PipelineU3

Ex.2. Crazy sentences. The words in the following sentences are mixed up. Study them and write down sentences that make sense.

1.Meet, demand, in, natural, Russia, is, that, country, the, can, fully, gas, its.

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2.Problem, the, to, be, then, think, people, oil, spills, much, difficult, more, of, seems.

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3.Integrity, structures, for, a, is, challenge, maintaining, structures, offshore, operators.

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4.Technology, in, are, innovations, expanding, horizons, the, depth, exploration, for.

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5.Many, are, there, detect, can, that, devices, leakages.

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6.Are, trunk, pipelines, depending, the, on, pressure, operating, classified.

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7.The, condition, system, pipeline, of, meets, this, requirements, highest, the, reliability, for.

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8.In, have, been, Africa, many, years, recent, in, promising, fields, oil.

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9.Simple, liquid, or, mixture, of, complex, hydrocarbons, oil, is, a.

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10.He, to, the, went, oil, downstairs, lock.

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Ex 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to forms and functions of Infinitives:

1)To ensure the efficient and safe operation of the extensive network of natural gas pipelines, pipeline companies routinely inspect their pipelines for corrosion and defects.

2)Designing pipeline systems requires consideration of a number of factors, including the distance to be traveled, the expected volumes to be received and delivered over the pipeline, and the type and range of products to flow through the pipe.

3)The gathering system to be built consists of low pressure, small diameter pipelines that will transport raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing plant.

4)There are three major types of pipelines to be built along the transportation route: the gathering system, the interstate pipeline system, and the distribution system.

5)Liquid pipelines can be used to move different batches of liquids — on any given day a pipeline could be used to transport different grades or varieties of crude oil — with each batch of liquid to be pushed along at the same speed along the pipe.

6)Once a section successfully passes the hydrostatic test, water is emptied from the pipeline and the pipeline is dried to ensure that no water is present when natural gas begins to flow.

7)Each section is to be filled with water and pressured up to a level higher than the maximum pressure at which the pipeline will operate when carrying natural gas.

Ex 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to Infinitive Constructions:

1)The final step in the construction process was planned to restore the right-of-way as closely as possible to its original condition.

2)All aspects of the life cycle of a pipeline — from design and construction to operation and discontinuation (abandonment) — are sure to be strictly regulated by a number of regulatory agencies and government departments.

3)Laying pipe on the seafloor is expected to pose a number of challenges, especially if the water is deep.

4)Welding is known to be one of the most cost-efficient means of joining multiple sections of pipe and involves heating pieces of metal and joining them so that the resulting product becomes a single piece of metal.

5)Generally the welders are required to learn several methods of connecting pipes and to understand the factors that affect the quality of the connections that they intend to make.

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6)The test pressure is held for a specific period of time to determine if the pipeline is likely to meet the design strength requirements and if any leaks are present.

7)The coating of the entire pipeline was reported to have been inspected prior to lowering the pipe into the trench to ensure it was free of defects.

8)In recent years contractors have used semi-automatic welding units for the welding process to be completed.

9)Routine sampling of natural gas in pipelines is certain to ensure its quality, and may also indicate corrosion of the interior of the pipeline, or the influx of contaminants.

10)Federal and provincial regulators ensure the companies to design, construct, operate and decommission their facilities in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.

Words to the text " Pipeline Network Operation”

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Part I

Pipelines operate every day with the help of powerful pumps. The round-the-clock operations are monitored by well trained personnel. Through the use of advanced technology, pipeline operators can watch the rate, pressure and movement of product at points along the system. Pipeline controllers watch for inconsistencies, monitor instruments and evaluate pressure and flow rates that may require additional investigation if evidence of a possible leak is detected. In the case of an accident, pipeline operators are trained to shut down pipeline systems quickly and safely.

Pipeline maintenance crews also work to ensure the integrity of pipeline infrastructure. Qualified personnel hired by the pipeline company assure that welding operations, valve inspections, pipeline repairs, corrosion prevention system checks and electronic equipment maintenance (among many other functions) are performed safely and according to pre-established procedures. These people work on the daily

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maintenance of the system in addition to assisting with any major pipeline repair and replacement projects. Pipeline employees are also trained in emergency response procedures and work with local emergency responders if a pipeline accident occurs.

Pumping stations are positioned throughout the length of the pipeline to adjust the pressure, pump the product along the line and monitor flow, and other information about the transfer of the product. Pipeline pumping stations also increase the through-put of the pipeline. If a pipeline needs to be able to have a higher through-put capacity, another pipeline pumping station may be added to overcome the challenge. Pipeline pumping stations may be strategically located for their proximity to other equipment, or a pumping station may be constructed to help push the product through a more difficult section of the pipeline, such as over a mountain range.

The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin, to areas of high natural gas demand. Gas pipelines consist of a number of components that ensure the efficiency and reliability of a system that delivers such an important energy source year-round. A compressor station is a facility which helps the transportation process of natural gas. Natural gas, while being transported through a gas pipeline, needs to be constantly pressurized at intervals of 40 to 100 miles. The size of the station and the number of compressors may vary, basing on the diameter of the pipe and the volume of gas to be moved. Nevertheless, the basic components of a station are similar. Its sitting is dependent on terrain and the number of gas wells in the vicinity. Frequent elevation changes and a greater number of gas wells will require more compressor stations. The gas in compressor stations is normally pressurized by special turbines, motors and engines.

Part II

Compressor stations

Head compressor stations (CS) are located at the initial point of the gas pipelines. Booster CS are located along the gas pipeline route. As the pipeline enters the compressor station the natural gas passes through scrubbers, strainers or filter separators. These are vessels designed to remove any free liquids or dirt particles from the gas before it enters the compressors. Though the pipeline carries ―dry gas,‖ some water and hydrocarbon liquids may condense out of the gas stream as the gas cools and moves through the pipeline. The liquid separators at compressor stations ensure that the natural gas in the pipeline is as pure as possible, and they usually filter the gas prior to compression. Any liquids that may be produced are collected and stored for sale or disposal. A piping system directs gas from separators to gas compressors.

There are three commonly used types of engines that drive compressors and are known as «prime movers».

a)Turbine/centrifugal Compressor. Turbine compressors gain their energy by using up a small proportion of the natural gas that they compress. The turbine itself serves to operate a centrifugal compressor, which contains a type of fan that compresses and pumps the natural gas through the pipeline. This type of compression unit uses a natural gas-fired turbine to turn a centrifugal compressor. The centrifugal compressor is similar to a large fan inside a case, which pumps the gas as the fan turns. A small portion of natural gas from the pipeline is burned to power the turbine.

b)Electric Motor/centrifugal Compressor. Some compressor stations are operated by using an electric motor to turn the same type of centrifugal compressor. This type of compression does not require the use of any of the natural gas from the pipe, however it does require a reliable source of electricity nearby. In this package, the centrifugal compressor is driven by a high voltage electric motor. One advantage of electric motors is they need no air emission permit since no hydrocarbons are burned as fuel. However, a highly reliable source of electric power must be available and near the

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station, for such units to be considered for an application.

c) Reciprocating Engine/reciprocating Compressor. These large piston engines resemble automobile engines, only many times larger. Commonly known as ―recips‖ these engines are fueled by natural gas from the pipeline. Reciprocating pistons located in cylinder cases on the side of the unit compress the natural gas. The compressor pistons and the power pistons are connected to a common crankshaft. The advantage of reciprocating compressors is that the volume of gas pushed through the pipeline can be adjusted incrementally to meet small changes in customer demand.

Pumping stations

Gathering stations are normally located at the initial section of an oil value chain where the crude gathered enters a stream and needs a strong initial drive. These facilities are usually supplied with crude by means of 2 - 12 in. gathering pipelines originating at production field tank batteries (small tank collections) and represent a collection of large storage tanks. The gathering station aggregates crude from many sources including pipeline and tank track delivery. It is normally adjacent to a crude oil main line and is provided with a pump station to inject the crude oil into the main line. Numerous reciprocating pumps are still used at gartering stations as those providing a strong pulse for petroleum to be effectively moved on. A conventional gathering station can be equipped with one or more pumps with its capacity being enough to move from a hundred to several thousand barrels of crude daily. The stations are equipped with pumping units typically composed of small-size engines (electric motors) driving rotary or reciprocating (positive displacement) pumps: the units concerned can be also powered by gas, diesel oil, or liquefied petroleum gas. The pumps are started and stopped automatically. A method to be used for gathering station operation is selected with its size and function taken into consideration. The crude received at the gathering station can be further pumped either to an adjacent gathering station located closer to the crude main or directly to the trunk-line station.

Trunk-line stations located along the main line are those where crude oil is further injected into the continuous hydrocarbon flow as it goes past. Centrifugal units are used in trunk-line stations. They are connected through increaser to internal-combustion engines. If the crude oil composition is sufficiently different from that of the flow a volume of crude can be pumped in as a separate batch. The batch is then tracked as it moves down the pipeline and further delivered to separate customers or into segregated tanks at the destination. A trunk-line station might also serve as a gathering station if near the oil source.

Ex.1. Read the text and find English equivalents to the following:

При помощи мощных насосов

Хорошо подготовленный персонал

Определить давление

Целостность трубопроводной системы

Система коррозийной защиты

По установленным заранее

Проекты по ремонту

Головная станция расположена

Промежуточная станция оборудована

Эксплуатация турбинного компрессора

Надежный источник

Нефтесборная станция находится

Поршневые насосы используются

Насосная установка состоит из

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Станция магистрального трубопровода расположена

Отдельная партия продукта

Фильтры-сепараторы используются для

При изменении потребительского спроса

Ex.2. Translate the following word combinations into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own:

Additional investigation

Evidence of a possible leak

To shut down pipeline systems safely

To ensure the integrity of pipeline infrastructure

Emergency response procedures

Emergency responders

To overcome the inertia, gravity and friction

From the separators to the gas compressors

To power the turbine

To be similar to a large fan

To be located at the initial section

Internal-combustion engines are used in oil industry

Ex.3.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Операторы контролируют состояние трубопроводной системы для обеспечения безопасной и надежной эксплуатации трубопровода.

2.Необходимо добавить дополнительные насосные станции для того, чтобы увеличить пропускную способность трубопровода.

3.Компрессорные станции, которые располагаются вдоль газопровода, обеспечивают необходимое давление природного газа в трубе.

4.Фильтры-сепараторы используются для того, чтобы удалить жидкости и твердые частицы из газа.

5.Некоторые турбинные компрессоры обеспечиваются энергией при помощи электродвигателя, в то время как другие используют для работы природный газ из трубопровода.

6.Поршневой компрессор сжимает природный газ поршнем с возвратнопоступательным движением, который соединен с коленчатым валом.

7.Нефтегазосборные станции оснащены достаточно мощными насосами для того, чтобы перекачивать до нескольких тысяч баррелей нефти в день.

8.Каждая насосная станция оборудована определенным количеством насосных установок, которые состоят из двигателя и насосов.

9.Промежуточные станции используются для того, чтобы поддерживать необходимое давление и скорость потока в трубопроводе.

10.Скрубберы позволяют удалить из газа различные химические вещества при помощи воды или специальных растворов.

Ex.4. Pick out from the text synonyms of the following words.

stuff

in the event of

to be contracted

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protection

to be situated

to require

place

area

Ex.5. Fill in the gaps.

1)Pipelines operate ____ the help ____ powerful pumps

2)They work _____ the daily maintenance _____ the system _____ addition _____

assisting with any pipeline repair.

3)The transportation process ____ natural gas _____ one location _____ another.

4)Natural gas needs to be constantly pressurized _____ intervals _____ 40 ____

100 miles.

5)The number _____ compressors varies, basing _____ the diameter ____ the pipe.

6)Head and booster stations are equipped _____ powerful pumps _____ different construction.

7)The number ____ pumping stations depends _____ the length, diameter, capacity and operating pressure _____ a gas pipeline.

8)Branches are joined _____ trunk pipelines ____ order ____ transport oil and gas to small populated areas.

9)According ____ the source of heat welding processes are classified _____

electrical and chemical methods.

10)I’m going to deal _____ the problem in this chapter.

Ex.6. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1)Leak detection is a standard function of pipeline monitoring systems.

2)Pipelines operators work to ensure the integrity of pipeline infrastructure.

3)All gas pipelines are equipped with pumping stations.

4)A piping system directs gas from gas compressors to separators.

5)There are two types of engines that drive the compressors.

6)The turbine serves to operate centrifugal compressors.

7)The centrifugal compressor is not driven by high voltage, electric motors.

8)Reciprocating pistons compress natural gas.

9)All oil pipelines are equipped with compressor stations.

10)Numerous reciprocating pumps are used at gathering stations.

11)Pumps used in trunk-line stations are high-speed centrifugal units.

12)Trunk-line pumping stations are located at the beginning of oil pipelines.

Ex.7. Answer the following questions:

Part I:

1)What is the standard mode of any pipeline operation?

2)What pipeline operation parameters are monitored at the control point?

3)What are the basic functions of pipeline controllers?

4)In what cases is it necessary to carry out additional investigation?

5)Name the initial response actions to be taken by pipeline operators in case of an accident.

6)Can you name the major purpose of pumping stations? Where are these stations located?

7)What pipeline operation parameter primarily depends on the number, capacity and proper operation of pumping systems?

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10)What circumstances is it necessary to consider when selecting pipeline location and construction parameters?

11)What is the basic purpose of compressor stations?

12)Are compressor stations different from pumping stations?

Part II:

13)Where are head and booster compressor stations usually located?

14)Name the purpose of filter separators.

15)Name the basic types of compressors. What is the principle of their operation?

16)What are the major types of pumping stations?

17)What can you say about the gathering stations location and purpose?

18)What can you say about the trunk-line stations location and purpose?

Ex.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1)Автоматизированные системы управления предназначены для: повышения эффективности управления и учета нефтепродуктов; сокращения количества аварийных ситуаций и времени простоя оборудования; снижения затрат на ремонт за счет оперативного выявления его неисправностей и передачи данных.

2)В настоящее время для внутритрубной диагностики газопроводов используются в основном магнитные дефектоскопы.

3)Центробежные насосы работают с большой скоростью и непосредственно подключаются к электромоторам.

4)Роторные моторы более эффективны при сравнительно небольших скоростях,

ипроизводительность каждого мотора зависит от требуемого назначения.

5)Процесс переработки газа включает его очистку и осушку.

6)Поршневые компрессоры, расположенные в цилиндрических корпусах, используются для сжатия природного газа.

7)Поршневой двигатель и поршневой компрессор соединяются напрямую валом.

8)Преимущество работы электродвигателя - отсутствие выброса вредных веществ в атмосферу; преимущество поршневого компрессора - регулируемый объем прокачиваемого газа при изменении потребительского спроса.

9)Если в результате ремонта трубопровод не может быть восстановлен до его первоначальных проектных характеристик (original design specification), оператор должен понизить давление в трубе.

10)Утечки в трубопроводной арматуре могут привести к остановке производственных линий.

Ex 9. Speak on the following topics:

1)How gas and liquid in the pipelines flow and who controls them and when.

2)Compressor station operation.

3)Pumping station operation.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Text 1

Pumps

Read the text and do the tasks that follow the text:

Pumps are used for all movements of oil through installations and depots. Reciprocating, duplex, double acting pumps (pumps, with two cylinders and using both

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