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Oil & Gas Transport

Oil and gas transportation is used to move crude oil from the fields to refineries and storage areas, where petroleum products are stored for distribution and emergency reserves.

Crude oil is transported in tankers and by pipelines.

Oil is separated from natural gas and transported by pipelines to other carriers or refineries. Oil products can be taken from refineries to market in tankers and barges. Modern tankers can transport lots of bulk liquid cargoes.

Offshore operations are complex and require tug, supply and anchor-handling vessels.

Onshore oil transportation is performed by pipelines, tank trucks and railroad tank cars.

Contrary to oil, natural gas is transported by pipelines because the volume of gas to produce a unit of energy is six hundred times greater than the volume of oil.

Pipelines are the best transportation means for crude oil, hydrocarbon products, carbon dioxide, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas and other fossil fuels. They transport products speedily, safely and smoothly.

Pipelines should be constantly operated and monitored. It is necessary to ensure their efficiency and safety, to reduce down times and to meet environmental and quality requirements.

Pipelines are classified in three categories by their purpose.

Gathering pipelines collect products from onshore and offshore wells and transport them to storages, refineries or gas processing plants. Gathering pipelines are a network of smaller interconnected pipelines. These pipelines are usually short (a couple of hundred meters) and have small diameters.

Trunk, or transmission pipelines transport large product volumes over long distances. They deliver crude oil to distant power plants, large industrial customers or populated areas for further distribution.

Distribution lines are a part of natural gas system. They are composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters. They are used to take products to the final consumer.

Pipelines are the most economic means of on-land hydrocarbon transportation. Compared to railroads, they have lower unit cost and higher capacity. Besides, pipelines are the safest transport means.

Sub-sea pipelines construction and operation is economically and technically demanding.

Transportation and storage is a set of sophisticated processes. They include regular inspections, stringent standards of compliance, industry and governmental regulations concerning pipelines design, construction and maintenance and qualified personnel selection.

A lot of specialists are engaged in pipeline industry. They are pipe-fitters, assembling-fitters монтажники, diagnosticians, maintenance inspectors, safety engineers, reliability inspectors and dispatchers responsible for pipeline supply scheduling.

Pipeline safety, efficiency, and integrity as well as tanker hull strength are very important because they prevent such environmental issues as fires, oil spills, and oil leaks.

Pipeline diameters can range up to 36 inches (92cm). The largest pipelines carry over one million barrels of oil daily. Electric arc-welding is the main pipeline construction method. Pipelines resist pressures up to 1,000 pounds per square inch. Heavy duty machines тяжелая техника are used to fit them along the routes. Strategic planning is used to determine the shortest and most economical routes, the number of pumping and compressor stations. Stocks are needed to maintain the global supply. They are keys to timely delivery of right products to the right place.

Транспортировка нефти и газа

Транспортировка нефти используется для перемещения сырой нефти с месторождений на НПЗ и в зоны хранилищ, где нефтепродукты хранят для распределения и в качестве аварийных резервов.

Сырую нефть транспортируют в танкерах и по трубопроводам.

Нефть отделяют от природного газа и транспортируют по трубопроводам к другим транспортным средствам или на НПЗ. Нефтепродукты могут отправлять (be taken) с НПЗ в танкерах и баржах. Современные танкеры могут транспортировать множество наливных грузов (bulk liquid cargoes).

Операции на шельфе сложны и требуют (использования) буксирных судов, судов обеспечения и судов для установки якорей.

Наземная транспортировка нефти выполняется с помощью трубопроводов, автоцистерн и железнодорожных цистерн.

В отличие от нефти, природный газ транспортируется по трубопроводам, потому что объем газа, (нудный) для выработки единичного количества энергии, в 600 раз больше, чем (аналогичный) объем нефти.

Трубопроводы - это лучшее средство транспортировки сырой нефти, нефтепродуктов, углекислого газа, природного газа, сжиженного нефтяного газа и других видов горючего топлива. Они транспортируют продукты быстро (без задержки), надёжно (безопасно) и бесперебойно.

Трубопроводы следует непрерывно эксплуатировать и контролировать. Необходимо обеспечивать их эффективность и безопасность, снижать простои и соответствовать требованиям экологической безопасности и качества.

Трубопроводы делятся на три категории по своему назначению.

Сборные (межпромысловые) трубопроводы собирают продукты с наземных и шельфовых скважин и транспортируют их к хранилищам, НПЗ или газоперерабатывающим установкам. Сборные трубопроводы - это системы взаимосвязанных небольших трубопроводов. Эти трубопроводы обычно короткие (пара сотен метров) и имеют малые диаметры.

Магистральные, или транспортные трубопроводы транспортируют большие объемы продуктов на длинные дистанции. Они поставляют сырую нефть на отдаленные электростанции, крупным промышленным или в населенные пункты для дальнейшего распределения.

Распределительные линии являются частью газо(транспортной) системы. Они состоят из нескольких взаимосвязанных трубопроводов малого диаметра. Они используются для доставки продукта конечному потребителю.

Трубопроводы - это наиболее экономичное средство наземной транспортировки углеводородов. В сравнении с железными дорогами, они имеют меньшую удельную себестоимость и большую мощность. Кроме того, трубопроводы являются самым безопасным транспортным средством.

Сооружение и эксплуатация подводных трубопроводов затратно и технически сложно.

Транспортировка и хранение - это множество сложных процессов. Они включают регулярные обследования (диагностику), жёсткие стандарты соответствия, промышленные и государственные нормативы, касающиеся проектирования, сооружения и техобслуживания, а также отбор квалифицированного персонала.

Множество специалистов заняты в трубопроводной отрасли. Это трубопроводчики(pipe-fitters), монтажники (assembling-fitters), специалисты по диагностике (diagnosticians), инспекторы по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance inspectors), инженеры по технике безопасности (safety engineers), инспектор службы обеспечения надёжности (reliability inspectors) и диспетчеры (dispatchers), ответственные за соблюдение графика поставок(supply scheduling) .

Ex.7. Answer the following questions.

1) How is crude oil transported?

Crude oil is transported in tankers, railroad tank cars, tank trucks and by pipelines.

As for pipelines they are classified into Gathering, Trunk and Distribution lines. Gathering lines collect crude from wells and transport it to storages, refineries and so on; Trunk lines deliver crude to distant power plants, industrial customers or populated areas; Distribution lines distribute oil among final customers.

2) What purpose do the transmission lines serve?

Transmission, or trunk pipelines transport large volumes of hydrocarbons over long distances. They deliver crude oil to distant power plants, large industrial customers or populated areas.

3) How are transportation and storage processes regulated?

They are regulated by industrial standards of compliance, which regulate their design, construction, operation and maintenance. Governmental legislation regulates their environmental safety, integrity and uninterrupted supply.

4) What is the maximum amount of oil transported by pipes throughout the year?

Large pipelines carry about one million barrels of oil. So the maximum amount of oil transported by pipelines is about three hundred and sixty-five million barrels a year.

5) What does strategic planning in oil transportation involve?

Strategic planing determines the shortest and most economic pipeline routes, optimal number of pumping and compressor stations, and the need for other supplementary equipment.

6) Why are pipelines likely to be the main means of oil transportation?

Pipelines are the most economic means of hydrocarbon transportation. They have the lowest unit cost and the highest capacity. Pipelines are the safest transport means. They transport products speedily, safely and smoothly.

7) Why are issues such as safety, efficiency and pipeline integrity important?

These issues are important because they ensure environmental safety. They prevent fires, spills and leaks of oil. They also provide uninterrupted supply, that is speedy, safe and smooth operation.

Ex. 9. Speak on the following topics:

1) Main types of transportation and storage of oil and oil products.

Water transportation is performed by tankers used for sea routes and barges applied for rivers. It also includes tug, supply and anchor-handling vessels which provide service. operations. Onshore transportation is performed by pipelines, tank trucks and railroad tank cars. Pipelines are the most efficient and economic transportation means. They have low unit cost and high capacity. Tank farms, installations and terminals are used for storage of oil and oil products. From them products are transported to end users or refineries.

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2) Main characteristics of pipelines.

Pipelines transport crude oil and oil products, carbon dioxide, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas and other fossil fuels. Pipelines are the most economic means of on-land transportation. They have low unit cost and high capacity. Pipelines are the safest transport means. They transport products speedily, safely and smoothly.

By their purpose pipelines are classified into Gathering Trunk and Distribution lines. Gathering lines collect products from wells and transport them to storages, refineries or gas processing plants.

Trunk, or transmission pipelines transport large product volumes over long distances. They deliver crude oil to distant power plants, large industrial customers or populated areas.

Distribution lines are a part of natural gas system. They take products to the final consumer.

Pipeline diameter is up to 36 inches (92cm). The largest pipelines carry over one million barrels of oil daily.

3) The safety of pipelines operation and how it is ensured.

Pipelines are the safest transport means. Their design, construction, operation and maintenance are regulated by stringent industrial standards. Governmental legislation regulates environmental safety and integrity of pipelines. Pipelines are constantly monitored and inspected. These measures prevent fires, spills and leakages and provide safe, smooth operation.

4) The personnel working in the pipeline operation field.

A lot of specialists work in the pipeline sector. They are pipe-fitters, assembling-fitters монтажники, diagnosticians, maintenance inspectors, safety engineers, reliability inspectors and dispatchers responsible for pipeline supply scheduling. They ensure pipeline safety, efficiency, and integrity. Prevent and eliminate fires, spills, and leaks of oil.