Classification of the Primates

Primate classification is, and probably always will be, in a state of flux. This is because classifications, as the products of human minds rather than of nature itself, may legitimately reflect virtually any set of criteria, provided that those criteria are consistently applied (see CLASSIFICATION). Currently fashionable criteria range from the strict transliteration of phylogeny, as expressed in a cladogram (see CLADISTICS), to general expressions of overall resemblance. The first of these provides disputed and unstable classifications, because not all details (or in some cases major questions) of primate phylogeny have been definitively resolved. The second has much the same effect, because there exists no generally acceptable method of measuring such resemblance (but see EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS).

It was necessary, however, to settle upon a single classification for the purposes of organizing this volume. This is presented below. We wish to emphasize that we have not attempted to produce a “definitive” classification but rather the closest thing we could achieve to a “consensus” classification. No one, least of all the editors, will accept all of its details, and indeed some of our contributors inevitably take exception to parts of the classification in their entries; thus, each entry dealing with a family or a subfamily, depending upon the group involved, includes a classification of that group usually, but not always, equivalent to what follows. Yet most of it will be acceptable to most students of the primates, and it certainly serves as a coherent framework upon which to arrange the systematic contributions in this encyclopedia. For more details on authorship, synonymy, included species, and related topics, see Evolutionary History of the Primates by F.S.Szalay and E.Delson (Academic Press, 1979; second edition in prep). Our classiflcation follows. (†denotes an extinct genus;? indicates that allocation of a genus to a higher taxon, or a subgenus to a genus, is uncertain.)

Order Primates

Semiorder Plesiadapiformes

Superfamily Paromomyoidea

Family Paromomyidae

Subfamily Paromomyinae

Tribe Purgatoriini

†Purgatorius

Tribe Paromomyini

Subtribe Paromomyina

†Paromomys

†Ignacius

†Dillerlemur

†Pulverflumen

†Simpso nlemur

†Phenacolemur (including

†Elwynella and †Arcius) Subtribe Palaechthonina

†Palaechthon

†Plesiolestes

†Palenochtha

†Premnoides

Tribe Micromomyini

†Micromomys

†Tinimomys

†Chalicomomys

†Myrmecomomysmomys

Tribe Navajoviini

†Navajovius

†Berruvius

†Avenius

Family Picrodontidae

†Picrodus (including †Draconodus)

†Zanycteris

Superfamily Plesiadapoidea

Family Plesiadapidae

†Pandemonium

†Pronothodectes

†Plesiadapis (including

†Nannodectes)

†Chiromyoides

†Platychoerops

Family Carpolestidae

Subfamily Carpolestinae

†Elphidotarsius

†Carpodaptes (including

†Carpolestes)

†Carpocristes

Subfamily Chronolestinae

†Chronolestes

Family Saxonellidae

†Saxonella

Semiorder Euprimates

Suborder Strepsirhini

Infraorder Adapiformes

Family Adapidae

†Adapis

†Leptadapis

†Simonsia

†Paradapis

†Cryptadapis

†Alsatia

Family Notharctidae

Subfamily Notharctinae

†Notharctus

†Cercamonius

Subfamily Protoadapinae

Tribe Protoadapini

†Protoadapis

†Mahgarita

†Pronycticebus

†Microadapis

†Europolemur

†Barnesia

†Adapoides

†Buxella

†Periconodon

†Huerzeleris

Tribe Pelycodontini

†Pelycodus

†Cantius

†Laurasia

†Agerinia

†Donrussellia

†Copelemur

†Anchomomys

Subfamily Sivaladapinae

†Sivaladapis

†Sinoadapis

†Smilodectes

?Infraorder Adapiformes

†Caenopithecus

†Lushius

†Azibius

†Panobius

†Djebelemur

†Wailekia

†Rencunius

†Pondaungia

†Amphipithecus

†Hoanghonius

†Chasselasia

†Fendantia

†Siamopithecus

†Shizarodon

†Omanodon

Infraorder Lemuriformes

Superfamily Lemuroidea

Family Lemuridae

Subfamily Lemurinae

Varecia

†Pachylemur Lemur Eulemur

Subfamily Hapalemurinae

Hapalemur

Superfamily Indrioidea

Family Indriidae

Indri

Propithecus

Avahi

Family Palaeopropithecidae

†Palaeopropithecus

†Archaeo indris

†Mesopropithecus

†Babakotia

Family Archaeolemuridae

†Archaeolemur

†Hadropithecus

Family Lepilemuridae

Subfamily Lepilemurinae

Lepilemur

Subfamily Megaladapinae

†Megaladapis

Family Daubentoniidae

Daubentonia

Superfamily Lorisoidea

Family Lorisidae

Loris

†Indraloris

†Mioeuoticus

Arctocebus

Perodicticus

Nycticebus

†Nycticeboides

Family unspecified

Pseudopotto

Family Galagidae

Galago

G. (Galago)

G. (Euoticus)

Galagoides

G. (Galagoides)

G. (Sciurocheirus)

Otolemur

†Komba

Family indeterminate

†Progalago

Family Cheirogaleidae

Cheirogaleus

Microcebus

Mirza

Allocebus

Phaner

?Suborder Strepsirhini

Superfamily Plesiopithecoidea

†Plesiopithecus

Suborder Haplorhini

Hyporder Tarsiiformes

Superfamily Tarsioidea

Family Tarsiidae

Tarsius ?†Afrotarsius

?†Xa ntho rhysis

Family Eosimiidae

†Eosimias

Superfamily Omomyoidea

Family Omomyidae

Subfamily Omomyinae

Tribe Omomyini

Subtribe Omomyina

†Omomys

†Chumashius

Subtribe Mytoniina

†Ourayia (including †Mytonius)

†Macrotarsius

Tribe Uintaniini

†Steinius

†Uintanius (including †Huerfanius)

†Jemezius

Tribe Utahiini

†Utahia

†Stockia

†Asiomomys

Tribe Washakiini

Subtribe Hemiacodontina (new)

†Loveina

†Hemiacodon

Subtribe Washakiina

†Shoshonius

†Washakius

†Dyseolemur

Subtribe Rooneyiina (new rank)

†Rooneyia

Subfamily Ekgmowechashalinae

†Ekgmowechashala

Subfamily Anaptomorphinae

Tribe Teilhardinini

†Teilhardina

†Chlororhysis

Tribe Trogolemurini

†Trogolemur

†Anemorhysis (including

†Tetonoides and †Uintalacus)

†Arapahovius

Tribe Tetoniini

†Tetonius (including

†Pseudotetonius and

†Mckennamorphus)

†Absarokius (including †Aycrossia and †Strigorhysis)

Tribe Anaptomorphini

†Anaptomorphus (including

†Gazinius) Tribe Altaniini (new)

†Altanius

Subfamily Microchoerinae

†Nannopithex

†Pseudoloris (including †Pivetonia)

†Necrolemur

†Microckoerus

Family Omomyidae, indeterminate

†Decoredon

†Kohatius

†Altiatlasius

Hyporder Anthropoidea

Infraorder Platyrrhini

Superfamily Ateloidea

Family Atelidae

Subfamily Atelinae

Tribe Atelini

Ateles

Brachyteles

Lagothrix

†Caipora

Tribe Alouattini

Alouatta

†Stirtonia

†Protopithecus

?†Paralouatta

Subfamily Pitheciinae

Tribe Pitheciini

Proteropithecia

Chiropotes

Cacajao

†Cebupithecia

†Soriacebus

Tribe Homunculini

Aotus

Callicebus

†Tremacebus

†Homunculus

Subfamily Pitheciinae, incertae sedis

†Carlocebus

†Lagonimico

?†Xenothrix

?†Nuciruptor

?†Proteopithecia (previously

†Propithecia) Family Cebidae

Subfamily Cebinae

Cebus

†Antillothrix

Saimiri (?including †Neosaimiri)

†Laventiana

†Dolichocebus

†Chilecebus

Subfamily Callitrichinae

Tribe Callimiconini

Callimico

?†Mohanamico

Tribe Callitrichini

Saguinus

Leontopithecus

Callithrix

Cebuella

Subfamily Callitrichinae incertae sedis ?†Micodon

?†Patasola

Subfamily Branisellinae

†Branisella (?including

†Szalatavus)

Infraorder Catarrhini

Parvorder Eucatarrhini

Superfamily Hominoidea

Family Proconsulidae

†Proconsul

†Kamoyapithecus

?†Rangwapithecus

?†Limnopithecus

Family Hylobatidae

Hylobates

H. (Hylobates)

H. (Symphalangus)

H. (Nomascus)

?H. (Bunopithecus)

Family Hominidae

Subfamily Kenyapithecinae

Tribe Afropithecini

†Afropithecus

?†Morotopithecus

?†Heliopithecus

?†Otavipithecus

†Equatoriuc (-“Kenyapithecus”)

Tribe Kenyapithecini

†Kenyapithecus

†Griphopithecus

Subfamily Dryopithecinae

†Dryopithecus

?†Lufengpithecus

Subfamily Oreopithecinae

†Oreopithecus

Subfamily Ponginae

Pongo

†Sivapithecus

†Ankarapithecus

?†Gigantopithecus

Subfamily Homininae

Tribe Gorillini

Gorilla

Tribe Hominini

†Ardipithecus

†Australopithecus

†Paranthropus Homo

Subfamily Homininae, incertae sedis

Pan

?†Graecopithecus

?†Samburupithecus

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

Family Cercopithecidae

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Tribe Cercopithecini

Subtribe Cercopithecina

Cercopithecus

Miopithecus

Erythrocebus

Subtribe Allenopithecina

Allenopithecus

Tribe Papionini

Subtribe Papionina

Papio

P. (Papio)

†P. (Dinopithecus) Mandrillus Cercocebus

?Lophocebus

†Gorgopithecus Theropithecus

T. (Theropithecus)

†T. (Omopithecus)

†Parapapio

Subtribe Macacina

Macaca

†Procynocephalus

†Paradolichopithecus

Subfamily Colobinae

Subtribe Colobina

Colobus

Procolobus

P. (Procolobus)

P. (Piliocolobus)

†Libypithecus

†Cercopithecoides

†Paracolobus

†Rhinocolobus

Subtribe Presbytina

Presbytis

Semnopithecus

S. (Semnopithecus)

S. (Trachypithecus)

Pygathrix

P. (Pygathrix)

P. (Rhinopithecus)

Nasalis

N. (Nasalis)

N. (Simias)

Subfamily Colobinae, incertae sedis

†Mesopithecus

†Dolichopithecus (?including

†Parapresbytis) Subfamily Victoriapithecinae

†Victoriapithecus

†Prohylobates

Parvorder Eocatarrhini

“Dendropithecus-Group”

†Dendropithecus

†Micropithecus

†Simiolus

†Kalepithecus

?†Mabokopithecus

?†Nya nzap ithe cus

?†Turkanapithecus

Family Pliopithecidae

Subfamily Pliopithecinae

†Pliopithecus

Subfamily Crouzelinae

†Plesiopliopithecus (including

†Crouzelia)

†Anapithecus

†Laccopithecus

Subfamily indeterminate

†Dionysopithecus

†Platodontopithecus

Family Propliopithecidae

†Propliopithecus (including

†Aegyptopithecus and

†Moeripithecus) Infraorder Paracatarrhini

Family Parapithecidae

Subfamily Parapithecinae

†Apidium

†Parapithecus (including

†Simonsius) Subfamily Qatraniinae

†Qatrania

†Serapia

?†Arsinoea

Subfamily indeterminate ?†Biretia

?†Algeripithecus

†Tabelia

Family Oligopithecidae

†Oligopithecus

†Catopithecus

?Hyporder Anthropoidea, incertae sedis

†Proteopithecus

Primates, incertae sedis

†Petrolemur