Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǵȖ Ȗȕ (ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ), ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ. ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȒȈȏ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈȔ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȐȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȗțȕȒȚ, ȖȉȘȈȚȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȉȈșȒȍȚȉȖȓț.

ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȈ «ȉȍȋȐ Ȑ șȚȘȍȓȧȑ» (run and gun), Ȑ ȕȈȠ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȚȐȓȦ ȐȋȘȣ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ «ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȈ», Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȧȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖȘȔȖȏȐȚȤ ȐȋȘț. ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȔ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ, Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȚȤ ȚȍȔȗ ȐȋȘȣ, Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȍțșȗȍȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȍ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȐȋȘȣ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ – ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ. ǩȖȑȌ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȕȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ «ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȈ» ȗȈȘȈȓȐȏțȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔț ȚȍȔȗț. ȅȚȈ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ. ȅȚȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȚȈȒ, ȍșȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ țșȒȖȘȐȚȤșȧ. ǭșȓȐ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȧȍȚ ȚȍȔȗ, ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȐ ȜȈȕȈȚȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȒȚȐȒț «ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȈ», Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȕȈȠ ȗȓȈȕ ȐȋȘȣ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȔ. ȅȚȈ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȧ ș ȉȈșȒȍȚȉȖȓȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȑ, ȍșȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ, Ȕȣ țȉȍȘȍȔ ȚȈȑȔȍȘ.

ǼȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓ ǴȈȖ ǾȏȥȌțȕ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȖ ȍȔț ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ DzȐȚȈȑ ȖȚ «ȊȣȎȐȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȖșȝȖȌȈ șȖȓȕȞȈ», ȇȗȖȕȐȐ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕȍ ǹȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ. ǰ Ȋ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ Țȍȝ, ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȗȖȒȖȘȐȚȤșȧ ȋȖȔȐȕȌȈȕȖȊșȒȖȔț ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ ȉȣșȚȘȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȍȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ DzȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ, Mao ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ «ȏȈȚȧȎȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ» (protracted war) ȒȈȒ șȗȖșȖȉ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ ȈȋȘȍșșȖȘȖȊ.

Ǫ șȍȘȐȐ ȓȍȒȞȐȑ ș 26 ȔȈȧ ȌȖ 3 ȐȦȕȧ 1938ȋ. Mao ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȓ Ȑ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȑ ȗȓȈȕ ȏȈȚȧȎȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ, ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘțȧ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȐ ȐȕȤ-ȧȕȤ. Ǭȓȧ Mao ȥȚȈ «ȌțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ» ǬȈȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȞȍȓȤ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȍȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ. Ƕȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ ȊȘȈȋȈ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ șȍȉȧ [19]. ȅȚȈ ȌȊȖȧȒȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ «ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șțȚȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, șțȚȤȦ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȈ Ȋșȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ – ȖȚ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ». ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ «ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ» [20].

DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȊȖȑȕȈ ǹȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ, ȗȖ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ, ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȐ «ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȣȔ ȉȍȏȘȈșșțȌșȚȊȖȔ» ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ, ȕȐ «ȓȍȚțȟȍșȚȤȦ» ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȋȖ ȖȚșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ [21]. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȈȒȚț-

449

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓȈ ȐȔȗȍȘșȒȈȧ ȇȗȖȕȐȧ, ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ șȔȍȠȈȚȤ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȚșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ, ȉȣșȚȘȖȚț ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ/ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ Ȑ ȏȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ. ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȖȍ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕțȦ ȥȘȖȏȐȦ ȍȋȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ.

Mao ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȣ Ȓ ȉȣșȚȘȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȓȈȋȍȘȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȚȍȒțȡȐȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ, Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȖȕȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȘțȒț ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ. ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȣ Ȓ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȋȖȔȐȕȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȕȍȉȣȓȐȖșȕȖȊȈȕȣȕȈȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȉțȌțȡȐȝȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ.

ǺȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȓ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȈ ȔȍȎȌț șȐȓȖȑ Ȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤȦ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȇȗȖȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȖȑȚȐșȤ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȗȧȚȖȑ ȗȖ DzȐȚȈȦ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ, Ȉ DzȐȚȈȑ ȕȍȔȐȕțȍȔȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȌȊȐȋȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖȔț Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖȔț ȗțȚȐ, Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȈ ǹȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȈȚȧȎȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ; ȥȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȈ – ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȣ ș ȘȍȋȘȍșșȐȘțȦȡȐȔ Ȑ șȒțȌȕȣȔ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ, ș ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȐȘțȦȡȐȔ Ȑ ȐȏȖȉȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȧșȕȖ, șȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȐ ȇȗȖȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȗȧȚȖȑ ȗȖ DzȐȚȈȦ, ȕȖ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȕȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȗȖȚȍȘȗȐȚ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ DzȐȚȈȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȡȍȕ, ȕȖ, ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ, ȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț [22].

ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, Mao țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȒȐȚȈȑȞȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȊȖȑȕț ǹȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ, ȍșȓȐ șȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȊȣȎȐȚȤ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ. ǰșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȘțȎȐȍ, ȗȖȔȖȋȈȦȡȍȍ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȌȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȑ șȈȔȖșȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȏȈȚȧȎȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǴȈȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ țșȗȍȠȕȖȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȖȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȏȎȍ, ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȤȍȚȕȈȔșȒȖȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ǹȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȀȚȈȚȈȔ.

ǩȖȑȌ ș ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȔȈȖȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈ șȊȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ. ȅȚȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȈȒȞȍȕȚȍ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȘțȎȐȧ. Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ ǩȖȑȌ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȖȘțȎȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȐȕȤ-ȧȕȤ ȌȈȖșȐȏȔȈ. «ǬțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ» ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ, Ȉ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ 20 ȊȍȒȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȣȊȖȌ, ȟȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȈȔȖȑ ȔȖȡȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ șȎȐȔȈȦȡȐȝșȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȏȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ.

ǷȖșȓȍ ȖȚșȚȈȊȒȐ ǩȖȑȌ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȚȕȧȔȐ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑȏ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘțȋȖȊ ș ȉȘȐȜȐȕȋȈȔȐ ș «ǬȐșȒțȘșȖȔ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ», ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȒȖȗȐȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȐȌȍȐ ȗȘȖȟȕȖ țșȊȖȍȕȣ. ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȈȋȍȕȚșȚȊ, ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȕȈ-

450

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȟȈȓȍ 1980-ȣȝ, ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ (Checkmate Division) ȠȚȈȉȈ ǪǪǹ Ȋ ǷȍȕȚȈȋȖȕȍ. Ǫ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȖșȘȖȟȕȣȝ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖșȘȖȟȕȣȝ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȍȊ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ǪǪǹ ǹȀǨ. ǹȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȥȚȖ Ȏȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȋȓȈȊȓȧȓ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ ȕȈȠȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ – ȗȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒ ǬȎȖȕ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ

(John Warden) [23].

ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ

1.ȅȚȐ ȐȌȍȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ ȒȈȒ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ ȊȖȑșȒ ǹȀǨ (ȟȚȖ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȖ Ȋ ȉȖȍȊȖȔ țșȚȈȊȍ 100-5 (FM 100-5), 1986), ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȗȍȝȖȚȣ (ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȐȓ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȗȍȝȖȚȣ ȜȓȖȚȈ, ȹ1, 1989 (Fleet Marine Force Manual Number 1, 1989). ǬȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȕȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȊȓȐȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ ǪǪǹ Ȑ ǪǴǹ.

2.John R. Boyd, “A Discourse on Winning and Losing.” (August 1987) A collection of unpublished briefings and essays. Air University Library, Document No. M-U 30352-16 no. 7791, 2.

3.ǭșȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ, ȚȖ ǫȍȌȍȓȤ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȊȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ șȈȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ ȍȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȧȏȣȒ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȒț. ǫȍȑȏȍȕȉȍȘȋ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȘȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ

ȐșȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐȞȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȌȍȓȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȔȖȑ. ǰ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȋȓȈșȐȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȧ, ȐȓȐ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ, ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȍȚ.

4.ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜ ǩȖȑȌȈ, ǫȘȈȕȚ ǽȈȔȔȖȕȌ (Grant Hammond) țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ǩȖȑȌ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȚȖ Ȏȍ, ȟȚȖ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ șȌȍȓȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ (șȔ. Interview with Grant T. Hammond, 3 February 1994).

5.William S. Lind, “Military Doctrine, Force Structure, and the Defense DecisionMaking Process,” Air University Review 30, no. 4 (May–June 1979), p. 22.

6.ǷșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊȓȍȟȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, șȈȔ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȞȍȓȤȦ.

7.ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ, ȥȚȐ ȌȊȍ ȞȍȓȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șțȚȤ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȚȍȘȔȐȕ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȚȈȓ ȔȖȌȕȣȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ țșȗȍȝȈȔ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ǪǪǹ ȒȖȈȓȐȞȐȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȖȔ ȏȈȓȐȊȍ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔ ǬȎȖȕȈ ǪȍȘȌȍȕȈ. ǹȔ. ȋȓȈȊț 4.

8.ǨȕȈȓȐȏ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ «ǷȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ» (Patterns of Conflict), ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȉȘȐȜȐȕȋȈ «ǬȐșȒțȘș ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ».

9.ǩȖȑȌȖȊșȒȖȍ șȖȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȣ Ȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ Auftragstaktik (ȚȈȒȚȐȒȈ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏț) Ȑ Schwerpunkt (ȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ țșȐȓȐȧȝ).

10.John R. Boyd, “Patterns of Conflict” in “A Discourse on Winning and Losing,” p. 141.

11.William S. Lind, “Defining Maneuver Warfare for the Marine Corps,” Marine Corps Gazette 64 (March 1980), 56.

451

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

12.ǩȖȑȌ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚ țȕȐȚȈȘȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȈȒȚȖȘȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, ȒȈȒ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕȚȐȘțȍȚ ǫȘȥȔ ǨȓȐșȖȕ (Graham Allison), șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȚ ȉȦȘȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȈ ȊȕȖșȐȚ Ȋ țȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ (șȔ. Graham T. Allison, “Essence of Decision,” Boston: Harper Collins Publishers, 1971). ǩȖȑȌ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȉȦȘȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȟȍȘȍȏ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȌȘțȋȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ țșȐȓȐȚȤ ȊȈȠ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓ.

13.ǷȖȌ «ȏȈȔȣȒȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ» ǩȖȑȌ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȗȍȘȍȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȉȣșȚȘȖȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȑșȧȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑșȘȍȌȍ.

14.John R. Boyd, “The Strategic Game of ? and ?” in “A Discourse on Winning and Losing,” 10.

15.ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ǩȖȑȌȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȗȖ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. Ǫ «ǫȖȓȖȊȖȓȖȔȒȈ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖ-

șȚȐ» (“The Puzzle of Genius”, Newsweek 121, no. 26, 28 June 1993) ȀȈȘȖȕ ǩȍȋȓȐ (Sharon Begley) ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȕȖȊȖȔț ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑȏ, ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ, ȕȍ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȓȈșȚȍȑ. ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ, ȕȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ/șȐȕȚȍȏ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȘȘȍȓȐȘțȍȚ ș ȌȊțȝȗȖȓțȠȈȘȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȏȋȈ, ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ. ǸțȒȖȊȖȌȐȔȖȍ șȖ-ȓȈțȘȍȈȚȖȔ ǵȖȉȍȓȍȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȔȐȐ 1981 ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǷȍȘȘȐ (R.W. Perry) Ȑȏ DzȈȓȐȜȖȘȕȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȕȈȋȘțȏȒȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȓȍȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȣȔȐ ȗȖȓțȠȈȘȐȧȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȏȋȈ. DzȈȒ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȇȕ ȅȋȘȍȕȊȈȓȤȌ (Jan Ehrenwald) Ȋ «ǨȕȈȚȖȔȐȐ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ» (Anatomy of Genius, New York: Human Sciences Press, 1984),

ȓȍȊȖȍ ȗȖȓțȠȈȘȐȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȧșȤ ȕȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧȝ, Ȉ ȗȘȈȊȖȍ ȗȖȓțȠȈȘȐȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȍ Ȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȧșȤ ȕȈ ȓȍșȍ. ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȗȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȓȍȊȖ- Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȖȗȖȓțȠȈȘȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȘȖȞȍșșț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔ «ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ» (șȔ. pp. 14–19). ǶȠȍ (R. Ochse) ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȐȧ Ȋ «ǷȍȘȍȌ ȊȖȘȖȚȈȔȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ» (“Before the Gates of Excellence,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). ǫȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ

«șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ (ȕȖȊȖȋȖ, ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȋȖ, ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ, ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ) Ȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȞȍȕȕȖȋȖ (ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȋȖ, ȝȖȘȖȠȍȋȖ, ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ)».

16.ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ǩȖȑȌ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ – șȈȔȈȧ ȊȈȎȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȈ.

17.John R. Boyd, interview, 30 March 1994.

18.Ǭȓȧ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ, Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȐȡțȡȐȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐȌȍȑ ǩȖȑȌȈ, ȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȦ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȌȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȍ. ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȍȕ Ȕȕȍ ǸȖȉȍȘȚȖȔ ǷȍȑȗȖȔ (Robert Pape) Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȍȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ (Operational Maneuver Group (OMG)). ǶǴǫ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȉȡȍȊȖȑșȒȖȊțȦ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȋȘțȗȗț ȌȍșȈȕȚȕȣȝ, ȗȈȘȈȠȦȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȌȐȊȍȘșȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ, șȖȏȌȈȕȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. DzȈȒ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǫȈȘȖȓȤȌ ǶȘȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ (Harold Orenstein), «ȚȈȒȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-

452

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȖșȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȦ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȐȏȊȕȍ (ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȘȣȊ, ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȉȓȖȒȈȌț) ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȘȈșȟȓȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȕțȚȘȐ (ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȘȍȑȌȖȊ, ȗȈȘȈȠȦȚȕȣȝ ȌȍșȈȕȚȖȊ, Ȑ ȌȐȊȍȘșȐȑ)» (șȔ. Harold Orenstein, “Warsaw Pact Views on Trends in Ground Forces Tactics,” International Defense Review, 9 (September 1989):1149–52).

ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ – «ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ-țȌȈȘȕȖȔț ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒșț». ǷȖ șțȚȐ, ȚȈȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒș șȖȟȍȚȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒț Ȋ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ (ȖȚ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȗțȚȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ) Ȑ țȌȈȘȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒșȣ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ (șȔ. Mary C. FitzGerald, “The Soviet Military and the New ‘Technological Operation’ in the Gulf,” Naval War College Review, 44 no. 4 (Autumn 1991): 16–43). ǩțȌțȟȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȕȣ-

ȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ șȖ ȊșȍȖȉȢȍȔȓȦȡȐȔȐ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ, ȚȈȒȐȍ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȣ ȔȖȋțȚ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ, ȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒȐ (command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I)), Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȊȕțȚȘȤ Ȑ ȌȍȏȐȕȚȍ-

ȋȘȈȞȐȐ «ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ – ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ – ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ» ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ.

19.DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ «ȒȖȕȍȟȕțȦ ȞȍȓȤ» ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȟȕȣȝ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ (șȔ. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), Ș. 484).

20.Mao Tse-tung, Six Essays on Military Affairs (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1972), Ș. 273.

21.Ibid, 299.

22.Ibid, 219-20.

23.ǷȘȐ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȉȘȐȜȐȕȋȖȊ Ȋ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ ǪǪǹ ǹȀǨ ǩȖȑȌ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȕȍȌȘȐȓ ȐȌȍȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ Ȋ ȠȚȈȉ ǪǪǹ (șȔ. Interview with Boyd, 30 March 1994). ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ Ȋ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍ 2 ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȔȣșȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȓȍȎȐȚ Ȋ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǪǪǹ ǹȀǨ ș ȍȍ șȈȔȣȝ ȘȈȕȕȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ. ǩȖȑȌ ȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ ȉȘȐȜȐȕȋ ȗȘȧȔȖ ǬȎȖȕț ǪȈȘȌȍȕț, Ȑ ǬȎȖȕ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȖ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș ȐȌȍȧȔȐ ǩȖȑȌȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȕ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ, ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș ȚȍȔȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȦȚșȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ ȉȖȍȊ Ȑ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȗȐȓȖȚȈ (șȔ. Interview with Col John A. Warden III, 27 January 1994).

453

ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ 2

ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǿǭǹDzǶǫǶ ǷǨǸǨdzǰǿǨ ǬǮǶǵǨ ǪǨǸǬǭǵǨ1

ǸȍȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȈ ǪǪǹ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȖșȤ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ. <...> Ǵȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȕȈȠȐ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ș ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ,

ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȔ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ș ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȤȦ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȕțȎȕȣȔ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ.

ǷȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒ ǬȎȖȕ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ

ǷȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȗȍȘȊȖȍ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȍ ǪǪǹ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț, ȗȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒ ǬȎȖȕ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ (John Warden) ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȊȍȌțȡȍȋȖ ȈȌȊȖȒȈȚȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ șȐȓȣ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ. ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȖȘ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝȜȈȏȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȍ țșȐȓȐȧ ȈȓȤȧȕșȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ «ǩțȘȧ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ», ǪȈȘȌȍȕ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȧ, ȉȍȏ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȓȐȉȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖ-ȒȖșȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȐȓ ȕȈȌ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȔȐ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș «ǬȓȐȕȕȖȑ șȐȕȍȑ ȓȐȕȐȍȑ» (Long Blue Line) ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ ǪǪǹ Ȗȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȈȔȣȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, Ȋ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȑȏ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȐ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ ȊȖȑșȒ ǹȀǨ (Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS)), șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ. ǪȣȉȖȘ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ, ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȚȈȚȤ ȊșȍȖȉȢȍȔȓȦȡȐȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ, ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȘțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ǪǪǹ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȖȚȌȈȍȚ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȓȋ ȉȘȐȚȈȕșȒȖȔț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔț ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒț ǼțȓȍȘț (J.F.C. Fuller). ǶȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ǼțȓȓȍȘȈ, «ǷȖȓȒȖȊȖȌȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ», țȉȍȌȐȓȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȒȈȌȍȚȈ ǨȒȈȌȍȔȐȐ ǪǪǹ Ȋ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ – șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȚȘȖȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ «ȖȉȍȏȋȓȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ».

ǩțȌțȟȐ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȘȍșȚȐȎȕȖȋȖ ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȓȍȌȎȈ, ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ. ǨȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȚȍȏȐș, ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȋȍȕȐȧ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ, ȘȈȏ-

1 ǫȓȈȊȈ Ȑȏ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Fadok, David S. “John Boyd and John Warden: Airpower’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis,” in Phillip S. Meilinger, (ed.). The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1997.

454

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ «ǪȖȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȧ»1. ǩțȌțȟȐ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȚȍȒșȚȖȔ ȗȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǪǪǹ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȕȐȋȈ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȕșȓȧȞȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȋ ȗȓȈȕȣ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȕȈ ǺǪǬ, șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ, Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȕȈ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȊȒȓȈȌȈ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȋ ȖȉȡȐȍ țșȐȓȐȧ. ǭȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȐ.

ǨȘȋțȔȍȕȚ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ Ȗȉ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ Ȑ ȖȚȌȈȟȈ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȈ Ȋ ȔȐșșȐȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȔț ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊț, Ȉ ȕȍ ȊȖșȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕțȦ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ «ǩȖȍȊȖȋȖ țșȚȈȊȈ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ șȐȓ 1943 ȋȖȌȈ 100-20. DzȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍ-

ȕȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ» (Army’s 1943 Field Manual (FM) 100-20, Command and Employment of Air Power). ǨȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȈȒȞȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ țȌȈȘȈȝ ȗȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȔ ȋȘȈȊȐȚȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ (Ǿǫ) Ȑ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȔȐșșȐȑ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǩȐȓȓȐ ǴȐȚȟȍȓȓȈ (Billy Mitchell) Ȑ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȍȔț Ȍțȝ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȐ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ ȊȖȑșȒ ǹȀǨ, ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȈȚȈȒ «ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȚȘȖȊ» ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ (enemy heartland) [1].

ǫȓȈȊȕȖȑ ȚȍȔȖȑ «ǪȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ» ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ǪǪǹ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ș ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȤȦ. ǰȝȊȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȈȧ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ, ȘȈȌȐțș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȤ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȐȔ ȊȖȏȊȣșȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ, ȊȍȌțȡȐȔȐ ȒȘȖȊȖȗȘȖȓȐȚȕțȦ ȊȖȑȕț, ȗȍȘȍȓȍȚȍȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑ țȌȈȘȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț șȗȍȒȚȘț ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ Ȑ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ. ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ Ǿǫ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȔȈȧ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȖȔ ȒȈȒ «ȚȈ ȚȖȟȒȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ țȧȏȊȐȔ, Ȑ ȚȖȟȒȈ, ȈȚȈȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȓțȟȠȐȍ ȠȈȕșȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȑ» [2] (ȒțȘșȐȊ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȍȕ – ȗȘȐȔ. Ǹ.Ǩ.). ǵȈȌȓȍȎȈȡȈȧ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ǿǫ – ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȠȈȋ ȊȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐȐȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ.

DzȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈȕȍȍ, ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ Ǿǫ Ȋ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ǪǪǹ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȔ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ, ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ, Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ țȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ Ǿǫ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ ș ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ǹȈȔșȖȕȈ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ șȐȓȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ țȧȏȊȐȔȖșȚȐ [3]. ǬȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ Ǿǫ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ – șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȍ, ȔȖȘșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȍ – ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔȐ. DzȈȒ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȓ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ, «ǪǪǹ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȔȖȘșȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟț Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȞȍȕȚȘȖȊ ȋȘȈȊȐȚȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ» [4] (ȒțȘșȐȊ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȍȕ –

1 ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Warden, John A. III Col The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat. National Defense University Press Publication, 1988 (ȗȘȐȔ. Ǹ.Ǩ.).

455

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȗȘȐȔ. Ǹ.Ǩ.). ǪȍȏȌȍșțȡȍșȚȤ ǪǪǹ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ țȧȏȊȐȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȟȐșȓȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ǿǫ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȧ ǪǪǹ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȤȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ [5].

ǽȖȚȧ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ǿǫ, «ǪȖȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȧ» ȕȍ țȚȖȟȕȧȍȚ ȌȈȓȍȍ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ. ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ǿǫ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ ȉȣȓ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕ șȗțșȚȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ. ǸȈȉȖȚȈȧ ș ȏȈȔȍșȚȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ȠȚȈȉȈ ǪǪǹ ȗȖ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ, ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȓȍȑȚȍȕȈȕȚȖȔ (ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ȠȚȈȉȈ) ǴȈȑȒȓȖȔ ǬțȋȈȕȖȔ (Michael Dugan), ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ǫȈȘȖȓȤȌ ǻȐȕȚȖȕ (Harold Winton) ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓ «ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȌȣȘȖȑ ȗȖ ȌȘțȋțȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȌȐȒȖȑ șȐȕȍȊȣ» (a black hole in the wild blue yonder), ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ (coherent) ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ. Ƕȕ ȐșȒȈȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ șȝȍȔț ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ Ǿǫ, ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ, Ȑ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț 1988ȋ. ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȗȧȚȐ ȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȞ – șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȧȉȓȖȟȒȖ ȔȐȠȍȕȐ Ȍȓȧ ǪǪǹ.

ǨȕȈȓȐȏȐȘțȧ ȊȘȈȋȈ ȒȈȒ șȐșȚȍȔț, ǪȈȘȌȍȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȧȚȤ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ [6]. ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȍȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ – ȥȚȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ. ǶȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ, ȊȖȊȕȍ ȗȖ țȉȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ș ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ, ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ (organic essentials), ȐȕȜȘȈșȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȝ șȐȓ (ǸȐș. 3) [7].

ǸȐș. 3

ǷȧȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȞ ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ

ǸțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ

ǪȈȎȕȣȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǰȕȜȘȈșȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ

ǵȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ

ǹȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȊȖȑșȒȈ

456

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ǿǫ ȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ Ǿǫ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ «țȏȍȓ (hub) Ȋșȍȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ» Ȍȓȧ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ. ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕ, ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ, Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȕȈ ȊșȦ șȐșȚȍȔț (Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ, ȐȌȍȚ ȓȐ ȘȍȟȤ Ȗ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȔ ȒȖȓȤȞȍ). Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȝ țȏȓȖȊ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȈ ȗȧȚȤ «șțȉȒȖȓȍȞ» (ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ, ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ Ȑ Ț.Ȍ.), ȒȈȎȌȖȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȌȍȓȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȧȚȤ ȒȖȓȍȞ, ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ Ǿǫ.

ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȍȔȖȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȗȧȚȐ ȒȖȓȍȞ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȈȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȍ. ǬȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȈȚȈȒȐ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚ ǪǪǹ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȍȚ Ǿǫ șȘȍȌȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȞ [8]. ǪȕțȚȘȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȓȍȞ ȓȍȎȈȚ Ǿǫ, ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț țȘȖȊȕȦ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ, ȟȚȖ ȊȣȏȖȊȍȚ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȍȦ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȐ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ [9]. ǵȍȧȊȕȣȑ ȔȍșșȐȌȎ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ Ǿǫ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȔț ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟț șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ țșȗȍȠȕȈȧ ȈȚȈȒȈ ȕȈ Ǿǫ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȞ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖȔț ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟț Ȑ ȕȍșȚȍȘȗȐȔȖȔț ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ.

DzȖȋȌȈ ǰȘȈȒ ȊȚȖȘȋșȧ Ȋ DzțȊȍȑȚ Ȋ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ 1990ȋ., Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȡȐȒȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ, ȖȚȌȍȓ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ (Checkmate Division) ǪȈȘȌȍȕȈ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȀȚȈȉȈ ǪǪǹ Ȋ ǷȍȕȚȈȋȖȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȐ. ǺȊȍȘȌȖ ȊȍȘȧ Ȋ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ țȌȈȘȖȊ ȗȖ Ǿǫ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, Ȗȕ ȊȖȏȘȖȌȐȓ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȗȧȚȐ ȒȖȓȍȞ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ, «ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ șȓțȟȈȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȟȍȔ ȜȈȒȚȣ, Ȑ ȜȈȒȚȣ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȐ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ» [10].

ǬȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȍ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǪǪǹ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ «ǩțȘȧ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ». ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȐȏȊȓȍȒ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ țȘȖȒȖȊ Ȑȏ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȖȔ ȏȈȓȐȊȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȓȈ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ. ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ ȉȣȓȐ:

1.ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȐ Ȑ ȝȘțȗȒȖșȚȤ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ;

2.ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȗȖȚȍȘȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ;

3.ȗȖȌȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ (ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȈȚȈȒȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ǿǫ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ǺǪǬ);

4.ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȚȍȓș-ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȘțȎȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȔȈșșȣ Ȑ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖșȚȐ;

457

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

5.ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȒȈȒ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ, ȕȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍȝ, ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ 25 ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȐ ȓȍȚ [11].

ǹȖȍȌȐȕȐȊ ȘȈȕȕȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȒȈșȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ș șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȔ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȋ ǯȈȓȐȊȍ, ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȉȈȏȐș ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ǪǪǹ Ȋ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȐ. ǼțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȈȏȐș ȏȈȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȐ, ȔȍȚȖȌȣ (ȗțȚȐ) Ȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ (ends, ways, and means). ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚ ǪǪǹ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȈȊȧȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ (ȞȍȓȐ). ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠțȦ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȕțȌȐȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȓȦ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȞȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȔȐ (ȔȍȚȖȌȣ, ȗțȚȐ). Ǫ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ, Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ «ȗȧȚȐ ȒȖȓȍȞ», ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȍ Ǿǫ șȚȈȕțȚ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈȔȐ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȐ (șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ).

Ǫ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȔȈȒșȐȔț DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȍȌțȚșȧ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ; Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȔ, ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȊ, ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧ [12]. ǹ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȖ șțȚȐ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȌȐșȒțȘșȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȓȐȞȈȔȐ, ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț (policy makers) ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ. ǾȍȓȤȦ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȕȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȔȈȕȐȗțȓȧȞȐȧ ȊȖȓȍȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǪȈȘȌȍȕ țȚȖȟȕȧȍȚ: «ǪȖȑȕȣ ȊȍȌțȚșȧ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȝȖȚȐȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓ, – ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȚțȗȒȐ. <...> ǸțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȚțȗȒȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ǿǫ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȗȖȌ țȋȘȖȏȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȣȔ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ <...> ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȈȚȈȒȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȜȘȈșȚȘțȒȚțȘț, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȒȈȏȈȕ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȕ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȍ șȐȓȣ; șȒȖȘȍȍ ȈȚȈȒȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ ȕȈ șȐșȚȍȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ [ȗȘȧȔȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȒȖșȊȍȕȕȖȍ] ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ...» [13].

ǪȈȘȌȍȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȚȘȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ șȗȖșȖȉȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȝȖȚȐȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓ: ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȈȊȧȏȈȕȕȖȑ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȐ (ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȐȍ), ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟ (ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑȏ șȚȘȖȧ) Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ (țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ) [14]. ǪȏȧȚȣȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ, ȌȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ șȐȓȣ. ǪȣȉȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȚȤ ș țȘȖȊȕȍȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ (objective intent).

458