Հարությունյան Հ., Կովկասի բնակչության էթնոլեզվադավանական բնութագիրը.- Պատմություն և մշակույթ, 2017

ʤˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ (ˎˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟) 1 - ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˣˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˋˇ, ˈˀ˗ˡˋ˗ˡ (ˁˀ˛ˀˠˊʽ ˋ˄˛˕˄ˠˊ): ʦ˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʤˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˀ-ʫ˄˟ˣ˄˅ˀˎˀ˕ ʢˀ˕˟ˀ˙˄˞˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˏˀ˟ˀ˝ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˓ˀ˜˗ˡ˓: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ʽ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˀˁˀˋˎˀ˟˄˟˄˕: ʯ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˓ˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕ ˄˕ (ˇ˕˃˗ˡ˕˄ˋ ˄˕ 18-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˗ˡ˓, ˎˀˁˀ˟˃ˊ˕˕˄˟ˊˠ):

ʔˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟2 - ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˈˀ˗ˡˋ˗ˡ, ˓ˀˋˣˀ˟ˋˇ: ʦ˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʡˀ- ˁˀ˟˃ˊ˕ˀ-ʔˀˋˎˀ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ʢˀ˕˟ˀ˙˄˞˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˏˀ˟ˀ˝ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˓ˀ˜˗ˡ˓: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ʽ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ- ˔ˀˁˀˋˎˀ˟˄˟˄˕3 : ʯ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˓ˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕ ˄˕: ʦˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˇ˕˃˗ˡ˕˄ˋ ˄˕ 17-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˗ˡ˓, ˜ˀˎˀ˔˕ ˃˄˛˦˜ 19-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˗ˡ˓ ˖ˀ˟˗ˡ˕ˀˎ˗ˡ˓ ˆˊ˕ ˎ˄˕˜˗ˡ˕ˀˎ ˓˕ˀˋ ˣ˟ˊ˜˞˗- ˕˄ˀˎˀ˕ ˦ ˕ˀˌˀˣ˟ˊ˜˞˗˕˄ˀˎˀ˕ ˏˀ˝ˀ˞ˀˋˊˣ˕˄˟ˇ:

ʡ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ – ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˣ˗ˡ˓˗ˡˣ (˄˟ˁ˄˓˕ ˜˞˗ˡ˂ˀˁˀ˕˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˂˗ˡ˓ˋ˗ˡˎ ˀ˝ˀ˅ˊ ˞˄˜ˀˎ˗˝, ˗˟˗˝ ˏˀ˟˗ˡ˜˞ ˆ ʡ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˔ˀ˕ ˏˀ˟ˈˀ˝ˀ˔˟ˇ, ˕ˀ˦ʽ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˀ˕˕˄˟ˊʽ ˑˢ˘ˀˑ˕˄˟ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝): ʢˀ˟ˈˀ˝ˀ˔˟ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˦ ˕ˀˌˀˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˁ˕ˊˎ˕˄˟˕ ˄˕4: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ʽ ˎ˗ˡ- ˓ˊˎ˄˟˄˕5 , ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˄˟˄ˣ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛: ʕ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣ˗ˡ˓ ʟˀ˜ˀ˝˔˗ˡ˟˞ˊ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛˕ ˆ: ʯ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˓ˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕ ˄˕:

ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟6 - ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˕˗ˑˀ˔ (˞˗ˡ˂ˀˁˀ˕˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʪ˜ˎ˄ ʢ˗˟˃ˀ˔ˊ ˞ˊ˟ˀˎˀˋ ʨ˗ˑˀ˔ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝7): ʦ˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˏ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜˗ˡ˓, ˊ˕˘˙˄˜ ˕ˀ˦ ʯ˞ˀ˝˟˗˙˗ˋˊ ˄˟ˎ˟ˀ˓ˀ˜˗ˡ˓, ʤˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˀ-ʫ˄˟ˣ˄˅ˀˎˀ˕ ʢˀ˕˟ˀ˙˄˞˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˗ˡ˓8 : ʚ˜˞ ˀ˔˃˓ʽ ˀ˛ˀ˕ː˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˀ˅˂ˀ˂˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˌ˓ˁ˄˟ˇʽ ˑˀ˟ˀ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟, ʓ˘ˊ-

1ʣ˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄ˋ ˄˕ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˁ˕ˊˎ ˞ˀ˟˟˄˟ˊ ˦ ˄ˎ˝˗˟ ˑˢ˘ˀˑ˕˄˟ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣˊ ˝˟ˀ: ʪ˟˗˖ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀ˂˄˞˕˄˟ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˠˀˍ ˤ˜˄˟ ˄˕ ˏˀ˓ˀ˟˗ˡ˓, ˣˀ˕ˊ ˗˟ ˕˟ˀ˕ˠ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕˕ ˊ˕˘-˗˟ ˘ˀˢ˗˝ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀˎˠ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˄˕ ˗ˡ˕˄ˠ˄ˋ ˕ˀ˦ ˀˋˀ˕˕˄˟ˇ: ʦ˄˂˟˄ˋ˕˄˟˕ ˀ˔˜ˤ˟ ˆˋ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˀˋˀ˕ ˄˕ ˀ˜˗ˡ˓:

2ʮ˗ˡ˜ˀˎˀ˕ ˀˑˁ˔˗ˡ˟˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˏˀ˔˞˕ˊ ˄˕ ˞ˀ˝ˋˊ˕˕˄˟ ˎˀ˓ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˈˀˈˀ˟˕˄˟ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝: ʣ˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄ˋ ˄˕ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˁ˕ˊˎ ˞ˀ˟˟˄˟ˊ ˦ ˄ˎ˝˗˟ ˑˢ˘ˀˑ˕˄˟ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣˊ ˝˟ˀ: ʣ˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ˇ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀˎˠ˄ˋ ˆ ˃ˊˑ˗˟˕˄˟ˊ ˓ˊ ˓ˀ˜ˇ, ˀ˔˃ ˙ˀ˞˒ˀ˛˗˝ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˦˜ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˠˀˍ ˤ˜˄˟ ˄˕ ˏˀ˓ˀ˟˗ˡ˓: ʡˀ ˎˀ˟ˍˊˣ, ˗˟ ʡ˗ˡˁˀ˕ˊ ˁ˗ˡˋˑˀ˟˕˄˟ˇ ˦˜ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀˎˠ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˄˕ ˗ˡ˕˄ˠ˄ˋ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ˇ, ˃˟ˀ˕ˊˠ ˆˋ ˁˌ˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟ ˆˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ: ʔˀˋˎˀ˟ ˆˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ ˜˞˗ˡ˂ˀˁˀ˕˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˕ˀ˦ ʦˀˋˣ ˂˄˞ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝ (ˎˀˁˀ˟˃ˊ˕˄˟˄˕ʽ ʔˀˋˣ), ˗˟ˊ ˓˗˞ ˀ˙˟˗ˑ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏˀ˕˟˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ˇ ˏˀ˔˞˕ˊ ˆ ˓ˀˋˣˀ˟˕˄˟ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝: ʱˀ˟ˀˍˣˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏˀ˕˟˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ˇ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˏˀ˓ˇ˕ˎ˕˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˎˊ˟˒˄˟ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞:

3ʤˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ˇ ˦ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟ˇ ˌ˗˜˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˕˗ˡ˔˕ ˋ˄˅˝˗˝ʽ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˀˁˀˋˎˀ˟˄˟˄˕, ˗˟ˇ ʛ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˎˀ˕ ʙʞʟ-ˊ ʢ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜- ˀ˟˦˓˞˔ˀ˕ʽ ʤˢ˘ˀˑˀˎˀ˕ ʙʞʗʟ-ˊ˕ ˆ ˙ˀ˞ˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓: ʢ˕ˀ˟ˀ˝˗˟ ˆ, ˗˟ ˄ˈ˄ ʙˋˁ˟˗ˡ˜ˊ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˅ˀ˕˂˝ˀˍˇ ˘ˋˊ˕˄˟, ˂˗ˡˠ˄ ˓˄ˎ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˗ˡ˟˃ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄˟: ʡˀ˟ˍˊˣ ˎˀ, ˗˟ ˀ˕ˠ˔ˀˋ˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˎ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˗ˡ˟˃ ˆ ˄ˑ˄ˋ, ˏ˄˞˗ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟˕ ˀ˛ˀ˕ː˕ˀˠ˄ˋ ˄˕: ʤˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔ˀˁˀˋˎˀ˟˄˟˄˕˕ ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˄˟ˎ˗ˡ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛ʽ ˀ˟˦˓˞˔ˀ˕ ˦ ˀ˟˦˄ˋ˔ˀ˕: ʓ˟˦˓˞˔ˀ˕ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛ˇ, ˗˟˗˝ ˌ˗˜˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ˇ ˦ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟ˊ ˀ˟˦˓˞˔ˀ˕ ˏˀ˞˝ˀˍ˕˄˟ˇ, ˇ˕ˎˀˍ ˆ ˂˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣ˗ˡ˓: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ ˁˀ˝ˀˎˀ˕ˊ˕ ˢ˗ˌˀ˛˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˀ˃ˇˑ˄˟˄˕ˊˠ ˦ ˤ˜˄˟˄˕ˊˠ, ˁ˕˗ˡˈˀ˂˟˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˑˢ˘ˀˑ˄˟˄˕ˊ˕ ˏˀ˞˗ˡˎ ˀ˟ˌˀˊ˅˓˕˄˟˗˝, ˗˟˗˕ˣ ˉˀ˓ˀ˕ˀˎˀˎˊˠ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˎˀ˕ ˓˔˗ˡ˜ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˙ˀˏ˙ˀ˕˝ˀˍ ˘˄˕:

4ʢˀ˔ˎˀˎˀ˕ ˗ˡ˖ ˓ˊ˚˕ˀ˃ˀ˟˔ˀ˕ ˀˑˁ˔˗ˡ˟˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˏˊ˖ˀ˞ˀˎ˝˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˑ˗ˡ˓˗ˡˌ ː˦˗˝: ʓ˔˜ˤ˟ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˊ ˆˈ˕ˊˎ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣ˗ˡ˓ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˟˃ˊ ˓ˊˀ˔˕ 20 ˞˗ˎ˗˜˕ ˆ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓, ˀ˔˕˗ˡˀ˓˄˕ˀ˔˕ˊ˝, ˓˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓: ʡ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˊ ˆˈ˕ˊˎ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣ˗ˡ˓ 17-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˗ˡ˓ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄ˋ ˆ˟ ˥˄˗˃ˀˋˀˎˀ˕ ˙˄˞ˀˎˀ˕ ˎˀ˅˓ˀ˝˗˟˗ˡ˓ʽ ʱˀ˟ˎ˗˝˔ˀ˕ ˖ˀ˓ˏˀˋ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ˇ: ʪ˟˗˖ ˂ˊ˞˕ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟ ˂˞˕˗ˡ˓ ˄˕, ˗˟ ˗˘ ˈ˄ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˞ˀ˟˟ˇ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˠ˄ˋ ˆ, ˀ˔ˋ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˇ ˏˀ˔˞˕ˊ ˆˊ˕ ˀ˔˜ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˀ˖˟˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˃˄˛˦˜ ˓.ˈ.ˀ.: ʢˀ˒ˀˌ ˕˗ˡ˔˕ˀˠ˕˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ʬ˞ˑ˗˓˄˗˜ˊ ˏˊ˖ˀ˞ˀˎˀˍ ˎˀ˓˄˟, ˎˀ˓ˀˎ˕˄˟ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˟˃ˊ ˏ˄˞: ʓ˔˕, ˗˟ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ ˂˗˟ˍ˗ˡ˓ ˗˟˗˖ˊ˘ ˄˕ ˄ˑ˄ˋ ˁ˕ˊˎ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˞ˀ˟˟˄˟ˇ, ˝ˎˀ˔˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˦ ˓ˀ˟˃ˀˁˀ˕ˀˎˀ˕, ˦ ˓˖ˀˎ˗ˡˈˀ˔ˊ˕ (˕˜˞ˀˎ˔ˀˠ ˄˕, ˄˟ˎ˟ˀ˂˗˟ˍ, ˀ˔˂˄˂˗˟ˍ) ˞˝˔ˀˋ˕˄˟ˇ:

5ʡ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˇ ˝ˀˑ˗ˡˠ ˂˗˟ˍˀˍ˗ˡ˓ ˆˊ˕ ˀ˚ˀ˓, ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˄˟˄˕ˇ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄ˋ ˆ ˓ˊ˕˘˓˗˕ˑ˗ˋˀˎˀ˕ ˖˟˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˦ ʢ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ˀ˔ˊ˕ ʡ˗˝ˎˀ˜˗ˡ˓ ˓ˊ˚ˆˈ˕ˊˎ ˏˀˑ˗˟˃ˀˎˠ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕, ˙ˀ˖˞˗˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˂˟ˀ˂˟˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ˕˄˟ˊˠ ˓˄ˎ˕ ˆ˟ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˄˟˄˕ˊ ˏ˄˞ ˓ˊˀ˜ˊ˕: 1920-ˀˎˀ˕ ˈ˝ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟ˊ˕ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˋ˗ˡ˔˜ ˞˄˜˕˗ˑ 20 ˞˙ˀ˂ˊ˟ ˤ˟˂ˀ˕˕˄˟ˊˠ 15-ˇ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˄˟˄˕ ˆ˟, ˣˀ˕˅ˊ ˀ˕ˠ˔ˀˋ˗ˡ˓ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˀ˓˄˕ˀ˓˞ˀ˝˗˟ˀˎˀ˕, ˎ˟ˈ˝ˀˍ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˗ˡ˟˃ˇ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟˕ ˆˊ˕: ʝ ˃˄˙, ˑˀ˟ˀ˘ˀ˔˕˄˟ˇ ˦ ˁˀˋˎˀ˟˕˄˟ˇ ˁ˗ˋ˗˟ ˃ˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕ˠˊ˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ ˆˊ˕ ˀ˜˗ˡ˓:

6ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ˇ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀˎˠ˄ˋ ˄˕ ˓˗˕ˑ˗ˋˀˎˀ˕ ˦ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˎˀ˕ ˁˀ˅˓ˀˈˊ˝ ˞ˀ˟˟˄˟ (ˀ˔˃ ˈ˝˗ˡ˓ʽ ˗ˡ˔ˑ˗ˡ˟˕˄˟), ˜ˀˎˀ˔˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˀˎˀ˕ ˀ˛˗ˡ˓˗˝ ˗˟˗˖ˊ˘ ˄˕ ˄ˑ˄ˋ ˑˢ˘ˀˑ˕˄˟ˇ: ʓ˕ˎˀ˜ˎˀˍ, ˀ˔˜ˤ˟˝ˀ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ˇ ˓ˀ˜˕ˀˎˠˀˍ ˄˟˟˗˟˃ ˁˀˑˀ˃˟ˊ˘ˇ ˁ˕ˊˎ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˞ˀ˟˟˕ ˆ: ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ˓˖ˀˎ˗ˡ˔ˈ˕ ˀ˕˖˗ˡ˖˞ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˆʽ ˓ˊ˚ˊ˕ˀ˜ˊˀˎˀ˕, ˏˀ˞ˎˀ˙˄˜ ˑˀ˅ˀˌˀˎˀ˕ ˄˟ˀ˕˂˗˝: 1991 ˈ. ˕˖˝˄ˠ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ «ʙ˃ˊ˂˄» ˆ˙˗˜ˊ 600-ˀ˓˔ˀˎˇ: ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ˗˟˗˖ ˏˀ˞˝ˀˍ˕˄˟ˊ ˓ˀ˟˃ˀˁˀ˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˏˀ˞ˎˀ˕ˊ˖˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˀ˟˞ˀˏˀ˔˞˝ˀˍ ˄˕ ˓˗˕ˑ˗ˋ˗ˊ˃ ˞ˀ˟˟˄˟ˇ, ˓˄ˍ ˓ˀ˜ˇ ˁ˕˗ˡ- ˈˀ˂˟˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˓˗˕ˑ˗ˋ˗ˊ˃ ˦ ˄˝˟˗˙˄˗ˊ˃ ˏˀ˞ˎˀ˕ˊ˖˕˄˟ˊ ˌˀ˛˕˗ˡ˟˃˗˝:

7ʡˀ ˎˀ˟ˍˊˣ, ˗˟ ˆˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˕ ˀ˝˄ˋˊ ˏˊ˕ ˆ, ˣˀ˕ ˀ˕ː˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ, ˁˌ˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˏˊ˕ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟ˊ ˞˗˞˄˓ˊ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˊˠ:

8ʔ˕ˀˎ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣˊ ˕˓ˀ˕ ˙ˀ˞ˎ˄˟ˇ ˙ˀ˔˓ˀ˕ˀ˝˗˟˝ˀˍ ˆ ˣ˗˘˝˗˟ ˞˕˞˄˜ˀː˦˗˝, ˗˟˕ ˀ˕ˠ˔ˀˋ˗ˡ˓ ˁ˕˗ˡˈˀ˂˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˆ˟ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ˕: ʡˀ ˎˀ˟ˍˊˣ, ˗˟ ˕˗ˑˀ˔ˀˎˀ˕ ˣ˗˘ˀ˝ˀ˔˟˄˟ˇ ʢ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ˀ˔ˊ˕ ʡ˗˝ˎˀ˜ˊ ˞ˀˢˀ˜˞ˀ˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˂˗˞˗ˡ˓ ˏˀ˔˞˕˝˄ˋ ˄˕ ˃˄˛˦˜ 15-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊ ˝˄˟˚ˊ˕, ˜ˀˎˀ˔˕ ʨ˗ˑˀ˔ˀˎˀ˕ ˏˀ˟ˈˀ˝ˀ˔˟ˇ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˁ˕ˀ- ˎˀ˞˄ˑˊ˕ ˃ˀ˟ːˀ˝ 17-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊˠʽ ˎˀ˙˝ˀˍ ˎˀˋ˓ˊˎ˕˄˟ˊ ˒˕˖˓ˀ˓ˁ ˃˄˙ˊ ˏˀ˟ˀ˝ ˕˟ˀ˕ˠ ˀˎ˞ˊ˝˗˟˄˕ ˣ˗˘˄ˋ˗ˡ ˏ˄˞: ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˇ ˏˀ˕˃˄˜ ˄˕ ˄ˎ˄ˋ ʮ˗ˡ˜ˀ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˎˀ˅˓˗ˡ˓ ˊ˕ˣ˕ˀ˝ˀ˟ ˎˀ˅˓ˀ˝˗˟˗ˡ˓ ˗ˡ˕˄˕ˀˋ˗ˡ ˙ˀˏˀ˕˚˗˝:

ϯϵϵ

ˎ˗ˡˋˀˎˊ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟, ˀˎ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ ˎˀ˓ ʡ˗ˡˁˀ˕ˊ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ʽ ˕˗ˑˀ˔˄˟˄˕1: ʕ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣ˗ˡ˓ ˇ˕ˎˀˍ ˆ ˑˀ˟ˀ˕˗ˑˀ˔˕˄˟ˊ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛ˇ: ʯ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˓ˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕ ˄˕: ʦˀˏ˓˄˃ˀ- ˎˀ˕˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ˇ ˕˟ˀ˕ˠ ˓˄˚ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍ˝˄ˋ ˆ 13-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊ ˄˟ˎ˟˗˟˃ ˎ˄˜ˊˠ:

ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕ˠˊ˕˄˟2 – ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˀ˅ˇ˟ˁˀ˔˚ˀ˕ˋˇ: ʦ˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓3: ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ʽ ˀ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˄˟˄˕4ʽ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˘˗˟˜ ˌ˓ˁ˄˟˗˝: ʕ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˊ ˏˊ˓ˣ˗ˡ˓ ˇ˕ˎˀˍ ˄˕ ʔˀˣ˝ˊ ˦ ʩˀ˓ˀˌ˗ˡ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛˕˄˟ˇ: ʦ˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜ˇ ˖ˊˀ ˓ˀˏ˓˄- ˃ˀˎˀ˕ ˆ, ˎˀ˕ ˕ˀ˦ ˜˗ˡ˕ˊ ˓ˀˏ˓˄˃ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟:

ʓʸʲʓʯʝʓʡʓʨ ʙʞʚ ʯ˄˓ˀˎˀ˕ ʙʞʟ

ʞ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟5 – ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇʽ ˚˗ˡˏ˗ˡ˟: ʡ˗˝ˎˀ˜˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˦ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓6 : ʞ˄˅˗ˡ˕ ˈˀˈ˄˟˄˕7 (ˏˊ˕ ˄ˁ˟ˀ˔˄˟˄˕ˊ, ˎ˗ˡ˓ˊˎ˄˟˄˕ˊ, ˀ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˄˟˄˕ˊ ˅˂ˀˋˊ ˀ˅˃˄ˠ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˓ˁ)ʽ ˏˀ˟ˀ˝ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˦ ˏ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛˕˄˟˗˝: ʡ˟˗˕ˇʽ ˏ˗ˡ˃ˀˊ˅˓:

ʰ˟ˀˠˀˎˀ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟8 - ʝ˕ˣ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ ˆˁ˟ˀˆˋˊ (˕ˀ˦` ˊ˜˟ˀˆˋˊ, ˊ˜˟ˀˆˋˊ˖˝ˊˋˊ): ʡ˗˝ˎˀ˜˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʰ˟ˀ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓: ʦˀ˔˟˄˕ˊ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ˕ ˝˟ˀˠ˄˟˄˕9 : ʡ˟˗˕ˇʽ ˏ˗ˡ˃ˀˊ˅˓:

Ⱥɫɦɢɤ Ⱥɪɭɬɸɧɹɧ ɗɬɧɨɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɤɨɦ

1ʨ˗ˑˀ˔˄˟˄˕ˇ ˓˗˞ ˆ ˎˀ˟ˀˎˀˋ˙ˀˎ˄˟˄˕ˊ˕ ˦ ˑˀ˅ˀˌ˄˟˄˕ˊ˕, ˣˊ˘ ˄˕ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˢ˗ˌˀ˛˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ˇ: ʝ˕˘˙˄˜ ˕˖˄ˠˊ˕ˣ, ˕˗ˑˀ˔˄˟˄˕ˇ ʢ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ˀ˔ˊ˕ ʡ˗˝ˎˀ˜˗ˡ˓ ˄ˑ˄ˋ ˆ ˓ˊ˚ˆˈ˕ˊˎ ˏˀˑ˗˟˃ˀˎˠ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ, ˋˀ˔˕˗˟˄˕ ˂˗˟ˍˀˍ˝˄ˋ ˆ ˕ˀ˦ ˙ˀ˖˞˗˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˂˟ˀ˂˟˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˗ˡ˓:

2ʙˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˕ ˀ˛ˀ˚ˀˠ˄ˋ ˆ ˞˄ˑˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˊˠʽ ʓ˞˟˙ˀ˞ˀˎˀ˕ˊ ˏ˕˘˗ˡ˕ˀˢ˗ˌ˝ˀˍ ˞ˀ˟ˁ˄˟ˀˎˊˠ: ʦˊ˕˘˦ 1930-ˀˎˀ˕ ˈ˝ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟ˇ ˂˗˟ˍˀˍˀˎˀ˕ ˆ˟ ˀ˕˃˟ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ (ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕) ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟, ˈˀˈˀ˟˕˄˟ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ, ˊ˜ˎ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˀ˖˟˚ˀ˕˕ ˀ˛ˀ˝˄ˋ ˏˀ˞˕ˊ ˆ˟ ʩˊ˟˝ˀ˕ ˀ˕˗ˡ˕˗˝: ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˆˈ˕˗˜ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ ˂˗˟ˍˇ˕ˈˀˠˇ ˃˄˛˦˜ ˖ˀ˟˗ˡ˕ˀˎ˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ, ˊ˕˘ˊ ˓ˀ˜ˊ˕ ˝ˎˀ˔˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˞˕˞˄˜ˀˎˀ˕ ˅ˁˀˑ˓˗ˡ˕ˣ˕˄˟˗˝ ˦ ˅ˀ˟˂ˀˠˀˍ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˀ˜˞ˊ˒ˀ˕˗˝ ˞ˀ˟ˁ˄˟˝˗ˑ ʗʙʢ-˕˄˟ˊ (ˀ˔˟˗ˡ˓˕˄˟, ˑˀ˟ˀˢˀˢˀˌ˕˄˟, ˢˀ˃ˀ˟˕˄˟ ˦ ˀ˔ˋ˕) ˂˗˔˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ˇ:

3ʝ˟ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ʽ ˀ˔˜˙˄˜ ˎ˗˘˝ˀˍ ʬˀ˟˜ˎˀˎˀ˕ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓, ˀ˙˟˗ˑ˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˏˀ˒ˀˌ ˘˄˕ ˕˗ˡ˔˕ˀˠ˕˗ˡ˓ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˀ˙˟˗ˑ˕˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞: ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˀ˙˟˗ˑ˕˄˟˕ ˊ˟˄˕ˠ ˋˊ˗˝ˊ˕ ˘˄˕ ˕˗ˡ˔˕ˀˠ˕˗ˡ˓ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕ˊ ˀ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕ˠˊ˕˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞, ˁˀˉˀ˕˝˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ 2 ˌ˓ˁˊʽ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟ (˅ˀ˟˂ˀˠˀˍ, ˣˀˑˀˣˀ˔ˊ˕ ˁ˕ˀˎ˘˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ʽ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ʖ˄˟ˁ˄˕˞˗ˡ˓ ˦ ˖˟˚ˀˎˀ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣ˗ˡ˓ ˀ˙˟˗ˑ) ˦ ˈ˄˟˄ˣ˄˓˄˕˄˟ (ʖ˄˟ˁ˄˕˞ˊˠ ˏ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ ˂˔˗ˡˑˀˎˀ˕ ˁ˕ˀˎ˘˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕, ˗˟˗˕ˠ ʖ˄˟ˁ˄˕˞ˊ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟˕ ˊ˟˄˕ˠ ˏˀ˝ˀ˜ˀ˟ ˘˄˕ ˃ˊ˞˗ˡ˓):

4ʬˀ˞ˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˆ ʛ˔˗ˡ˟ˣˀˎˀ˕ ʙʞʟ-ˊ ʢˀ˟ˀ˝-ˀ˟˦˓˞˔ˀ˕, ʷˑ˗ˡ˅ˀˎˀ˕ ʙʞʗʟ-ˊ˕ (˞ˀ˟ˀˍˀ˖˟˚ˀ˕ˊ ˆˈ˕˗ˋ˄˅˝ˀˎˀ˕ ˂˗˟ˍˇ˕ˈˀˠ˕˄˟ˊ ˝˟ˀ ˝˒˛˗˟˗˖ ˀ˅˃˄ˠ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˗ˡ˕˄ˠˀ˕ ˈ˗ˡ˟ˣ ˜˄ˋ˚˗ˡˎ˕˄˟ˊʽ ˏˀ˞ˎˀ˙˄˜ ˤˑ˗ˡ˅˕˄˟ˊ ˀ˟˖ˀ˝ˀ˕ˣ˕˄˟ˇ 11-14-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˄˟˗ˡ˓): ʓ˛ˀ˝˄ˋˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˀ˅˂ˀˎˠ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˗ˡ˕ˊ ˈ˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟˄˕ˊ ˦ ˈ˗ˡ˟ˣ˓˄˕˄˟˄˕ˊ ˏ˄˞: ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˄˟˄˕ˊ ˗˟˗˖ ˁˀ˟ˁˀ˛˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ (ˏ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜˗ˡ˓, ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓) ˕ˎˀ˞˄ˋˊ ˆ ˑˢ˘ˀˑˀˎˀ˕, ˌˀ˅ˀ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˀ˅˃˄ˠ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕: 1991ˈ. ʓ˃˟ˁ˄- ˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˗˟˗˖˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˇ˕˃˗ˡ˕˝˄ˋ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ˕ ˀ˕˝ˀ˕˄ˋ ˈ˔˗ˡ˟ˣ˄˟˄˕:

5ʞ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˓ˀ˕ ˓ˀ˜ˊ˕ ˖˟˚ˀ˕ˀ˛˝˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ 2 ˞˄˜ˀˎ˄˞: ʱ˄˜ˀˎ˄˞˕˄˟ˊˠ ˓˄ˎˊ ˏˀ˓ˀ- ːˀ˔˕ʽ ˀ˔˕ ˈˀˈ˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞˕˗˟˃˕˄˟˕ ˄˕, ˗˟˗˕ˣ ʟˀ˅ˀ˟ˀˎˀ˕ ˈˀ˂ˀ˝˗˟˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕ ˉˀ˓ˀ˕ˀˎ ˇ˕˃˗ˡ˕˄ˠˊ˕ ˏ˗ˡ˃ˀˊ˅˓: ʚ˜˞ ˓˔˗ˡ˜ ˞˄˜ˀˎ˄˞ˊʽ ˀ˔˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞˕˗˟˃˕˄˟˕ ˄˕, ˗˟ ˄ˎ˄ˋ ˄˕ ʦˊ˚ˀ˂˄˞ˣ, ʝ˟ˀ˕, ˗˟˞˄ˑ ˔˗ˡ˟ˀˠ˟˄ˋ ˄˕ ˈˀˈ˄˟˄˕ˇ, ˀ˙ˀ ˞ˀ˟ˁ˄˟ ˙ˀ˞˒ˀ˛˕˄˟˗˝ (ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˗˟˙˄˜ ˏ˄˕ˀ˟ˀ˕ ʯˀ˜ˀ˕˔ˀ˕ ʬˀ˟˜ˎˀ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ) ˞˄ˑˀˢ˗ˌ˝˄ˋ ˄˕ ʢ˔˗ˡ˜ˊ˜ˀ˔ˊ˕ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕, ˀ˙ˀ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕: ʓ˔˜ ˞˄˜ˀˎ˄˞ˊ ˤ˂˞ˊ˕ ˌ˗˜˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˏˀ˞ˎˀ˙˄˜ ˓ˀ˟˃ˀˁˀ˕ˀˎˀ˕ ˞˝˔ˀˋ˕˄˟ˇ, ˗˟˗˕ˠ˗˝ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˇ ˞ˀ˟ˁ˄˟˝˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˈˀˈ˄˟ˊˠ (˗˟˗˖ ˓ˀ˟˃ˀˁˀ˕˕˄˟ (ˤ˟ˊ˕ˀˎʽ ʮ. ʡˀ˜- ˗ˡ˓˗˝ˀ˕), ˘˄˕ ˎˊ˜˗ˡ˓ ˀ˔˜ ˞˄˜ˀˀˎ˄˞ˇ): ʗˈ˄ ˎ˟˗˕ˇ (˦ ˎ˟˗˕˗˝ ˙ˀ˔˓ˀ˕ˀ˝˗˟˝ˀˍ ˓˖ˀˎ˗ˡˈˀ˔ˊ˕ ˄˟˦˗ˡ˔ˈ˕˄˟ˇ) ˕ˎˀ˞ˊ ˘ˀ˛˕˄˕ˣ, ˏˀ˓ˀ˟˔ˀ ˎ˗˝ˎˀ˜˔ˀ˕ ˉ˗ˑ˗˝˗ˡ˟˃ ˆʽ ˀ˝ˀ˕˃ˀˁˀ˟ ˃ˀ˖˞ˀ˝ˀ˟ˀˎˀ˕, ˀ˔˂˄˂˗˟ˍˀˎˀ˕ ˅ˀ˟˂ˀˠˀˍ ˓˖ˀˎ˗ˡ˔ˈ˗˝ ˁ˕˗ˡˈˀ˂˟˝˗ˑ: ʛ˄˦ ˏˀˎˀˏ˟˄ˀˎˀ˕ ˞˟ˀ˓ˀ˃˟˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕˕˄˟ˇ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˘ˆˊ˕ ˝˄˟ˀˁ˄˟˗ˡ˓, ˕˟ˀ˕ˠˊˠ ˖ˀ˞˄˟ˇ 1960-70-ˀˎˀ˕ ˈ˝ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟ˊ˕ ˂˟˝˄ˠˊ˕ ˈˀˈ: ʓ˔˜ˤ˟ ˀ˝˄ˋˊ ˏˀ˒ˀˌ ˃ˊ˞˝˗ˡ˓ ˄˕ ˗˟˙˄˜ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ʗʙʢ, ˆˈ˕˗ˋ˄˅˝ˀˎˀ˕ ˌ˗ˡ˓ˁ:

6ʰ˄˟˚ˊ˕ ˞ˀ˜˕ˀ˓˔ˀˎ˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜ˇ ˁ˕ˀˎ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˆ ˏˀ˜˞ˀ˞˄ˋ ʝ˜˟ˀ˔˄ˋ˗ˡ˓: ʛ˄˦ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˦ ʮ˗ˡ˜ˀ˜˞ˀ˕ˊ ˀ˔ˋ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣ˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˍˀ˓ˀ˜ˀ˓ˁ ˣˀˑˀˣˀˁ˕ˀˎ ˄˕ (ʖ˄˟ˁ˄˕˞˗ˡ˓ ˏ˜˞ˀˎ ˀ˛ˀ˕ː˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ˈˀˑˀ˓ˀ˜ˇ), ˜ˀˎˀ˔˕ ˓ˊ˕˘˦ 19-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊ ˎ˄˜˄˟ˇ ˏˊ˓˕ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˞ˀ˟ˀˍˣ˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˆˊ˕ ˀ˙˟˗ˡ˓, ˗˟- ˞˄ˑˊˠ ˆˋ ˁˌ˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˆˣ˅˗ˆˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ˇ:

7ʢˀ˝ˀ˕ˀˁˀ˟ ˓ˀ˔˟˄˕ˊ ˋ˄˅˗ˡ˕ ˝˄˟˚˕ˀˎˀ˕ˀ˙˄˜ ˓˗˛ˀˠ˄ˋ ˄˕ ʓ˃˟ˁ˄˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ˦ ʖˀˑ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓, ˗˟˞˄ˑ ˆˋ 7-13-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˀ˝ˀ˟˞˝˄ˋ ˆ ˕˟ˀ˕ˠ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˗ˡ˓ˇʽ ˗˟˙˄˜ ˊ˕ˣ˕˗ˡ˟˗ˡ˔˕ ˆˈ˕˗˜: ʗ˟ˁ ˌ˗˜ˣ ˆ ˂˕˗ˡ˓ ˈˀˈ˄˟˄˕ ˈ˄˟ˈ˄˟ˊ, ˂˟ˀˎˀ˕˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕, ˛ˀ˃ˊ˗ˉˀ˓ˊ ˓ˀ˜ˊ˕, ˃ˀ ˝˄˟ˀˁ˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˆ ˏ˄˕ˠ ˋ˄˛˕ˀ˔ˊ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ˕:

8ʖ˄˛˦˜ ˓.ˈ.ˀ. 6-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟˗ˡ˓ ʰ˟ˀ˜˞ˀ˕ ˄ˎˀˍ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ˏ˄˞˕˗˟˃˕˄˟˕ ˄˕, ˗˟˗˕ˣ, ˃ˀ˟˄˟ ˖ˀ˟˗ˡ˕ˀˎ ˀ˙˟˄ˋ˗˝ ʰ˟ˀ˜˞ˀ˕˗ˡ˓, ˈ˄˦ ˙ˀˏ˙ˀ˕˄ˋ ˄˕ ˎ˟˗˕ˇ, ˜ˀˎˀ˔˕ ˝˟ˀˠˀˎˀ˕ ˋ˄˅˝ˀ˓˖ˀˎ˗ˡˈˀ˔ˊ˕ ˀ˅˃˄ˠ˗ˡˈ˔ˀ˕˕ ˄˕ ˄˕ˈˀ˟ˎ˝˄ˋ, ˕˗˟ ˆˈ˕ˀ˕˗ˡ˕ ˄˕ ˜˞ˀˠ˄ˋʽ ˝˟ˀˠˀˎˀ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟, ˗˘ ˈ˄ ˝˟ˀˠˀˠˀˍ: ʰ˟ˀˠˀˎˀ˕ ˀˑˁ˔˗ˡ˟˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˏˀ˔˞˕ˊ ˄˕ 11-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊˠ: 20-˟˃ ˃ˀ˟ˊ ˜ˎ˅ˁˊ˕ ʳˌˊ˕˝ˀˋ˗ˡ˓ ˀ˙˟˗ˑ ˝˟ˀˠˀˎˀ˕ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˇ ˈ˝ˀˣˀ˕ˀˎ˗˝ ˂˄˟ˀ˅ˀ˕ˠ˗ˡ˓ ˆˊ˕ ˤ˜˄˟ˊ˕: ʢˀ˞ˎˀ˙˄˜ ˀ˕ˠ˔ˀˋ˗ˡ˓ ˂˄˟ˀ˃ˀ˜˗ˡ˓ ˆˊ˕ ˂˟˝˄ˋ ˀ˛ˀ˕ːˊ˕ ˆˈ˕˗˜: ʰ˄˟˚ˊ˕ ˞ˀ˜˕ˀ˓˔ˀˎ˕˄˟˗ˡ˓ ˓˄ˍˀ˂˗ˡ˔˕ ˓ˀ˜ˇ ˁ˕ˀˎ˗ˡˈ˔˗ˡ˕ ˆ ˏˀ˜˞ˀ˞˄ˋ ʝ˜˟ˀ˔˄ˋ˗ˡ˓: ʓ˔˜ˤ˟ ˇ˕˃˗ˡ˕˝ˀˍ ˆ ˕˟ˀ˕ˠ ˏˀ˓ˀ˟˄ˋ ˏ˟˄ˀ˕˄˟ˊ ˆˈ˕˗ˋ˄˅˝ˀˎˀ˕ ˌ˗ˡ˓ˁ:

9ʓ˛˦˞˟ˀˎˀ˕˕˄˟ˊ ˖˟˚ˀ˕˗ˡ˓ ː˦ˀ˝˗˟˝˄ˋ ˆ˟ ˎˊ˝˟˗ˡˋˊ ˉˀ˟˂˗˕ˇ, ˗˟ˇ ˄ˁ˟ˀ˔˄˟˄˕ˊ ˦ ˝˟ˀˠ˄˟˄˕ˊ ˌˀ˛˕˗ˡ˟˃ ˆ:

ϰϬϬ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ ɧɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɨɱɚɝɨɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɧɨɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɪɦɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɭɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ

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

ϰϬϭ