Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȣȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ, ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȔșȧ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȔ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȔȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȟȈȡȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȣȋȘȈȕȣ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ǩǬȅȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȝ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ1.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȈ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȑȏ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȝ ȍȍ ȜȖȘȔ. ǶǩǬȅ – ȥȚȖ, șȒȖȘȍȍ, ȕȖȊȣȑ șȗȖșȖȉ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȔȐȘ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ: ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț, ș ȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȖȑ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȐȔȍȕȤȠȐȔȐ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȔȐ. ǵȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, șȚȘȍȔȐȓȐșȤ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ țșȓȖȊȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț Ȋ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ. ǻșȗȍȠȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȍȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ, ȖȞȍȕȒȐ, ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ șȊȖȐȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȝ ȐȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȈȕȍȕȈȕȈȌȍȎȌȍȐȊȍȘȍ2.

ǪȐȏȈȕȚȐȑșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓȒȖȊȖȌȍȞ ǪȍȓȐșȈȘȐȑ (Belisarius) șȒȈȏȈȓ: «ǹȈȔȖȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ: ȗȘȐȕțȌȐȚȤ ȊȘȈȋȈ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ, ȕȍ ȗȖȕȍșȧ șȈȔȖȔț ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ țȡȍȘȉȈ»3. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȥȔȉȘȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ. Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȟȍȓȍȑ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȣȏȖȊțȚ Ȑȝ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ Ȑ ȍȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ ȊȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ, șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȐ ȎȐȊȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȍȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȐȕȜȘȈșȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȉȍșȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖ, Ȑ ț ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȓȈȕȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, ȟȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ țȟȍȚȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȋȖ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȈ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ/ȐȓȐ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ4.

ǾȍȓȤ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȕȈȠȐȔ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȔ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ Ȋ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȎȍȓȈ-

1 Batschelet, Effects-Based Operations: A new Operational Model, p. 18. 2 Gleeson, New Perspectives on Effects-Based Operations, pp. 17-18.

3 Liddell Hart, Basil H. Strategy. Second edition, 1954, reprint, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967, p. xii. 4 Admiral, Effects-Based Operations, p. 11.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȌȖȋȈȌȈȓșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ. ǭșȓȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȐșȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȣ, ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ șȐȓȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ Ȋ șȗȍȒȚȘȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ. ǹȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȐȍ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȕȈ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȝ – ȞȍȓȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȝ Ȑȝ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȟȈș ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ș ȔȍȕȤȠȐȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ1.

ǪȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȘțȎȐȧ, ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȖȊȣȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȍ, șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȔȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ Ȗȋȕȧ. ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȍȚ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȕȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ țȎȍ ȕȈ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǷȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ, ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȍȏȌȍșțȡȍȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, șȝȖȎȍȍ ș ȘȖȓȤȦ ȋȘȈȊȐȚȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ2. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȞȍȓȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȖȒȖȘȚȐ-

ȒȈȓȤȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȌțȝȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ3 (neo-cortical layer of an adversary's psyche). Ǫ

ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȞȐȑ, ȕȍȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȉȍȏ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ, ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȓȐ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȑ. ǬȍȑșȚȊțȧ ȉȣșȚȘȖ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖșȚțȗȈ, ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ

ȐȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȗȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ4. ǨșȗȍȒȚȣ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȗșȐ-ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ ȉȖȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ «ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȗȖȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȦȐțȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ» (ǰǷDzȐǻ) ǴǶǹȀǨ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ǶǩǬȅ – ȥȚȖ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȈȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȈȕȕțȓȐȘțȍȚ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ, ȕȖ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȍȚ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ

Ȑȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋșȍȝ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ. ǰȏȕțȘȍȕȐȍ Ȑ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ – ȥȚȖ ȓȖȎȕȈȧ ȌȐȝȖȚȖȔȐȧ, Ȑ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȐȍȔ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ5.

1 Deptula, Effects-Based Operations, p. 26.

2 Pendall, Effects-Based Operations and the Exercise of National Power, p. 24.

3 Szafranski, Richard. “Neocortical Warfare? The Acme of Skill.» Military Review, Vol. 74, No. 11, November 1994, pp. 41-55. 12 January 2011. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/neocortical.pdf.

4 Pendall, Effects-Based Operations and the Exercise of National Power, p. 26.

5 Davis, Effects-Based Operations: A Grand Challenge for the Analytical Community, pp. 15-16.

440

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǻȝȖȌȧȡȐȔ Ȋ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ, ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȣȓȖ, ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ. ǴȈȒȐȈȊȍȓȓȐ șȒȈȏȈȓ: «ǵȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȘțȌȕȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ, ȕȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ țșȗȍȝȈ, ȕȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȟȍȔ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ Ȋȍȡȍȑ»1. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȚȈȚȤ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ȑ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȔ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȗȖ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȐ.

1 Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince and The Discourses. The Modern Library, Random House, Inc., 1950, Chapter VI, p. 21.

441

ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ 1

ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǿǭǹDzǶǫǶ ǷǨǸǨdzǰǿǨ ǬǮǶǵǨ ǩǶDZǬǨ1

ǴȈȠȐȕȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȐȋȘȣȊȈȦȚ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǯȍȔȓȧ (ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧ) ȕȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȊȖȑȕț. ǪȖȦȦȚ ȓȦȌȐ. Ǻȣ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȔȖȏȋ ȓȦȌȍȑ. ȅȚȖ ȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ, ȋȌȍ ȊȍȌȍȚșȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ.

ǷȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒ ǬȎȖȕ ǩȖȑȌ

ǺȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȖȘȕȐ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ǬȎȖȕȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȗȘȖșȓȍȎȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȤȍȘț Ȋ ǪǪǹ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȓȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȚȘȐ ȌȍșȧȚȒȈ ȓȍȚ. Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȘȍȑșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǩȖȑȌ, ȓȍȚȟȐȒ-ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȓȍȚȈȓ ȕȈ F-86 Sabre (ǹȈȉȘȈ) ȚțȌȈ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ ȗȖ «Ȉȓȓȍȍ Ǵǰǫ-ȖȊ» (MiG Alley), ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȐȕȚțȐȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȏȎȍ Ȗȕ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓ ȒȈȒ «ȉȣșȚȘȣȍ ȌȐȕȈ-

ȔȐȟȕȣȍ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ» (fast transient maneuvers).

ǽȖȚȧ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȍ Ǵǰǫ-15 ȐȔȍȓȐ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȈșȗȍȒȚȈȔ, ȋȐȌȘȈȊȓȐȟȍșȒȖȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȍȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȕȖșȚȐ F-86 ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȓ ȗȐȓȖȚȈȔ ǹȈȉȘȣ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȈȔȐ – șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ ȉȖȍȊ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȈ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț. DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȐȓȖȚ Ǵǰǫ-Ȉ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȔȈȕȍȊȘ ǹȈȉȘȣ, ȉȣșȚȘȖȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȓȈȓȖ ȖȚȒȓȐȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ. ǺȈȒȈȧ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȓȈ ȗȐȓȖȚȈȔ ǹȈȉȘȣ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȧȦȡȍȍ șȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȤ ȌȍșȧȚȤ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȔȖȡȕȣȝ ǴȐǫ-15. ǷȍȘȍȌ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǩȖȑȌ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȈ Ȋ «ȀȒȖȓȍ ȖȘțȎȐȧ ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȧ» ȕȈ ȈȊȐȈȉȈȏȍ Ȋ ǵȍȓȓȐș, ǵȍȊȈȌȈ

(Fighter Weapons School at Nellis AFB, Nevada), ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓ țȘȖȒȐ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȈ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȘȔȈȕȍȊȘȈ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ ȉȖȍȊ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ «ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȐ» (Aerial Attack Study). ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȕȈ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȉȈȏȍ Ȋ ǭȋȓȐȕ, ǼȓȖȘȐȌȈ (Eglin AFB, Florida), Ȗȕ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȖșȕȖȊț ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȔȈȕȍȊȘț ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ (energy maneuver ability theory). ǽȖȚȧ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȕȖȊȓȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȓȍȚ, ȉȈȏȐșȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ, ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ ǩȖȑȌȈ, Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȉȐȉȓȐȍȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȓȍȚȟȐȒȖȊ-ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ.

ǷȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȑ ȥȒșȗȍȘȚ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȧ, ǩȖȑȌ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ ǷȍȕȚȈȋȖȕ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȊȈȦȡȍȔșȧ FX- ȗȘȖȍȒȚȍ (the plagued FX project). ǭȋȖ ȔȖȌȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ

1 ǫȓȈȊȈ Ȑȏ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Fadok, David S. “John Boyd and John Warden: Airpower’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis,” in Phillip S. Meilinger, (ed.). The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1997.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ F-15 Eagle – ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȣ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȡȍȑ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ș YF-16, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȕȍȗȘȖȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȓ «ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȕȣȔ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȈȔ». ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȐȓȖȚȖȊ-ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȓȐ YF-16 ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚț YF-17 ȐȏȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȚȤ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ țȒȓȖȕȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ (shift maneuvers), ȖȏȕȈȟȈȦȡȍȑ «ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȣșȚȘțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț». ǽȊȈȓȍȉȕȣȍ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ ȗȐȓȖȚȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ, ȝȘȈȕȧȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȐȒȈȝ ȔȖȏȋȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȋ ȉȖȦ.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȖ ȖȚșȚȈȊȒȐ ǩȖȑȌ ȕȍ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȓ șȊȖȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȉȖȉȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ [1]. ǹȚȈȘȚȖȊȈȊ Ȋ 1976ȋ. ǹ 16-șȚȘȈȕȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȥșșȍ «ǸȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȍ» (Destruction and Creation), șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȌȍȐ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȐșȤ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȍȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ șȍȘȐȐ ȉȘȐȜȐȕȋȖȊ Ȑȏ 5 ȟȈșȚȍȑ «ǬȐșȒțȘș ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ» (A Discourse on Winning and Losing). ǰȘȖȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ șȈȔ «ǬȐșȒțȘș», ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ Ȑ șȐȕȚȍȏȈ, ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ «ǸȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȐ Ȑ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȐ» – ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȗȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȦ ǩȖȑȌȈ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȖȔ Ȑ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ. ȅȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȐ, șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ (agility), «ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ; ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȋșȧ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ (ȈȕȈȓȐȏ), Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȕȚțȐȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȣ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ, Ȍȓȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ (șȐȕȚȍȏȈ) ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ» [2]. ǩȖȑȌ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȦ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ ȥȚț «ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕțȦ ȋȐȔȕȈșȚȐȒț», ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘțȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ Ȑȏ ȒȈȎțȡȐȝșȧ ȕȍșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȓȈșȚȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ, ȜȐȏȐȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ. ǨȕȈȓȐȏȐȘțȧ Ȑȝ, ǩȖȑȌ șȚȈȓ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȊȧȏȈȓȈ ȚȍȖȘȍȔț ȕȍȗȖȓȕȖȚȣ ǫȍȌȍȓȧ, ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǫȍȑȏȍȕȉȍȘȋȈ Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ Ȑ ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȦ [3]. ǬȍȓȈȧ ȥȚȖ, Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț: ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȏȕțȚȘȐ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȤȦ; ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȓȦȉȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔț ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȒț Ȑ ȕȍȘȈȏȉȍȘȐȝȍ. ǶȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ǩȖȑȌ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȊșȍȖȉȢȍȔȓȦȡțȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ȗȖȉȍȌț ș țșȗȍȠȕȣȔ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȈ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȏȈȔȣȒȈȧ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ.

ǰșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș «ǸȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȍ», ǩȖȑȌ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȑȕ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȑ ȖȠȐȉȖȒ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȍ. ȅȚȖȚ ȕȈțȟȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȧșȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȣ Ȋ «ȉȣșȚȘȣȍ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȕȣȍ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ», ȊȗȐȚȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȌȕȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȍȊȣȔ ȗȐȓȖȚȖȔ. DzȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ șȚȈȓ ȥȒȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȐșȒțȘș, ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȊȣȎȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ, șțȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȐȎȍ.

ǺȍȖȘȐȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȍȚ ȜȖȘȔț ȔȈȕȍȊȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ[4]. ǪȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ «ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ Ȍțȝ Ȑ ȊȖȓȦ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȗȈșȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȐȚțȈȞȐȑ» [5]. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ ȐȓȐ ȘȐȚȔȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȞȍȓȤȦ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ, ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȍȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ[6]. ǾȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ:

1.șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȣșȖȒȖȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȍ Ȑ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȍȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ Ȍȍȓ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ;

2.ȘȈșșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑȏ șȚȘȖȧ ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ[7].

ǶșȕȖȊȣȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȍ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ Ȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ, ǩȖȑȌ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȓ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈ țșȗȍȠȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ – ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȈ, ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȧ, ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȈ[8]. ǪȔȍșȚȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȧȚȤ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕțȦ, ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ șȘȍȌț ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǩȖȑȌ ȖȚȌȈȍȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖȍ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞț ȏȈ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ țȓțȟȠȍȕȐȧ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȦ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ, ȏȈȐȔșȚȊțȧ ȥȚț ȐȌȍȦ ț ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ, ǩȖȑȌ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȋ ȕțȎȕȖȔ Șțșȓȍ. Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȌȖ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȈȠ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚ. Ƕȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȌȍȦ ȔȐȕȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȔȈȒșȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ș ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔȐ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈȔȐ – ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȖȑ, ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȍȑ, ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȑ.

ǿȚȖȉȣ ȔȐȕȐȔȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚ. ȅȚȖ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊț ȕȈ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȞȍȗȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȍȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ. ȅȚȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕțȦ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȦ ȔȍȎȌț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧȔȐ. ǩȍȏ Ȗȉȡȍȑ Ȟȍ-

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȓȐ Ȑ șȝȖȎȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ, șȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȕȐȎȍșȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȘȐșȒț ȘȈȏȘȖȏȕȍȕȕȖșȚȐ țșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȦ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ [9].

ǿȚȖȉȣ ȔȈȒșȐȔȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȈȚȈȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ș ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȑ. ǨȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖ ș șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍȔ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȥȚȈ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȧ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȒȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȣȧȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ țȋȘȖȎȈȍȔȣȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ; ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȎȈȧ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȈ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȓȦ Ȓ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȦ.

ǽȖȚȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ (ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȌ-șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ) ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȧ ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ. ǵȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ǩȖȑȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȎȍșȚȒȖȔ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȗȓȈȕȖȊ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ. ǸȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȉȣșȚȘȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȑ ȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȝ, ȊȊȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗșȍȊȌȖțȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ. ǴȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ șȎȈȚȣȝ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȉțȌțȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȈȕȖȔȈȓȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȈ, țȋȘȖȎȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȎȐȊȈȕȐȦ, Ȑ ȚȍȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȔț țȋȘȖȎȈȦȚ. ǷȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ, ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȊȣȎȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȘȍȓȍȊȈȕȚȕȣȔȐ, ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȈșșȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȍȔ Ȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ.

ǾȍȓȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ șȖșȚȖȧȚȤ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ țșȓȖȊȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȊȣȑȚȐ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȖȚȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȑ ȖȚ ȕȖȘȔȣ, ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȧȧ ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, Ȗȕ ȕȍ

ȊșȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȑ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ. Ǫ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȍȘȍȑȌȍȚ

ȊȗȈȘȈȓȐȏțȦȡțȦ ȗȈȕȐȒț, Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ/ȐȓȐ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȚșȧ.

ǨȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ǩȖȑȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ Ȋ «ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕțȦ – ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕțȦ – ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ (moral fiber), ȌȍȏȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ, șȘȣȊȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȒȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ». ȅȚȖ ȚȘȍȝȔȍȘȕȈȧ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ «ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ – ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ – ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȉȈșȚȐȖȕȖȊ, șȊȧȏȍȑ, ȐȓȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ» [10]. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȈȕȕțȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ, ǩȖȑȌ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȖȟȒț ȏȘȍȕȐȧ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ. ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȘț-

445

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȠȐȚȤ «țȏȍȓ Ȋșȍȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ», șȖȏȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȚȘȖȊ ȋȘȈȊȐȚȈȞȐȐ, ȈȚȈȒțȧ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ – ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ – ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȊȧȏȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ȊȖȍȌȐȕȖ. ǵȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ șȊȧȏȍȑ ș ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȔȐȘȖȔ. ǺȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȘȈȏȘȣȊ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ șȊȧȏȍȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟț Ȑ ȒȘȈȝț (ȒȖȓȓȈȗșț) șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ.

ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, șȈȔȣȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȖȍ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ, ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ Ȑȏ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ – ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ, ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ, ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. ǩȖȑȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȞȐȒȓȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ «ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȍ» (OODA loop) (ǸȐș. 1). Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȚȘțȌȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ ǵǶǸǬȞȐȒȓȈȔ [11]. ǷȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȚȖȚ, ȒȚȖ ȘȈȏ ȏȈ ȘȈȏȖȔ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ, ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ (Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ), ȟȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ [12]. ǬȖȉȐȊȈȧșȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ, Ȗȕ «ȏȈȔȣȒȈȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ» Ȑ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȦ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȚȍȒțȡȍȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ [13]. DzȓȦȟȖȔ Ȓ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ (ȗȖȘȖȋȈ) șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ (Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ) Ȋ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȍȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ.

ǿȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȎȐȚȤ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȐ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȔ, ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȔșȧ ȔȐȘȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ, Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȈȔȐȝ șȍȉȧ; ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣșȚȘȖ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȐȓȐ șȝȍȔț, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖșȚȐȟȤ Ȑ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȕȍ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ, ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȕȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȔșȧ. ǺȈȒȖȍ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ, ȐȓȐ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȟȍȔ ȐȕȣȔ, ȒȈȒ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȔ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȔ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ (ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ) Ȑ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȧ (șȐȕȚȍȏȈ). ȅȚȖ, șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ǩȖȑȌȈ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș «ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȔȐȘȈ, ȐșȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȕȈȔ ȋȍȕȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȐȓȐ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȥȚȖȔț ȔȐȘț» [14]. DzȖȋȌȈ Ȋȣ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ, ț ȊȈș ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȓȦȟ Ȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ, ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ. DzȖȋȌȈ Ȋȣ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚȍ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ, ȥȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȋȍȕȐȧ [15].

ǪȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȔ, ȋȍȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍȔ, Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧȔȐ. ǶȕȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȕȈ ȕȈȠȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ [16]. ǵȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȦȚ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȝȍȔȖȑ, ȊȍȌțȚ Ȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȔ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ. ǹȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȕȈȠȍȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȝșȧ, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ.

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ǵȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȔȐȘȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈȠȐȔȐ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȈȔȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȋȍȕȍȘȐȘțȦȚ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ. Ǫ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț Ȑ ȌȍȏȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ țȔȍȕȤȠȈȍȚ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ, Ȑ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ. ǩțȌțȟȐ ȕȍȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ, ȌȍȏȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȕȍțȒȓȖȕȕȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓț, ȗȖȒȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȚ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȖȊțȠȒȖȑ.

ǹȊȧȏȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ, ǩȖȑȌ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ ȚȍȏȐș, ȟȚȖ țșȗȍȝ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ǵǶǸǬȞȐȒȓȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǪȖȍȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȌȊțȔȧ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔȐ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȔȐȕȐȔȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊț Ȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ. ȅȚȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȍ ȌȘțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ șȓțȎȐȚ «șȎȐȔȈȕȐȦ» șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ (ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ țșȒȖȘȧȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ). ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȔȈȒșȐȔȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ Ȑ șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȖȊ. ǻȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ «ȘȈșȚȧȎȍȕȐȦ» ȍȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ. ǷȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȍ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ, ȌȈȕȕȣȍ «ȔȈȕȐȗțȓȧȞȐȐ ȚȘȍȕȐȍȔ» ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȚ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦȡțȦșȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȣȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȦ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǷȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț Ȑ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȒț Ȋ ȓȈȋȍȘȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. Ǫ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ – Ȓ ȗȈȕȐȒȍ Ȑ șȚȘȈȝț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș șȐȚțȈȞȐȍȑ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǰșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ țȟȍȕȣȔ ǸȖȉȍȘȚȖȔ ǷȍȑȗȖȔ (Robert Pape), ȚȍȖȘȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ (ǸȐș. 2):

DzȈȒ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ șȈȔ ǩȖȑȌ, ȍȋȖ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȟȕȖȑ. Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȘȈșȟȓȍȕȍȕȐȐ «ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ – ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ – ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ», ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ ȊȕțȚȘȤ «ȘȈȏțȔ – ȊȘȍȔȧ – ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ» ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ (ȍșȓȐ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ) ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȥȚȐȝ ȈȉșȚȘȈȒȚȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ. ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȊȍȘȐȍȔ Ȋ șȊȖȐ șȐȓȣ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȔȣșȓȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ, ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȕșȓȧȞȐȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȧșȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ Ȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ. ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȞȍȓȤ ǩȖȑȌȈȕȍșȖșȚȖȐȚ ȊȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȊȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȐȓȐ ȌȐȒȚȖȊȈȚȤ.

ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ǬȎȖȕ ǩȖȑȌ ȊȍȘȐȚ Ȋ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕț [17]. Ƕȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȖȌȕț ȜȖȘȔțȓț; ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȗțȚȐ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȊȈș ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȣȔȐ Ȑ țȧȏȊȐȔȣȔȐ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ Ȑ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȉȈȋȈȎ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȓȖȊȖȒ, Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ, Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȉȈȋȈȎȍ ȚȖ, ȟȍȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȝȖȚȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǩȖȑȌȈ ȕȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȞȍȗȚȖȊ țșȗȍȝȈ, ȖȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ [18] . ǩȖȓȍȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȍȋȖ ȌȐșȒțȘșȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ.

DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ, ȕȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǩȖȑȌȈ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȍȍ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤȦ, Ȉ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ – ȈȒȞȍȕȚ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. ǶȚȘȈȎȈȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȐȍ Ȓ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔ ș ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ ȚȍȔȗȖȔ Ȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȖȍ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ, ǩȖȑȌ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ, ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕ-

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