Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȈȋȘȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȔȍȚȈșȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ, ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȖȚȊȍȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȒȈȒ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘțȍȚ ǹǨǹ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȍ. ǪȣȉȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ ǹǨǹ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ:

x ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȣ;

x ȉȈȏȐșȕȣȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȖȊ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȒșȚȘȈȗȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ; Ȑ

x Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ, ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȈȒȚȖȘȣ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȤ. ǷȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȝȖȌȍ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȒșȚȘȈȗȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ.

Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ǹȔȐȚȈ Ȋ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȧȚȤ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍș-

șȈ (ǸȐș. 49):

1.șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ (awareness creation);

2.ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ (sensemaking);

3.ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ (decisionmaking);

4.ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ (execution);

5.șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ (social influences).

ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȖȋȔȖȑ. ǹțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣ, Ȉ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ șȗȓȈȊ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȘȈșșȍȒȈȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȊȣȠȍȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȑ ȊȣȧșȕȍȕȐȧ, ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ «ȉțȘȍȕȐȧ» ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ, ș ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ. ǷȧȚȤ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȑ Ȑȝ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȤȦ Ȑ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȉȓȖȒȈȔȐ, ș ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ ȐȚȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȉȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ.

3.1 ǹȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ

ǹțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȐȍ, ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȦ, ȓȖȒȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȚȘȈșșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒț, ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȈȞȐȦ (ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȕțȦ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȖșȖȏȕȈȕȕțȦ)

379

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ. ǹȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȋ șȗȐȘȈȓȐ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȖȊ, ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȌȐȒȚțȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ șȚȐȔțȓȈȔȐ Ȋ ȚȍȒțȡȍȔ, ȚȈȒ «ȗȘȍȌȣșȚȖȘȐȍȑ» ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȞȐȒȓȖȊ. Ǫ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșș șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ (ǸȐș. 50):

1.ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ (tasking);

2.șȉȖȘ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ (collection);

3.ȖȉȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ (fusion).

ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ. ǹțȉȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ. ǹ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ, ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȓȈȕȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȘȍșțȘșȣ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ – ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȍȓȧ șȐșȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒȐ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ, ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘțȧ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȐșȒȈȚȤ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ. ǹțȉȗȘȖȞȍșș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȖȞȍșș șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȉȣ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔ ȐȓȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȉȣȓ, ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȗ șȘȍȌȍ. ǸȍșțȘșȣ șȐșȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒȐ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣ, Ȑ, ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȖȗȚȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ. ǽȖȚȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȔ, Ȗȕ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȤ «ȉțȘȍȕȐȍ» Ȑ șȗțșȚȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ, ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȊ ȌȊȈ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȈ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ. ȅȚȖ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȑ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ (collection capacity assessment) Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȑ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșș, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȣ (prioritization).

ǶȞȍȕȒȈ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ. DzȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ șȍȕșȖȘȖȊ, ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȈȕȈȓȖȊ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȗȖ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȞȍȓȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȖȉȢȍȔ Ȑ ȚȐȗ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȖȉȘȈȕȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȈ. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖ șȉȖȘț Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȣȉȖȘȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȣ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșȖȊ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ. ȅȚȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ Ȑ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑȏ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ.

380

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȊ. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, șȟȐȚȈȦȚ șȘȖȟȕȣȔ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ. ǿȍȔ ȔȖȡȕȍȍ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ, ȚȍȔ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȕȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ. ǽȖȚȧ ȖȗȣȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ș ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȔȖȡȕȖșȚȐ șȐșȚȍȔ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȘȈșȚțȚ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȖȉȢȍȔț ȕȈȒȈȗȓȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȊ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ.

ǹȉȖȘ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ. ǽȖȚȧ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ șȐșȚȍȔ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ (collection system) ȔȖȎȍȚ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȈȘȤȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȚȘȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȈ ȊȝȖȌȖȊ:

x șȍȕșȖȘȣ;

x ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ (ȘȍȗȖȘȚȣ) (human reporting); x ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ.

DzȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȊȝȖȌȖȊ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȧȌ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ.

ǹȍȕșȖȘȣ. ǹȍȕșȖȘȕȣȍ ȒȈȕȈȓȣ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȈșșȐȊȖȔ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǾȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȍȕșȖȘȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȕȈȓȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȌȊțȝ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȊ – ȒȈȒȖȑ ȚȐȗ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȗȕ șȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȣȘȣȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȣ Ȑ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ș ȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȍȕșȖȘȖȊ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ. ǶȌȐȕ, ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȑ, ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ șȍȕșȖȘȖȊ, ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ, ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ, ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǬȘțȋȖȑ, ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȑ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ, Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȔȍȘȍ, ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ, Ȑ, ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ, ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ, țșȚȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȝȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȧ ȐȒȖȓȓȐȏȐȐȊȌȈȕȕȣȝȖȚșȍȕșȖȘȖȊ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȖȊ.

ǸȍȗȖȘȚȣ. ǷȖȌȘȍȗȖȘȚȈȔȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȚȐȗȣ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ – ȖȚȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ ȈȘȔȍȑșȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȒȐ ȌȖ ȖȚȟȍȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ. ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȖ ȚȘȍȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȒȈșȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȚȘȍȉțȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȈ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș țȘȖȊȕȍȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ, ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ. Ǫ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ, ȥȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȖȊ. ȅȚȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȘȍȗȖȘȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȋțȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕțȦ Ȑ, ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ, ȗȓȖȝȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȕȍȧșȕțȦ ȜȖȘȔț, ȚȘȍȉțȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȈ Ȑ ȔȍȎȓȐȟȕȖșȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȜȍȑșȈ, ȟȚȖ șȈȔȖ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ.

ǶȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ. ǷȖȌ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈ șȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȈȗȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟț. ǶȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ ȓȦȉȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑȏ ǹǴǰ, ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǶȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ, șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȈȔ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȌȊțȔȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȖȓȍȔ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȔȖȚȐȊȖȊ Țȍȝ, ȒȚȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȣ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ șȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤșȧ ș «ȗȖȓțȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȍȑ» (misinformation), ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȍȌȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȖȑ ȖȚ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ, ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȗȕ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ.

ǺȈȒȎȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ ȌȍȏȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȓȐ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȈȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȈȧ Ȍȓȧ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȈ. ǼȍȕȖȔȍȕ ȗȖȓțȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȌȍȏȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ, ȒȈȒ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔ, ȚȘȍȝ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ:

x ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȔȖȊ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȘȍȓȍȊȈȕȚȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȈ;

x ȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ;

x ȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȉțȌțȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȈȒȚȖȘȣ.

ǬȈȕȕȣȍ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȌȍȜȍȒȚȈ ȔȍȌȐȈ (media damage assessment), ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȥȒȊȐȊȈȓȍȕȚȖȔ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȑ ȖȚ ȉȖȔȉȖȊȣȝ țȌȈȘȖȔ (bomb damage assessment).

ǶȉȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ. DzȈȟȍșȚȊȖ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȈȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ șȖȉȘȈȕȈ, ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ (collation) Ȑ șȓȐȧȕȐȧ (fusion) ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȈȔȐ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȖȉȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ. ǷȘȖȞȍșșȣ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ, ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȋȌȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȣȔ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȔ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ – ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǹȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ. ǷȘȖȞȍșș șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȒȖȘȘȍȓȧȞȐȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ, șȍȕșȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘ., ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. ȅȓȍȒȚȘȖȕȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ șȍȕșȖȘȖȊ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȈȍȚ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȣ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑȏ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȑ ȊȣȏȖȊ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ, ȕȖȐ șȈȔȈȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧȊȕȐȝȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧșȓȖȎȕȣȔșțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ.

ǹȓȐȧȕȐȍ. ǷȘȖȞȍșș șȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȓ ȍȌȐȕȖȔț ȊȐȌț. ǽȖȚȧ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȗ șȓȐȧȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ (allsource fusion), ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ șȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ – ȗȖ ȚȐȗț, ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔ ȐȓȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȚț. ǴȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ, țȟȈșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ șȓȐȧȕȐȧ, ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȊȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș șȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ țȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ Ȋȍș ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ.

3.2 ǶșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ

ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ, ȗȖșȓȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȥȚȈȗȖȔ ǬǸȞȐȒȓȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ. ǶșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȘȍȚȘȖșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȌȕț ȐȓȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȚțȓȐȘțȍȔȣȝ Ȟȍȗȍȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȖșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ, Ȓ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ ȊȍȌțȚ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȞȍȗȐ ȐȓȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. ǶșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȌȊȈ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ: ȒȖȕșȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȦ (contextualization) Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ. (ǸȐș. 51). DzȈȒ șȈȔȖ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȌȖ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏțȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȉȣșȚȘȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ, șȒȖȘȍȍ, Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȈȝ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȠȚȈȉȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș.

DzȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ. DzȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȥȚȈȗȖȊ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȕȖȘȔ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ șțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ șȚȐȔțȓȈȝ, Ȑ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ ȖȗȣȚȈ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȝȊȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔȈȝȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȐ. ǴȖȎȕȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤȖȚȘȍȝșȗȖșȖȉȈȝȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ:

1.ȊȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ ȐȓȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ ȐȓȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ;

2.ȊȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȘȧȌ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ Ȋ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ;

3.ȊȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ Ȋ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ – ȖȚ ȚȍȒțȡȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȌȖ ȌȖȓȋȖșȘȖȟȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ, ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ, ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ.

385

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȒȖȕșȚȍȒȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ, Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕ Ȓ ȚȘȍȔ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȔ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔ:

x șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȈȏȣ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ;

x ȗȖȐșȒ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȓȍȊȈȕȚȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȋ ȉȈȏȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ (knowledge base); x ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȒȓȈ-

ȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ.

ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȉȈȏȈ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǩǬ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȤȦ ȕȖȘȔ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȓȖșȤ ȘȈȕȍȍ, ȗȘȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ, ȗȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȊȐȌȐȔȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ, ȗȘȐ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȚȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǶȚȊȍȚȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȐȕȌȐȒȈȚȖȘȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȚȍȒțȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ ȐȕȈȟȍ. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǩǬ Ȑ ȐȕȌȐȒȈȚȖȘȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȟȍȗȍȑ «ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ – ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ».

ǩȈȏȣ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ. Ǭȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȞȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǩǬ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ȐȏȉȈȏȏȕȈȕȐȑ. ǪȈȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȜȖȘȔȈȔȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ: ȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ șțȔȔȈ ȐȓȐ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȤ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ (ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȋȘȈȜȐȒȐ Ȑ ȌȐȈȋȘȈȔȔȣ) Ȑ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ țșȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȐȓȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ș ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ, ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȐȘȍȈȒȞȐȐȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑȐȓȐȋȘțȗȗȕȈȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȜȐȒȐ ȐȌȐȈȋȘȈȔȔȣ.

ǴȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ. ǴȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȊ, ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȊȐȌȧȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕțȦ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț, ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. Ǫ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȐ ȊȈȎȕȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȋȖ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐȚțȈȞȐȑ. DzȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȟȍȔ ȒȖȘȖȟȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȓȍȊȈȕȚȕțȦ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȦ Ȑȏ șȊȖȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȑ1. ǽȖȚȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȕȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȕȍȒȖȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ, șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ. ǩȍȏ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȉȣșȚȘțȦ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȦ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ.

1 Klein, Gary. Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1998.

387

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǨȕȈȓȐȏ. ǹțȉȗȘȖȞȍșș ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ ȚȘȈȕșȓȐȘțȍȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȉȈȏȐșȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ: ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ; ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ; Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ? ǶȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ Ȑ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȊțȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ: ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ Ȟȍȗȍȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȗȘȐȊȍȌȠȐȝ Ȓ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ, Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȟȍȗȍȑ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ.

ǷȘȐȟȐȕȣ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ. ǬȈȎȍ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȌȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȟȚȖ «ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȊȏȖȘȊȈȓ ȔȖșȚ». ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȗȕ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ. DzȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȔȍșȚȐȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ, ȕȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ Ȋ «ȖȚȔȈȚȣȊȈȕȐȐ» ȕȈȏȈȌ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȍȑșȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ (ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȕȐȐ ȘȍȚȘȖșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȟȍȗȍȑ), ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȗȐȘȈȓȤ Ȟȍȗȍȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ. ǸȍȚȘȖșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȞȍȗȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȌȊȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ: ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț; Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț.

ǷȘȖȍȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȝ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȟȍȗȍȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȔȈȓȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȍȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȐȍ ȒȈșȒȈȌȣ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ. ǺȈȒȎȍ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȍ ȒȈșȒȈȌȣ – ȈȕȈȓȐȏ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȑșȧ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȘȐșȒȖȊ.

3.3 ǷȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ

ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȘȈȕșȓȧȞȐȐ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐȐȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȐȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚȌȊȈșțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ (ǸȐș. 52):

1.ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȕȖ ȕȈȞȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ țȎȍ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ – ȗȘȖȍȞȐȘțȍȔȖȍ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ (projected sensemaking) ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȗȘȖșȟȐȚȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ; Ȑ

2.ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȐȊȣȉȖȘ ȖȗȞȐȑȌȓȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ (options choice and planning).

ǶȉȈ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ.

ǷȘȖȍȞȐȘțȍȔȖȍ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȍ. ǷȘȖȍȞȐȘțȍȔȖȍ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȚȘȍȝ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ: ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ (desired endstates); ȚȘȍȉțȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ (required actions and effects), ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȑ, Ȑ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ.

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