Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

x ȕȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȊȒȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ.

ǷȘȐȌȈȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȦ șȚȈȚțșȈ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȈ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ, Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ țșȐȓȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȓȦȌȍȑ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȐșȝȖȌ ǶǩǬȅ Ȋ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȔȐ ȖȚ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ – ȊȖȐȕȈ, ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ, ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ – Ȓ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȍȑȚȕȖȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȧ. ǽȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȍ. ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȈȒȞȍȕȚȐȘțȍȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ, ȒȈȒȖȑ ȒțȘș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȚșȧ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȦȚșȧ, ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ, ȖșȔȣșȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȈȒȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȖȊȣȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȓȦȉȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ.

ǨȒȞȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ, ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ǶǩǬȅ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ Ȑ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȔȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ țșȓȖȎȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. dzȦȉȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ – ȥȚȖ ȋȖȕȒȐ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ, șȊȖȐȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȥȚȈȗȖȊ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, șȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȐȘțȧ Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȣȊȈȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȣ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ – ȖȚ șȍȒțȕȌ Ȑ ȔȐȕțȚ șȖȓȌȈȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ ȊȏȊȖȌȈ, ȟȈșȖȊ Ȑ Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȈ, ȌȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ȑ ȓȍȚ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ. ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ, Ȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐȌȍȘȣ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȚȤ ȕȈ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ, ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȊțȝ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȑ. ǵȖȊȐȏȕț Ȋ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ǶǩǬȅ ȊȕȖșȐȚ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ Ȑ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǹȍȚȐ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ șȍȚȍȊȣȔ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ Ȓ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔ (ǹǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ǹǶǩǬȅ) (a net- work-enabled but effects-based approach to operations).

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

3.1 DzȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ

DzȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȕȍțȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȔțȦ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț, ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȍȍ – Ȓ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ. ǻșȗȍȝ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ǶǩǬȅ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȐȕȚțȐȞȐȐ, ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ. ǴȍȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ ȖȠȐȉȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȖȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȒȖȔȗȍȕșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȓȈȉȖșȚȐ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȔ, Ȑ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȔț ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ. Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ șȚȘțȒȚțȘț ȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȈ.

ǪȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ. ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȐȗȈȔȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȖȋȖȕȤ. ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȡȈȧșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȟȍȚȍ ȞȍȓȐ, Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȓ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȉȈȓȓȐșȚȐȒȐ, ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȘȖșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȖȋȖȕȤ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȝ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ. ǶȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ, Ȑ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȍȑȚȕȖȚȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȝ – șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȍ șȘȖȒȐ. ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȚȤ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ. ǬȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȍȑȚȕȖȚȈ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȓțȟȠȍ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ. DzȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǩǬȅȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȣȔ, ȕȖ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒț Ȑ ȗȖȌȉȖȘ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ, ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȝ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔȐ Ȓ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȦ ȉȣșȚȘȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ǶǩǬȅ.

ǸȖȓȤ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ. ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǺǪǬ, ȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣșȖȒȐȍ țȘȖȊȕȐ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ. ǫȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ

430

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒț șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȔț șȖȊȔȍȡȈȚȤ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȗȘȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȐȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț ȘȧȌȈ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȝ ȗȍȘșȖȕ Ȑ ȒȘțȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ. ǹȖȏȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȐȔ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȍȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ șȐȓȤȕȈ Ȋ ȈȘȔȐȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ, Ȑ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȜȓȖȚȍ Ȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȝ. ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȊȣȉȖȘȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȓ. ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȖțȟȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȏȓȍȚȈ Ȑ ȗȖȏȎȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȉȣȓȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈȔȐ, ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȘȈȚȤȧȔ Ȑ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȔț șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȐȦ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ șțȔȍȊ ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒțȦ Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȕțȦ ȖȗȖȘț șȊȖȍȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ.

ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȕȍȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ. ǻșȗȍȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȍȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈȔȐ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȘȖȗȖȚȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȠȚȈȉ Ȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȒȘțȋ ȌȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȐȞ – șȊȖȦ «ȉȈȕȌț ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ» (band of brothers) ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȈ. DzȈȎȌȈȧ țșȗȍȠȕȈȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȟȈȡȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȍȚȐ. Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ «ȉȈȕȌȣ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ» ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȈ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȉȈȏȐș ȖȜȐȞȍȘȖȊ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȔ, ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȒȘțȋ, ȉȣȓ ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕ Ȋ ȝȖȌȍ ȈȕȋȓȖ-ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȊȠȐȔȐ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȖȊșȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȑȕȈȔȐ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȖȊ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ șȓțȎȉț ȕȈ ȜȓȖȚȍ ȦȕȋȈȔȐ. ȅȚȖ ȌȈȊȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ ǵȍȓȤșȖȕț, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ ȜȓȖȚț ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȍ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȏȕțȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ.

ǶȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȉȖȘ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ Ȓ ȐȕȚțȐȚȐȊȕȖȔț ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȕȐȦ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȐȔ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȖșȚȤȦ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ. ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȓ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȜȐȞȍȘșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ – ȥȚȖ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȗȘȖȉ Ȑ ȖȠȐȉȖȒ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȕ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȌȖȘȖȋ Ȑ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȓȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ, ȘȈȏ ȏȈ ȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȒȗȖȌȉȖȘțȐȘȈșșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȊȣȏȖȊ, șȚȖȧȡȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖȔ, ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȚȈȒțȦ șȐșȚȍȔț ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ, ȖȚȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȘȈșșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ, ȗȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȧȝ, ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȣ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-

431

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȉȖȘșȚȊȈ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȓȈȕȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȗȘțșșȒȖȋȖ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȠȚȈȉȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȠȚȈȉȈ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ 19-20 ȊȍȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ șȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǪȣȏȖȊȣ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȔȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ, ȊȣȋȓȧȌȧȚ ȗȖ-ȌȘțȋȖȔț Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȖȚȉȖȘȈ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ.

ǸȖȓȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ. ǯȈȌȈȟȐ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȈ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, șȚȖȧȓȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ. ǽȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȚȤ șȗȈȧȕȕȣȑ ȠȚȈȉ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ șȍȚȤ Ȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȒȘțȋ ȌȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȐȞ, ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȐȕȌȐȒȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ. ǪȣȏȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȔȐ, țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȐșȚȍȔȣ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǶȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȧȌȘȖȔ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȔȖȋțȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȌȊȈ ȚȐȗȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ, ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ. ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȝ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȝ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ Ȗȉȡȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ.

ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȊȣȏȖȊȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊȍ Ȑ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐ – ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȌȊțȔȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ – ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ (limited span of control), ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ, Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȖȔ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ, ȖșȔȣșȓȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ1. Ǫ ȕȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȖȊșȒțȦ ȥȗȖȝț ȔȈșșȖȊȣȝ ȈȘȔȐȑ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ2.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐȐȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȧȏȊȐȔȖȑ ȗȘȐșȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ ș ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ. Ǫ 19 ȊȍȒȍ ȎȍșȚȒȖșȚȤ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȉȈȓȈȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȖ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǶȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȐȦ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ ȏȊȍȕȤȍȊ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȓȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ. ǬȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȠȈȋȖȊ ș ȞȍȕȚȘȖȔ,

1 Creveld, Martin van. Command in War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985, p. 261. 2 Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, pp. 348-353.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ Ȑ ȔȍșȧȞȣ, ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȔȈȕȍȊȘȈ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȒȖȘȗțșț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȈ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȑ. Ǫ ȚȈȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖȉȡȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ Ȓ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ, ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȊȒȍ țșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘ. ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ.

ǹȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȉȈȓȈȕș ȕȈȟȈȓ ȔȍȕȧȚȤșȧ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓ ȊȣșȠȍȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț șȚȘȈȕȣ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ. ǸȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȉȈȓȈȕșȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧȔȐ Ȓ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȈȞȐȐ țșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȤȐ. ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȐȕȞȐȌȍȕȚȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖȉȡȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȊțȟȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ șȌȊȐȋȈȔ ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ. ǻ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȉȓȈȏȕ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȣȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȠȤșȧ ș ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ. ǺȈȒȖȑ șȚȐȓȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ȖȉȡȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ țȋȘȖȏȈȝ Ȑ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȝ, ȗȈȘȈȓȐȏțȍȚ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ. ǪȖȓȦȕȚȈȘȐșȚșȒȐȍ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ, ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ țșȐȓȐȧ, ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȍ, ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ, Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȊȈȓ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ǹȍȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȦȚ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȉȈȓȈȕș ȔȍȎȌț ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȍȑ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȐȍȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ.

ǹǾǶ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ. ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ǹǾǶ șȚȈȘȈȓȖșȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȤ, ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑȏ ȞȍȗȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ȅȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚȤ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȚȤ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȖȠȐȉȖȒ ȗȘȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǺȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȘȍșțȘșȣ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ. ǺȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ «ȖȉȘȈȚȕțȦ șȊȧȏȤ» Ȑ șȐȋȕȈȓȣ, ȋȍȕȍȘȐȘțȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǪȖȏȕȐȒȈȓȈ ȥȑȜȖȘȐȧ Ȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧ șȊȖȌȐȚȤ ǹǾǶ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȐșȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȊȞȍȓȖȔȒȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț țȘȖȊȕȦ.

433

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ «ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ» ǹǾǶ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕ- ȕȖ-șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔț țȘȖȊȕȦ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚț. «ǪȣȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ» ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑȏ ȞȍȗȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȖ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȟȐșȚȣȍ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȣ «șȍȕșȖȘ-ȖȘțȎȐȍ», ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȈȞȐȑ, ȕȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȣ Ȓ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȓȧ ȉȖȧ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ, șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ țșȐȓȐȑ, ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ, ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȖȧ. ǺȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧ Ȓ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȊȍșȚȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ǶǩǬȅ Ȓ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț țȘȖȊȕȦ ȊȣȝȖȓȈȡȐȊȈȓȐ șȈȔț ȐȌȍȦ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǹǾǶ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ, ȗȣȚȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȤ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȑ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǶǩǬȅ, ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȊȠȐȑ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȍ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȒȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȧȔ Ȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȔ, ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ – ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȊșȚțȗȈȓȐ Ȋ ȧȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, șȚȖȓȒȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ș ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ș ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȖȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǹǾǶ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ, ȉȣȓȈ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȈ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȉȈȓȈȕșț Ȑ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖ-

ȌȖȔ ș șȍȚȍȊȣȔȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ (network-enabled yet human-centric).

3.2. ǹȍȚȍȊȖȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔ

ǭșȓȐ Ȋ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ țȓțȟȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȓ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȞȍȗȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȚȖ Ȋ șȍȚȍȊȖȔ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ șȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȈȒȞȍȕȚȈ. ǹǶǩǬȅ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ, ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȍȑ, ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ, ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȔȖȌȍȓȧȔȐ – ȊșȍȔȐ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ǹȍȚȤ. ȅȚȖ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȍșȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȚțȐȞȐȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȠȚȈȉȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǹȍȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȊțȔȧ ȗțȚȧȔȐ țșȐȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ: ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȓțȟȠȍȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, țȔȍȕȤȠȈȦȡțȦ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȐȕȚțȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȗȣȚȈ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȠȐȘȖȒțȦ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț ȔȖȌȍȓȧȔȐ, ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȕȣȔȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȕȐȏȐȚȤ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȠȐȘȖȚȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ.

ǷȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ Ȋ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȟȍȘȚȈȝ ȖȟȍȘȚȐȚȤ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ, ȗȖȔȖȋȈȦȡȐȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȔ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ǹȍȚȐ Ȋ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ:

434

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǹǶǩǬȅ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ

ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ǶǩǬȅ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȈȒȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǬȐșȒțȘș ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ, «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ», ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ (agile organization), ȖȉțȟȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ (learning organizations) ȕȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠ-

ȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ1. ǺȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌț ȉȣȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȔ Ȓ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ, ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȊșȚțȗȈȍȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ ș ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǩǬȅ-ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ – ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș, Ȑ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, ȍșȓȐ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔț ȎȐȊȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ, ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐșȒȖȔȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ǶǩǬȅ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ.

DzȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ, ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ. ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȖșȚȤ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșȍ, ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖȔ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșț ȔȍȎȌț ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ, șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ, ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ǹȍȚȐ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ – ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ. ǵȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍȕ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǹǶǩǬȅ, ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȡȍȑ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ǹȍȚȐ. ǵȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȋȌȍ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȣȔ, ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȈ ǹȍȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȘȖȓȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, Ȑ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌț. ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȘȖȓȤ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǹȍȚȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȕțȓȦ, ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ. ǸȍȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȓȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘ ȖȗȐȘȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȈȐȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍ-

1 Alberts, Power to the Edge.

435

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȋȖ. Ǫ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȑ, ȌȈȊȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȔ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȣ, ȗȘȈȊȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȖȚȝȖȌȧ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ țȊȍȘȍȕ, ȟȚȖ țșȐȓȐȧ ȕȐȎȍșȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊ ȉțȌțȚ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ.

ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓȈșȤ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ǵǶǸǬ- Ȑ ǬǸȞȐȒȓȖȊ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȝ ȞȐȒȓȈȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, șȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȔ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȍȔț ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ1.

ǼȈȏȣ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȣ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȣ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ǬǸȞȐȒȓȈ Ȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȜȈȏȣ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȈ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșșț șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ, ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ – ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȦ, ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ – ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȦ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ – ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȦ. ǶȉȈ ȞȐȒȓȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ, Ȑ țșȗȍȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȞȐȒȓȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ, ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȚșȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ, ȗȖȕȧȚȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ ȉȖȘȞȖȊ (zweikampf), ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȖ Ȑ ȖȗȐșȈȕȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȈ, ȚȖ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ǩǬȅȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȎȍșȚȒȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȧ ȉȖȧ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȊȣȧȊȐȚȤ ȚȐȗȣ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ǹȍȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǹǶǩǬȅ Ȑ ǹǾǶ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ.

ǹǶǩǬȅ Ȑ ǹǾǶ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ

ǵȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ, ȟȚȖ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǵȖȊȐȏȕȈ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǹȍȚȐ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȑ țȑȚȐ ȖȚ țȏȒȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȣȝ, ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ ǹǾǶ. ǶǩǬȅ ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȘȖȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȜȈȏȈȝ Ȑ țȟȈșȚȒȈȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȣȔ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȈ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȦ ǹǾǶ Ȑ ǶǩǬȅ, Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȘȖȓȐ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȈ ǹȍȚȐ, ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȗȘȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ, ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ

1 Hammond, Grant T. “The Essential Boyd,” Belisarius, April 2000, pp. 9-10. 12 January 2011. http://www.belisarius.com/modern_business_strategy/hammond/essential_boyd.htm.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ Ȗ ǹȍȚȐ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, ȐȏȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȐ ȔȍȎȌț țȏȓȈȔȐ, ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ țȏȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘ., șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȘȈȏȔȈȝț. ǺȈȒȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ǹȍȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȍȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ șȍȚȍȑ.

DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǹǶǩǬȅ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ șȗȍȒȚȘȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȑ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȈȘȍȕȈȔ, ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȦȡȍȍ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȠȖȒ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȍȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑ ȓȖȒȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȐȦ. ǶșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȖșȚȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ, ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌțșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ. ǻȝȖȌ ȖȚ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȊ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ Ȓ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ, ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȍȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ. ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȍȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȝ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȝ șȚȈȕȌȈȘȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȐȌȍȦ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖ ȒȖȕȚȈȔȐȕȈȞȐȐ, ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȧ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈșșȍȟȍȕȐȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȏȈȍȚ, ȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȓȖȒȈȓȐȏțȍȚșȧ. ǰ, ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȐȔ ȊȣȝȖȌȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȒȓȦȟȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȗȖȐșȒȈ ȕȍșțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ, ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȖȓȐ – ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȈ, ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȋȖȚȖȊȧȡȍȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǷȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȕȈ șȊȍȘȝșȓȖȎȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ, ȕȖ ȒȈȒ șȍȘȐȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. DzȈȒ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ, ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȍȕ Ȑȏ ȞȍȗȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, Ȑ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȈȔȉȐȞȐȐ ǹǶǩǬȅ, ǹǾǶ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȋȖ, ȋȌȍ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȖȌȒȓȦȟȈȚȤșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ.

437

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǪȣȊȖȌȣ

ǷȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ ȗȖ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȊȒȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȍȡȈȦȡȐȔ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȐȒȖșȚȤ ǶǩǬȅ, ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȧȦȚ ȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ. ǹȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ ǵǩ, ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȧșȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȈ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟ, ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȐȝșȧ Ȓ șȜȍȘȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ țȎȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȌȈȎȍ ș Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȓȍȒșȐȒȖȑ, ȚȖ ȖȗȘȖȔȍȚȟȐȊȖ ȕȈȌȍȧȚȤșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȈȋȍȕȚșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊȍȌȖȔșȚȊȈ, ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ, ȉțȌțȚ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȐȌȍȐ Ȑ șȔȣșȓȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ǶǩǬȅ. ǪȣȠȍȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȕȍȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ șțȋțȉȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ, ȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȚȈȚȤ ȟȈșȚȤȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ.

ǩȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ǶǩǬȅ țȎȍșȚȖȟȈȍȚ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȊȣșȠȍȔț Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț șȚȘȈȕȣ. ǩțȌțȡȐȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȖȒȈȓȤȕȖ, ȘȍȋȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȘȖȓȤ. ǷȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȊȖ ȜȘȍȑȔ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȍȌȖȔșȚȊȈ, ȏȈȕȧȚȣȍ Ȋ șȜȍȘȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ, ȐȕȚȍȋȘȐȘțȦȚ șȊȖȐ țșȐȓȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȖȔ. ǪȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚ ȘȍȈȓȐȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, Ȑ, ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț, ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ țȊȍȘȍȕȣ, ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ Șțșȓȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ǵǩ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȦȚ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȐȓȐȧ șȚȘȈȕȣ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȒȈȒ ȜȘȍȑȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȊȣșȠȍȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț șȚȘȈȕȣ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȗȘȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ șȗȍȒȚȘȍ ȔȐȘȈ, ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ Ȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. Ǫ «ǭȌȐȕȖȑ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȍ2020» (Joint Vision 2020) ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ «ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ șȗȍȒȚȘȍ»1.

DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȔȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ. ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ǩǬȅȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȦ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȠȈȕș, ȟȚȖ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȖȘȔȖȑ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ ȒȈșȒȈȌ-

1 Shelton, Henry H. Joint Vision 2020 America’s Military: Preparing for Tomorrow. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June, 2000, p. 3.

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