Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

«ǹȚȘȐȎȒȈ» ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ Ȑ ȒȈșȒȈȌȈȔ «ȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȌȖȔȐȕȖ», ȕȖ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȈ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ «ȗȐȕȋ-ȗȖȕȋȈ» ȒȈșȒȈȌȖȊ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȤ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝ. ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȚȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȓȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȌȍȘȍȊȖ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȌȖȔȍȕȣ ȖȕȐ «ȗȘȖȘȊțȚșȧ» Ȑ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȖȒȈȎțȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ (ǸȐș. 46).

ǿȈșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈșȒȈȌȖȊ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ, ȖȗȣȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȈșȒȈȌȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ. ǭșȓȐ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȚȖ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȒȈșȒȈȌȣ? ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȣ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ, șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ Țȍȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȈȝ ȒȈșȒȈȌȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖșȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ.

ǹȚȘțȒȚțȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ. ǽȖȚȧ șȚȘȐȎȒȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȍ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȕȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ, ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȞȍȕȒȈȝ ȐȏȔȍ-

370

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ. ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȉȓȐȎȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȒȘȐȏȐșȣ, ȔȖȎȕȖ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ «șȚȘȐȎȒȐ» ȒȈșȒȈȌȖȊ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȍȓȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǶȕȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȔ Ȑ, ȗȖȥȚȖȔț, ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȍȕ. ǨȒȚȖȘȣ Ȑ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȦȚȊȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ.

ǪȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȘȍȟȤ ȕȍ ȐȌȍȚ «ȏȍȘȒȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ», ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȈȒȚȖȘȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ Ȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǹȒȖȘȍȍ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȊȖȍȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ Ȑ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ș ȖȗȖȘȖȑ ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț. ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ, ȐșȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ, ȟȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ, ȊȍȌțȡȐȑ Ȓ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȕȐ șȖȏȌȈ-

ȦȚ (structured flow to the cognitive effects that they created). ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ – ȗȖȚȖȒȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ «ȧȟȍȍȒ» ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ (ǸȐș. 47).

ǸȐș. 47

ǻȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ «ȧȟȍȑȒȐ» ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ

ǻȘȖȊȕȐ

ǷȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ

ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ

ǰȕȜȖ-ȗȖȓȍ ȅȒȖȕȖȔȐȒȈ

ǺȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǷȖȌ ȧȟȍȑȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȔȖȋțȚ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȍ țȘȖȊȕȐ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ. ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȒȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖȌȊȐȕțȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȠȈȋ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȐȞȈ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗșȐȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȈȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ țșȐȓȐȧ, ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ.

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V.ǰǹǷǶdzȄǯǶǪǨǵǰǭ ǴǶǬǭdzǰ «ǬǭDZǹǺǪǰǭ-ǸǭǨDzǾǰȇ»

ǪDzǨǿǭǹǺǪǭ ǼǸǭDZǴǨ ǶǩǬȅ

ǰșșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȑ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍ ȜȘȍȑȔ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȈȗȍȓȓȐȘțȍȚ Ȓ ȠȍșȚȐ ȊȍȘȝȕȐȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ǬȎȍȑȔșȈ ǴȐȓȓȍȘȈ (James Miller): ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț, ȋȘțȗȗȈȔ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧȔ, ȖȉȡȐȕȈȔ, ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈȔ Ȑ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȔ Ȋ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȈȘȍȕț, ȈȒȚȖȘȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț1. ǺȖ, ȟȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ – ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȌȐȝȖȚȖȔȐȐ, ȐȋȘȈȦȡȍȑ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, Ȋșȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȍȚ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ, ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȒȖȋȌȈ «ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, ȘȍȈȋȐȘțȧ ȕȈ șȚȐȔțȓȣ, ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȒȓȐȒ»2. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȒȈȒ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȌȖȓȋȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ – ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȉȐȖȋȍȕȍȏȈ Ȑ șȖȞȐȖȋȍȕȍȏȈ3. ǰ, Ȋ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȍȚ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈȔȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ șȖȞȐȖȋȍȕȍȏȈ, ȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȔȐ, ȕȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȡȍȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȖȗȣȚ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȍȔȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȚ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ.

1. ǾȐȒȓ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ»

ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȣȠȍ ȌȐȝȖȚȖȔȐȧ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȈȕȍȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ (ǸȐș. 31) ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ țȋȓțȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ. Ǫ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȍ șȚȐȔțȓȣ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȍȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ

1 ǴȐȓȓȍȘ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, șȖșȚȖȧȡțȦ Ȑȏ «ȊȖșȤȔȐ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ: ȒȓȍȚȒȐ, ȖȘȋȈȕȣ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȣ, ȋȘțȗȗȣ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈȌȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ». DzȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ «Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ». ǹȐșȚȍȔȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ «ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ șȖ șȘȍȌȖȑ» Ȑ «ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒț ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȈȞȐȐ, ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔȐ». ǹȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȣ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ. ǵȈ ȒȈȎȌțȦ Ȑȏ șȐșȚȍȔ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ, ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȊȓȐȧȧ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ șȘȍȌț. Miller, James Grier. Living Systems.

Denver, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1995. pp. xvi-xvii. 2 Smith, Effects-Based Operations, p. xv.

3 Ǫ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧȔȐ «nature» Ȑ «nurture».

373

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

– ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ Ȗȋȕȧ ȗȖ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǷȘȖȝȖȌȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ, ȖȕȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȋ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧșȤ țȎȍ șȚȐȔțȓȈȔȐ ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ țȟȈșȚȊțȦȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȖȉȔȍȕȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ. ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȖȉȔȍȕȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍȕȍ. ȅȚȖ, ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ. ǰȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȖȉȔȍȕȈ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ «ȕȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊțȦ», ȕȖ ȕȍȒȖȍ «ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ», ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȉȔȍȕȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȍȚ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȌȖ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, șȚȐȔțȓȣ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȝȖȌȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȍȕȍ, ȒȖȕȊȍȘȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ Ȋ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ:

x ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȐȔțȓȣ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ – ȖȉȡȍȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ, ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȐȓȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ;

x ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ «șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ» Ȑ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȚȤ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡțȦșȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ; Ȑ

x ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȍȍșȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ țȟȈșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȖȗȞȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȖȚȒȓȐȒ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȦ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȈ șȚȐȔțȓ (ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ).

ǪȣȉȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȒțȘș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ (ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ), Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȞȍȗȐ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ, ȏȈȔȣȒȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȘȍȌț, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȑ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȑșȧ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȍȑ ȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȊȠțȦșȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ. ǴȖȌȍȓȤ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȚȐȗȣ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ – ȖȚ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȌȖ ȖȉȡȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ țșȐȓȐȑ ȕȈ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȘȍȕȍ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧșȤ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȔ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ǶǩǬȅ.

ǹȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ. ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȣȠȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȘȍȠȈȦȚ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ. ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ Țț șȚȖȘȖȕț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȔ Ȑ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȤȦ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ «ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ» ȐȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȉȖȉȡȐȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔ, ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȓ ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȕȍ ș ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȑ. ȅȚȖ ȕȍ

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȑ ȐȓȐ ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȐȘȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȍȕ (ȚȈȒȖȍ ȘȍȌȒȖ, ȕȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ), ȕȖ ȟȈȡȍ ț ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ șȊȖȧ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȞȐțȔȈ Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ. Ǭȓȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ, ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖ, ȒȈȒ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ, șȖȞȐțȔȈ, ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ.

ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ, ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȊȊȍșȚȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ (ǸȐș. 48)1. ǪȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ ȊȈȎȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȘȍȈȋȐȘțȍȚ ȕȈ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ șȚȐȔțȓ. ǹȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏțȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȗȘȐȔȖȘȌȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȍ, ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȐȌȍȖșȐȕȒȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ (țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ) ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ, ȖșȔȣșȓȧȍȚ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ. ǬȈȕȕȈȧ șȜȍȘȈ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȘȖȋȈȚȐȊȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȓȖȋȖȊ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȖȊ ȗȖ șȚȘȈȕȍ, ȘȍȋȐȖȕț. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ Ȑ șȖȞȐȖȋȍȕȍȏ ȒȈȒ ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏț «ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ» Ȑ ȉȐȖȋȍȕȍȏț.

ǷȍȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ ș ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ țȟȈșȚȒȈȝ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ, ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ ǸȐș. 48 ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ șȚȘȍȓȒȈȔȐ.

ǷȍȘȊȣȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ. ǷȍȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȍ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȍ șȊȧȏȤ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ ș ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȔȖȌȍȓȧȔȐ, ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȜțȕȒȞȐȦ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ Ȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ. ǴȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȔȍȚȖȌȣ șȈȔȖȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȘȍȌȣ Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚțȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ș șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȔ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔțȦ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȌȍȚȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ.

ǪȚȖȘȖȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ. ǷȍȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȚȖȟȒȍ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ. ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȖȊ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȐ (ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ) ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ, ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȦȚ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȦȚ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ (ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ), ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ – ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȖȗȣȚ, ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘ., ȊșȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦȡȐȍȏȈșȖȞȐȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȦȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ (șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ).

1 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 113.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǺȘȍȚȐȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ. ǶȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ ș ȓȈȚȍȕȚȕȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔȐ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ. ǹȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȏȧȚȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȟȐșȓȖȔ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ. ǬȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȚȍȔȐ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ șțȉȓȐȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȖșȖȏȕȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ. ȅȚȖ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ. ǷȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȋȖ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȖȗȞȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȒțȘșȖȊ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ. ǯȌȍșȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȌȖȔȍȕȖȊ. ǪȣȉȐȘȈȍȔȣȍ ȖȗȞȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȐȓȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑȝ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ șțȎȌȍȕȐȍ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȕȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȍȕȈ.

2.ǷȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȞȐȒȓȈ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ»

ȊȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ

ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ Ȍȓȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ, ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ «ȘȈșșȍȒȈȕȐȧ» Ȑ «ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ» ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔȐ. ǹȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȣ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș, ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȐȚȍȘȈȞȐȧ ȞȐȒȓȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȖȑ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘțȍȚ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȗȖ ȗțȚȐ ȈȋȘȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ «ȓȐȕȍȍȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ» ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȌȍȓȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȌȊțȔ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, șȈȔȈ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȔȍȚȈșȐșȚȍȔȈȝ Ȑ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȐȔȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȖ ȗȖȊȣȠȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȕȍțȟȚȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȔȖȋțȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȌȍȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȕȚȈȔȐ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȗȘȐ țȝȖȌȍ ȖȚ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȍȚ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ țȚȘȈȚȣ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘțȦȡȐȑșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȈȋȘȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ǶǩǬȅ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚțȗȐȒȍ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȑ «ȉȖȓȤ-

377

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȠȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ», ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȏȈȊȐșȍȚȤ ȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȖȗȣȚȈ, ȐȕȚțȐȞȐȐ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șțȉȢȍȒȚȈ Ȑ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȑ ș ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȖȡȐ ǹȍȚȐ (power of networking), ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, – ȥȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ. ǹȍȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȓȐȞȈȔ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȓȖȒȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈȔȒȈȔȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȗȖȊȣȠȈȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ țșȗȍȝȈ. ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈșșȍȒȈȕȐȧ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȍȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ, Ȑ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ țȟȈșȚȒȐ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȚȐȗ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ – ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ, ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȕȖȑ – ȖȉȓȍȋȟȐȚ ȓȐȞȈȔ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒț Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ.

3. ǹțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȞȐȒȓȈ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ»

ǴȖȌȍȓȤ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ǴȐȓȓȍȘȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ șȓȖȎȕțȦ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕțȦ șȐșȚȍȔț ȒȈȒ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȕȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ, ȕȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȊȈȘȐȈȞȐȑ, ȌȈȍȚ ȠȈȕș ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȗȖȟȍȔț ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țșȗȍȠȕȣȔ, ȌȍȓȈȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȌȍȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ «șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ» (essential processes)1. ǪșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ǴȐȓȓȍȘȖȔ, ȔȖȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȠȈȋ Ȑ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȈȔȐ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȍȟȤ ȕȍ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȘȍȌțȒȞȐȐ, Ȑ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȌȍȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șțȔȔȈ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ (șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș) ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈȊȕȈ șțȔȔȍ ȟȈșȚȍȑ (șțȉȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ), ȍșȓȐ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȈȋȘȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ. ǴȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȦ ș ȋȍȖ- ȓȖȋȖ-ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȉțȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȕȍȜȚȧȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ. ǬȍȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ (ȍȍ ȉțȘȍȕȐȍ) ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȗțșȚȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȌȍȚȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȧ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȈȕȈȓȐȏț ȐȓȐ ȔȖȌȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ. ǷȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șțȎȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȖȒ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȍȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ (ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȠȍȓȤȜȈ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȉțȘȐȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ). ǼȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ȘȍȖșȚȈȚȍ ȈȋȘȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ» Ȑ ȐȚȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǹǨǹ. ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȍȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȦ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ (ȉțȘȍȕȐȍ) ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȌȖȑȚȐ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȌȍȚȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ Ȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣșȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǯȈȚȍȔ

1 Miller, Living Systems, p. 854.

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