Pathologic murmurs

Etiology of systolic murmurs

Valvular stenosis:

Aortic

Pulmonary

Regurgitation:

Mitral valve insufficiency

Tricuspid valve insufficiency

Types of systolic murmurs

1.Ejection murmurs (mesosystolic murmurs):

а) Functional (in unchanged valves due to increased bloodflow):

–anemia;

–thyrotoxicosis;

–fever б) Pathological:

–Aortic stenosis (maximum in the 2nd point)

–Pulmonary trunk ctenosis

–Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

2.Pansystolic murmur:

–Tricuspid regurgitation;

–Mitral regurgitation (maximum in the 1st and 5th points)

–Interventricular septal defect

3.Late systolic murmurs:

–Mitral valve prollapse

Mitral valve insufficiency

Etiology of diastolic murmurs

Stenosis of atrio-ventricular valves:

Mitral stenosis

Tricuspid valve stenosis

Semilunar valves regurgitation

Aortic valve insufficiency

Pulmonary valve insufficiency

Types of diastolic murmurs

1.Early (protodiastolic):

Aortic valve insufficiency;

Pulmonary valve insufficiency

2.Mesodiastolic murmurs

Mitral stenosis

3.Late diastolic (presystolic) murmurs

Mitral stenosis

Tricuspid stenosis

Austin-Flint murmur in aortic insufficiency (relative mitral stenosis)

Aortic insufficiency