 Miopithecus, 168, 171

talapoin, 187 Mirza coquereli, 175 Mishra, S., 88

Mitochondrial Eve theory, 432–434 Mixodectidae, 208

Mladeč cave, 425 Mock aridity, 12 Modern human

origins behavior, 434–440 genetic perspective, 432–434 multiregional evolution, 425–429 out of Africa, 429–432

Modern Synthesis, 256

regional continuity, 425, 440–441 regional discontinuity, 440

Modes industrial, 225

technological, 443 Modjokerto, 443

Moeripithecus markgrafi, 598, 599

Index 1539

Mohanamico hershkovitzi, 64, 154, 371 Molecular

anthropology, 443–445 clock, 444, 445–446 genetics, 282–283

versus morphological approaches, 446–448 Molodova, 448

Moniz, M.A., 117 Monkeys

catarrhine, 449–450 old world, 31 platyrrhine, 448–449 platyrrhini, 565–567

Monophyly, 450

Montagu Cave, 35

Monte Peglia, 450

Monte Verde, 47–48, 450–451 Montmaurin, 451

Morant, Geoffrey Miles, 451 Morgan, T.H., 215, 281 Moroto, 25

Morotopithecus, 38, 158, 362, 451 bishopi, 451

Morphology, evolutionary, 258, 452 Morphometrics, 452–453

Morris, A., 139

Mortillet, Gabriel de, 151, 156, 453, 454, 656, 717 Moss, E., 393

Mount Carmel, 334

Mousterian, 453–460 Acheulean, 455–456 denticulate, 456 Early, 248

French debate, 454–456

geographical and chronological variations, 4553–454 Levantine, 95

Pre, 248

settlement patterns, 456–457 site structure, 458

sociality, 459 subsistence, 457

symbolic behavior, 458–459 technology, 458

Movius, Hallem L., Jr., 1, 88, 460, 612 Movius’ line, 460

Moyà-Solà, S., 580 Mugharan, 51, 93, 460–461 Mugharet el ’Aliya, 20, 31 Mugharet el-Wad, 54

Multiregional evolution, 425–429 Multivariate analysis, 461 Mulvaney, D.J., 362, 461

Index 1540

Mumba Cave, 22, 28, 461

Mungo, 338

Murchison, C., 140

Murrayians, 109

Muruarot, 21, 24

Muruyur, 25, 128

Musculature, 461–463

Mushabi, 463

Mushabian, 97, 463

Musical instruments, 463–464

Late Paleolithic, 378–379

Myrnecomomys, 550

Mytoniina, 496

Nachola, 23, 25, 465

Nachukui Formation, 26, 358, 396 Nakuru, 23

Nannopithex, 410

Napak, 23, 24, 465 Napier, J.R., 317, 328, 486 Nariokotome member, 465 Nariokotome site 3, 465 Narmada, 78, 465–466 Nasalis, 186, 187, 189

larvatus, 187 Natoo member, 466

Natron-Eyasi Basin, 466–468

Natufian, 98, 236, 305, 468

Natural remanent magnetization (NRM), 532 Natural selection, 6, 255

Navajoviini, 549, 550

Navajovius, 550

Nawata Formation, 398–399 Nazlet Khater, 32

Ndutu, 19, 468–469 Neanderthal-phase model, 336

Neanderthals, 20, 50–51, 75–79, 95, 275, 320, 332, 366, 369, 370, 371, 372–373, 469–474, 530 behavior, 472

characters, 470–472 classic, 248, 250–251 early, 248

evolutionary significance, 474 origins, 472–473 preneanderthal, 585

typical, 473–474 Necrolemur, 274, 410, 493, 494 Nelson Bay Cave, 474 Neogene, 474–475

Neolithic, 253, 475–477, 672

Neosaimiri, 44, 63, 161, 162 Neuville, R., 603

Index 1541

Ngaloba, 20, 80, 477–478

Ngandong (Solo), 75, 78, 86, 478–479 Ngorora Formation, 25, 128

Niah Cave, 81, 479 Niaux, 479

Nihewan Basin, 87, 479–480 Nomenclature, 480 Non-Darwinian, 257, 480 Notharctidae, 3, 5, 44, 480–481 Notharctus, 4, 5, 6, 480–481

Nuciruptor, 371, 562, 563 Nucleus, 194

Numerical cladistics, 481–482 Numerical taxonomy, 482 Nuttall, G., 443

Nyanzachoerus kanamensis, 268 Nyanzapithecus, 158, 207, 597 vancouveringorum, 658

Nyticebus, 396–398 Nycticeboides, 396–398

Oakley, Kenneth Page, 383, 483, 559, 561 Obsidian hydration, 483

Odell, G., 393 Ohalo, 96

Old Crow, 483

Old Stone Age, 70, 672

Oldowan industrial complex, 225, 484–486 Olduvai Gorge, 1, 19, 22, 26, 225, 486–489 Oligocene, 11, 489–490

Oligopithecidae, 31, 265, 266, 490–492 Oligopithecus, 31, 60, 61, 84, 266

savagei, 490 Olmec, 192–193

Olorgesailie, 2, 22, 23, 27, 493 Olson, E.C, 687

Olson, T.R., 117, 536–537 Olszewski, D.I., 96 Oman, 493

Omanodon, 16, 61

Omo Kibish Formation, 20, 28, 80

Omomyidae, 4, 42, 44, 493–495 cranium and brain, 493–494 dentition, 494

diversity, 495 postcranium, 494–495

Omomyinae, 44, 495–497 Omomyini, 496

Omomys, 496

On the Origin of Species, 254–255 Ontogenetic scaling, 41

Index 1542

Ontogeny, 497–498 Optical microscopy, 393 Optimal foraging, 231 Orangian, 20, 498 Orangutans, 65, 313 Oranian, 20, 32

Orbital stratigraphy, 196 Orbital tuning, 534 Order, 498 Oreopithecines, 24

Oreopithecus, 158, 159, 171, 241, 498–500 bambolii, 221, 498, 499, 500

Osborn, H.F., 297, 480, 545

OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) dating, 500–501 Osteodontokeratic culture, 204

Oswald, F., 21, 358, 359

Otavipithecus, 17, 33, 312, 362, 501 namibiensis, 501

Otolemur crussicaudatus, 277, 278 howelli, 278

Ourayia, 235, 496 uintensis, 60

Out of Africa model, 429–432 Owen, R., 344

Owen, W.E., 401

Pachylemur, 384, 386 Pacitanian, 503

Palaechthon, 549, 550 Palaechthonina, 549, 550 Palaeopropithecidae, 503–504

Palaeopropithecus, 69, 503, 504 Palenochtha, 550 Paleoanthropology, 504–505 Paleobiogeography, 505–506 Paleobiology, 506–507 Paleocene, 507–508 Paleodietary analysis, 508–511 Paleoenvironment, 511–512 Paleogene, 207, 512

African, 16–17 North American, 43

Paleoindian, 512–514 occupations, 45–48

Paleolandscape excavation, 374 Paleolithic

art, 519–526

boundaries and divisions, 514–516

human evolution and cultural development, 517 regional differences, 517–518

stages, 672

Index 1543

use of term, 70, 672 archaeology, aims of, 516–517 calendar, 518–519

image, 519–526 lifeways, 526–532

cultural-historical overview, 528–532 dating, 526

environmental reconstruction, 526–527 methods, 526–528

rituals and symbolism, 528 social organization, 527–528 subsistence and diet, 527 technology, 527

Paleomagnetism, 532–534 Paleoneurology, 141, 142, 661 Paleontology, 534 Paleopathology, 534–535 Pales, L, 524

Palynology, 579 Panamanian isthmus, 55

Pandemonium, 571, 572 dis, 549

Panobius, 6 Pan paniscus, 65

Pan troglodytes, 65

Papio, 18, 34, 69, 166, 169, 171, 210 quadrtirostris, 26

Papionina, 171 Papionini, 168, 170, 171 Paracatarrhini, 535–536

Paracolobus, 18, 188 Paradapsi, 5

Paradolichopithecus, 86, 92, 170, 171, 242, 274 Parallel phyla hypothesis, 173

Paralouatta, 104

Paranthropus, 19, 26, 112, 310, 384, 536–539 aethiopicus, 19, 26, 113, 396, 537–540

boisei, 19, 23, 113, 176, 185, 466, 537, 538, 540–542, 553 characteristics of, 537

crassidens, 536, 538, 682

robustus, 19, 34, 112–113, 185, 221, 367, 536, 538, 542–545, 682 walkeri, 539

Parapapio, 18, 34, 170, 171

Parapithecidae, 29, 31, 61, 157, 238, 265–266

Parapithecus, 31, 61, 545–548 fraasi, 546

grangeri, 545 Paromomyidae, 43, 548–550 Paramomyina, 550 Paromomyini, 549, 550

Paromomys, 550

Paromoyoidea, 208

Index 1544

Parsimony methods, 481–482 Parvorder, 551

Paşalar, 551 Patagonia, 551 Patas, 168

Patasola, 154, 371 Paterson, T.T., 654, 660

Patterson, Bryan, 23, 359, 398, 551–552 Pauling, L., 445

Pauwels, F., 136 Paviland Cave, 552 Pavlov, 552 Peabody, F., 292–293 Pearson, K., 282, 451 Pech de 1’Azé, 552 Pech Merle, 552

Pedra Furada, 48, 552–553 Pedra Pintada, 48

Peking Man, 88 Pelycodontini, 481 Pelycodus, 4, 5, 480, 481 Pengelly, W., 362 Peninj, 23, 553

Perçoirs, 530

Periconodon, 3, 5, 481 Périgord, 553 Perigordian, 553–554

Perodicticus, 397 Perrot, J., 206 Petralona, 554–555

Petrolemur, 84, 555

Pettigrew, J.D., 271–272

Peyrony, Denis, 105, 172, 173, 274, 555, 600, 717 Phaner, 5, 175, 211

Phenacolemur, 43, 240, 274, 550 Phenetics, 555

Phenotypes, 6, 555

Phillips, Wendell, 23

Phosphatherium, 16 Phylogenetics, 259–261 Phylogeny, 254, 555–557

as evolutionary history, 555–556 patterns, 556–557

species concept, 661 Physical anthropology, 64, 557 Phytolith anlaysis, 557–558 Picard, C, 139

Pick, 558 Pickford, M., 624

Picrodontidae, 43, 558–559

Picrodus, 558, 559

Picromomys, 411

Index 1545

Pietersburg, 20, 559 Piette, E., 125

Pilbeam, D.R., 221, 451, 580, 639

Pilgrim, Guy Ellock, 559, 639, 641 Piltdown, 559–561

Pincevent, 561–562

Pink Breccia, 293

Pithecanthroptus, 302 dubius, 405 erectus, 323 modjokertensis, 443 robustus, 443

Pithecia, 562 Pitheciinae, 44, 562–563

Piveteau, Jean, 274, 340, 563 Plagiaulacoidy, 626

Plagiomene, 208 Plagiomenidae, 82, 207 Plano, 563

Plate tectonics, 563–565

Platodontopithecus, 84, 176, 578 Platychoerops, 571, 572

Platyrrhini, 44, 54–62, 210, 448–449, 565–567 see macroevolutionary patterns, 63–64

Playfair, J., 706 Pleistocene, 567–570

Africa, 19–20, 569–570 Early, 568

Late, 569 Middle, 568–569 overkill, 262–263

sea-level change and, 631–632 Plesiadapidae, 43–44, 155, 274, 570–572 Plesiadapiformes, 43, 572–573 Plesiadapis, 240, 549, 570–572 Plesiadapoidea, 43, 573–574

Plesianthropus, 112 Plesiolestes, 550 Plesiopithecus, 31, 266, 574 Plesiopliopithecus, 576–578

lockeri, 578 rhodanica, 578

Pliocene, 574–576

Africa, 17–19

climates and fauna, 575–576 Hipparion datum and false, 575 hominid evolution, 576 Messinian event, 574–575

Pliopithecidae, 24, 240, 157, 576–578 Pliopithecus, 84, 158, 176, 240, 274, 375, 576–578

antiquus, 577, 578 platydon, 578

Index 1546

vindobonensis, 577, 578 zhanxiangi, 578

Pluvials, 578–579 Pocock, R.I., 303, 678

Polar desert phase, 184, 569 Polarizing, 481

Pollen analysis, 579 Polyphyly, 450 Polytypic variation, 579 Pondaung, 579

Pondaungia, 6, 11, 61, 84, 157, 579 Pongidae, 65

Ponginae, 24, 65, 221, 579–582

Pongo, 53, 63, 84, 86, 158, 177, 210, 581, 639 pygmaeus, 65

Pontnewydd, 582

Pope, G.G., 88, 612 Population, 582 Population genetics, 282 Porc-Épic Cave, 8, 28 Postclassic, 49

Potassium-argon dating, 582–584

Praeanthropus africanus, 118 Preadaptation, 584 Pre-Aurignacian, 584 Předmosti, 584

Prehistory, 73, 584–585

Premnoides, 550

Premousterian, 248

Preneanderthal, 585 Prepared-core, 585–586 Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN), 98 Presapiens, 586, 627, 723

Presbytis, 186, 188 potenziani, 187

Prestwich,J., 140, 275, 375 Přezletice, 586 Priabonian, 31

Primate ecology, 586–587 Primates, 82, 240–242, 590–595

dimorphism, 633 higher, 306 societies, 587–590

Priority, 595

Procolobus, 186, 187, 188 badius, 187

verus, 187

Proconsul, 11, 24, 129, 158, 221, 311, 384, 580 africanus, 22, 358, 365, 595, 596, 597, 658 heseloni, 595, 596, 617

major, 365, 595, 596, 658 nyanzae, 595–596, 617

Index 1547

Proconsulidae, 24, 158, 221, 595–597

Procynocephalus, 86, 170, 171, 177 Progalago

dorae, 278 songhorensis, 278

Prohylobates, 17, 31, 159, 724 simonsi, 724

tandyi, 724 Pronothodectes, 155, 571, 572 Pronycticebus, 3, 5, 481 Propithecia, 562, 563 Propithecus diadema, 350

tattersalli, 350 Propliopithecidae, 31, 157, 597–600

Propliopithecus, 31, 60, 157–158, 266, 597–600 ankelae, 598

haeckeli, 598 zeuxis, 157, 577

Prosimian, 600

Proteopithecia, 562, 563 Proteopithecus, 31, 61, 265

sylviae, 491 Protoadapinae, 6, 481

Protoadapis, 3, 5, 481 Protohistory, 584 Protomagdalenian level, 1, 600–601

Protopithecus, 104

Protsch, R.R., 430

Protosolutrean, 601

Pseudoloris, 38, 410

Pseudopotto, 396–398 Pseudotetonius, 53 Psychozoa, 601

Pulverflumen, 550 Punctuated equilibria, 257 Purgatoriini, 549, 550

Purgatorius, 43, 549, 550 unio, 549

Pygathrix, 86, 177, 186, 187, 188, 189

Qafzeh, 80, 81, 95, 603–604 Qasr el-Sagha, 265

Qatrania, 31, 265, 266, 545–548 Qatraniinae, 545–548 Quantitative methods

mathematical modeling, 604 statistical assumptions, 606 statistics, 604–606

Quantum evolution, 256 Quaternary, 162, 606–607 Quneitra, 607

Index 1548

Race (human), 609–610 Racemization, 50 Raclettes, 127

Radiocarbon dating, 610–611 Radiometric dating, 611 Ramapithecus, 176, 221, 399, 444, 581 Random drift, 604

Rangwapithecus, 24, 158, 597, 639 gordoni, 658 vancouveringorum, 617

Ranov, V., 95

Rasmussen, D.T., 38–39, 157 Rathje, W., 191

Raw materials

for specific activities, 613–614 types of, 611–613

Reck, Hans, 22, 339–340, 486, 614 Recognition concept, 660–661 Redman, C, 190

Regional continuity, 425, 440–441 Regional discontinuity, 440 Regourdou, 614

Reilingen, 614–615

Rencunius, 6, 58, 61, 84 zhoui, 491

Rensch, B., 601 Reservoir effect, 307 Retouch, 615

Rhinocolobus, 26, 188 Rhinopithecus, 18, 86, 177, 188 Rift Valley, 10, 11, 615 Rightmire, G.P., 430

Rituals, 615–616, 638–639 Robbins, L., 399

Robinson, John Talbot, 112, 115, 117, 120, 406, 536, 542, 616–617, 667, 681–682 Robinson, P., 4

Rogachev, Aleksandr N., 617 Radiocarbon dating, 610–611 Radiometric dating, 611 Rolland, N., 456

Rollefson, G., 39

Romanellian, 617

Ronen, A., 685

Rooneyia, 52, 493, 494, 496, 497 Rooneyina, 496, 497

Rooting, 481 Rose, K.D., 411 Rose Cottage, 617

Rosenberger, A.L., 63, 103, 499 Roux, W., 136

Index 1549

Rules, 617

Runcorn, S., 563

Rusinga Island, 22, 24, 595, 617–618

Russia

European, 618

Siberia, 619–620

Saccopastore, 473, 621 Sagaie, 621

Sagantole Formation, 130–131

Saguinus, 154, 209 Sahabi, 622

Saimiri, 44, 63, 103, 161, 162, 209, 371 St. Acheul, 622

Saint-Césaire, 275, 622–623 St. Eble, 623

St. Esteve Janson, 369 St. Gaudens, 623

Saint-Hilaire, I.Geoffroy, 140, 254, 375 Saint-Pereuse, M.T., 524

Saldanha, 19, 623–624

Salé, 19, 31, 78, 624 Saller, K., 404 Sambungmachan, 624 Samburu Hills, 25

Samburupithecus, 159, 221, 310, 315, 624–625 kiptalami, 624

San, 37 Sanders, W., 190 Sandia, 625

Sangiran Dome, 625 Sangoan, 20, 28, 35, 269, 626 Sarich, V., 429, 431, 444, 446 Sarmiento, E., 500 Sauveterrian, 626

Savage, R.J.G., 23 Saxonella, 155, 240, 626 Saxonellidae, 626

Scala naturae, 58, 254, 293, 306, 626 Scandentia, 82

Scanning electron microscopy, 393 Scatters, 70

Schindewolf, O., 256 Schlosser, Max, 545, 626–627 Schmerling, P.-C., 234 Schoetensack, O., 248, 331 Schrenk, F., 177

Schwalbe, Gustav, 498, 627

Schwartz, J.H., 4, 278, 397, 398, 400, 480, 678 Schweinfurth, Georg, 265

Schweitzer, F.R., 208

Index 1550

Sciurocheirus, 277, 278

Scladina (Sclayn), 627 Scraelings, 44 Scraper, 627

Sea Harvest, 627 Sea-level change, 627–632

changes in mean, 628–629

elevation changes on coastal plains, 628 hominoid evolution and, 630–631 mechanisms of, 629–630

Pleistocene, 631–632

Second Intermediate, 632 Sedgwick, A., 204 Selunger Cave, 94 Sémah, F., 625

Semaw, S., 301

Semenov, S., 392

Semiorder, 632

Semnopithecus, 86, 177, 186, 188 entellus, 187, 188

Senga-5, 632 Senyürek, S., 118, 119

Serapia, 31, 265, 545–548 Sergi, S., 585

Seriation, 74 Service, E.R., 190

Sex, determination of, 273 Sexual dimorphism, 633–634

factors influencing, 634 human, 633–634 human brain, 148 primate, 633

Shackleton, R.M., 23

Shanidar, 95, 634–635 Shapiro, H.L., 339 Shelters, 613, 636–637

Shizarodon, 16, 61

Shoshonius, 52, 496, 497, 635–636

Shukbah Cave, 280

Shungura Formation, 18, 19, 26, 114, 537–538 Siberia, 619–620

Sidi Abderrahman, 19, 31, 32, 68, 131, 636 Sidi Hakoma Tuff, 7, 8

Sigé, B., 42

Sillen, A., 139, 682 Simiolus, 25, 158, 207, 358 Simmons, A., 39

Simons, E.L, 4, 31, 60, 157, 221, 265, 490, 545, 559, 572, 598, 639

Simonsia, 5 Simonsius, 545–548

Simpson, George Gaylord, 256, 397, 636, 683

Simpsonlemur, 550

Index 1551

Sinanthropus officinalis, 220 pekinensis, 735

Sinap Formation, 53 Singa, 20

Single-source theory, 109–110, 430

Sinoadapis, 176, 481 Site-catchment analysis, 230–231 Site types, 636–639

aggregation, 639

hunting, collecting, and ambush camps, 637 lithic workshops, 637

lookout spots, 637 processing camps, 637–638 reasons for variability, 636 residential camps, 636–637 ritual/ceremonial, 638–639

Sivaladapidae, 5

Sivaladapinae, 481

Sivaladapis, 5, 480–481

Sivapithecus, 53, 63, 84, 92, 159, 176, 221, 313, 399, 580–581, 639–640 indicus, 639, 642

parvada, 639, 642 simonsi, 85, 223 sivalensis, 639, 642 Siwalik, 53, 84, 640–643 primates, 641–642 stratigraphy, 641

Skeletons, 643–647 axial, 643

chemical analysis of, 509–510 forelimb, 643–644

hindlimb, 644–646 proportions, 646–647

Skelton, R.R., 115 Skhūl, 80, 81, 95, 647

Skull, 647–653

current research, 650

diversity in form and function, 647–650 evolution of hominin, 652, 653 evolution of primate, 650–652

Smilodectes, 5, 6, 480, 481

Smith, Grafton Elliot, 203, 560, 561, 654 Smith, R., 483

Smithfield, 654 Soan, 654

Sociobiology, 654–655

Solecki, R., 127, 634 Soleilhac, 655 Sollas, W.J., 561 Solo hominids, 86 Solutré, 655–656

Index 1552

Solutrean, 656–657

Songhor, 22, 24, 595, 657–658 Sonneville-Bordes, D. de, 456, 600 Soriacebus, 44, 551, 562, 563

ameghinorum, 64 Soshonius, 304

South America, 47–49 Spears, 658–659 Speciation, 659–660 Species, 660–661

Speech, origins of, 661–663

Sphacorhysis, 53

Spirit Cave, 90 Split-base bone point, 663 Spy, 334, 469, 473, 663 Stable isotopes, 663–666 Star Carr, 666

Starosel’e, 81 Stasis, 6

Statistical assumptions, 606 Statistics, 604–606 Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna, 666 Stehlin, H.G., 4, 294

Steinheim skull, 76, 473, 666–667

Steinius, 53, 496

Stekelis, M., 361, 603, 715 Stephan, Heinz, 146

Sterkfontein, 34, 112, 113, 120, 667–668 Stern, J.T., 119

Steward,J., 190 Stewart, C.B., 309 Stillbay, 269, 668

Stirtonia, 44, 63, 104, 371

Stockia, 496, 497

Stoneking, M., 432

Stone-tool making, 611–612, 668–673 antiquity of stone tools, 668–669 as cultural markers, 673

fracture, principles of, 669–670 human evolution and role of, 673 lithic use-wear, 392–393

prehistoric information form, 670–672 raw materials for, 669

technological stages, 672–673 techniques for, 670

Stony Breccia, 293 Storage, 673 Strait, D.S., 117 Stranská Skála, 673

Stratified layers/sites, 70 Stratigraphy, 674–677 Stratophenetics, 677–678

Index 1553

Strauss, W.L., Jr., 500

Strepsirhines, 4, 5–6, 34, 55, 678–680

Strigorhysis, 53

Stringer, C.B., 102, 430–431, 433

Subfamily, 680

Subgenus, 680

Suborder, 680

Subspecies, 680–681

Subtribe, 681

Suess, H., 563, 628

Sungir, 681

Superfamily, 681

Surface finds, 70

Susman, R.L., 119

Suspensory locomotion, 394

Suwa, G., 82, 83, 112, 538

Swanscombe skull, 472, 681

Swartkrans, 34, 268, 681–683

Swisher, C.C., III 212, 478

Symbolism, 439–440

Synonym(y), 683

Systematics, 683

Szalatavus attricuspis, 565

Szalay, F.S., 4, 5, 239, 400, 499, 678

Szeletian, 683–684

Tabarin, 82, 115

Tabelia, 29, 61, 545–548

Tabelbala, 32

Tabūn, 51, 93, 95, 685–686

Tabunian, 93, 686

Tachenghit, 32

Taieb, M., 6, 118, 299, 413

Tail, 686

Takamori, 686

Talapoins, 168

Talgai, 686

Tamarins, 153

Tangshan, 88

Tan Hang Cave, 88

Taphonomy, 686–689

Tardenoisian, 689

Tarka, 233, 411

Tarkadectes, 233, 411

Tarsiers, 38, 209–210

Tarsiidae, 38, 689–691

Tarsiiformes, 691–693

Tarsioidea, 693–694

Tarsius, 55, 176, 209, 235, 410

eocaenus, 84, 235

Tata, 694

Index 1554

Tatmanius, 53

Tattersall, I., 4, 397, 398, 572, 678 Taung, 34, 113, 120, 694–695 Taxon, 695

Taxonomy, 259, 695 numerical, 482 Tayacian, 67, 93, 695

Taylor, R.E., 153

Tchernov, E., 715

Technology, 695

Teeth, 695–703

chewing behavior in mammals, 698–699 dentition in early primates, 699 eutherian structure, 697–698

primate evolution, 699–700

social and dietary selection, 700–702 Teilhard de Chardin, P., 559, 561, 703–704 Teilhardina, 51, 53, 240, 274, 494

belgica, 51 Teilhardinini, 53

Telanthropus capensis, 682 Temara, 20 Tephrochronology, 704 Terra, H. de, 654

Terra Amata, 268, 269, 275, 704–705 Terrestrial quadrupedalism, 394 Terry, R.J., 203

Tertiary, 606, 705 Teshik-Tash Cave, 95 Tetoniini, 51, 53

Tetonius, 51, 52, 53, 235, 410 Tectono-eustatic change, 630 Teshik-Tash, 705

Tetonoides, 53

Tham Hai, 88

Tham Khuyen, 86, 88 Thermo-eustatic change, 630

Thermoremanent magnetization (TRM), 532

Theropithecus, 18, 26, 31, 34, 69, 159, 168, 169, 170, 171, 210, 211 gelada, 170

oswaldi, 21, 170, 359, 493

T. (Omopithecus), 26, 170, 171 baringensis, 26, 170

brumpti, 26, 170 darti, 26 delsoni, 86 leakeyi, 28

o. oswaldi, 26

Thomas Quarries, 19, 31, 32, 78, 705 Thompson, D.W., 452

Thompson, W., 706 Thomsen, C, 152, 350, 514

Index 1555

Thomson, J., 128

Thorne, A.T., 90, 109, 361, 365, 428, 430 Tighenif, 19, 31, 32, 68, 705–706

Till, 289

Time scale, 706–707 Tinbergen, N., 238

Tindale, N.B., 133, 208, 707

Tinimomys, 550

Tixier, J., 367

TL (thermoluminescence) dating, 707–708 Tlapacoya, 708

Tobias, P.V., 112, 317, 328, 486, 536, 667, 715 Toit, A. du, 563

Tool making, 19

See also Stone-tool making; under type of tool

Acheulean, 1–3

Ahmarian, 39, 96 Clovis, 48

Early Paleolithic, 225–229 Early Stone Age, 229 Late Paleolithic, 376–378

Late Stone Age, 20, 28, 381–382 lithic use-wear, 392–393 materials for, 611–613 Mesolithic, 408–409

Middle Paleolithic, 415–418

Middle Stone Age, 20, 28, 35, 37, 421–423 Mousterian, 453–460

Oldowan, 22, 225, 484–486 Paleolithic, 527 Perigordian, 553–554 Soan, 654

Solutrean, 656–657 Wilton, 728

Tooth comb, 5 Tor Faraj, 95 Torralba, 43

Torre in Pietra, 708 Tor Sabiha, 95 Toth, N., 487

Trachypithecus, 86 Trajectory theory, 136

Transformation series, 708–709 Trapped-charge dating, 709 Tree-ring dating, 206 Treeshrews, 82, 709–710 Tremacebus, 44, 63, 551, 562, 563 Tribe, 710

Tri-hybrid theory, 109 Tringham, R., 393 Trinil, 710

Trogolemur, 51, 52, 53

Index 1556

Trogolemurini, 51, 52, 53 Tshitolian, 710–711 Tsodilo sites, 711

Tugen Hills, 128–130 Tulu Bor, 114

Tupaia, 709–710

Turkana Basin, 19, 23, 26, 267, 396, 711–714

Turkanapithecus, 17, 25, 158, 207 kalakolensis, 358

Turner, C.G.III, 430

Turville-Petre, F., 361 Twilight Cave, 28

’Ubeidiya, 93, 715–716

Udabnopithecus, 92 Uintalacus, 53 Uintaniini, 496

Uintanius, 496

Uluzzian, 716

Ungar, P., 129 Uniformitarianism, 421 Unintasoricinae, 411

Upper Paleolithic, 375, 716–720 adaptations, 719–720

in Asia and Africa, 719 divisions, 717

early, 717–719

geographical and chronological extent, 716–717 late, 719

modern humans and, 251–252 western Asia during, 95–98

Uraha, 720–721

Uranium-series dating, 721–722

Ursus etruscus, 176 Use-wear, lithic, 392–393 Usno Formation, 18, 114

Utahia, 496

Utahiini, 496

Vail, Peter, 628

Vail Curve, 628

Vallois, Henri Victor, 272, 274, 340, 586, 723 Vallonnet Cave, 268, 274–275, 723 Vandermeersch, B., 603

van Riet Lowe, C, 229, 358, 381, 421

Varecia, 384, 386 variegata, 386, 389

Vaughan, P.C, 393

Velika Pecina, 723 Vening-Meinesz, F.A., 563 Venosa sites, 723

Index 1557

Venus figurines, 365, 378, 379, 521, 523–524 Vértes, L, 694

Vértesszöllös, 2, 268, 269, 723–724 Victoriapithecinae, 24, 164, 724–725

Victoriapithecus, 17, 25, 129, 159, 724 macinnesi, 401

Villa, P., 705

Vindija, 725

Virchow, Rudolph, 223, 725 Visual-predation hypothesis, 725–726 Vogelherd carvings, 523

Vrba, E.S., 178, 181

Wadilemur, 266

Wailekia, 6, 61

orientale, 491

Walker, A., 23, 117, 278, 537, 539

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 107, 204, 255, 727

Walter, R.C, 299

Washakiini, 496, 497

Washakius, 235, 496, 497, 635

Washburn, Sherwood L., 339, 673, 727

Wayland, E.J., 128, 358, 617, 626

Wegener, A., 563

Weichselian, 20, 275

Weidenreich, Franz, 88, 90, 154, 323, 334, 361, 366, 405, 406, 427–429, 430, 432, 727

Weinberg, W., 282

Weiner, J., 383, 559, 561

Weiner, S., 269, 735

Weinert, H., 118, 119

Weismann, A., 254, 280

Wendt, W.E., 67

Wenzhong, Bei (W.C.Pei), 151

Wesselman, H.B., 278

West-Central Afar Basin, 7

Western Rift, 727–728

Wheeler, M., 363

Whewell, William, 660

White, T.D., 83, 112, 115, 119, 537

Wicker, Fred, 274

Willandra Lakes, 81

Williams, B.A., 545

Williams, G., 257

Williams, H.S., 706

Wilson, A.C, 432, 444, 446

Wilson, E.O., 654–655, 673

Wilson, J.Tuzo, 565

Wilton, 728

Winslow, J.H., 561

Wittfogel, K., 191

WoldeGabriel, G., 83

Index 1558

Wolff,s Law, 136

Wolpoff, M.H., 90, 112, 428, 430, 432, 536

Wonderwerk, 728

Wood, 612

Wood, B.A., 317–318, 325, 536

Woodhead, S., 561

Woodward, Arthur Smith, 559–560, 561, 703, 728

Worsaae, J., 152, 350

Wortman, J.L, 480

Wright, H.E., 475

Wright, R.V.S., 431

Wright, Sewall, 256, 282, 728–729

Wu, Rukang, 729

Wu, Xinzhi, 428, 430

Wynne-Edwards, V.C., 655

Xenopithecus koruensis, 365

Xenothrix, 562, 563

Xiaochangliang, 87, 479–480, 731

Xihoudu, 269, 731

Yang, Zhongjian, 733

Yayo, 733

Yerkes, R.M., 587

Yeti, 733

Yoder, A.D., 398

Yuanmou, 86, 269, 733–734

Yunxian, 78, 88, 734

Zafarraya, 735 Zagros, 98

Zagros Aurignacian, 96

Zanycteris, 558, 559 Zhang, S., 735

Zhoukoudian, 2, 88, 268, 334, 735–737 Zinjanthropus boisei, 23, 112, 384, 486, 536, 538 Zooarchaeology, 737

Zuckerkandl, E., 445 Zuttiyeh, 738