Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

IV. ǶǩǬȅ Ǫ DzǶǵǺǭDzǹǺǭ ǸǭǨdzȄǵȃǽ DzǸǰǯǰǹǶǪ. ǷǸǨǪǰdzǨ ǰǫǸȃ ǰ ǷǸǶǩdzǭǴǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ Ǫ ǶǩǬȅ: ǶǺ ǬǭDZǹǺǪǰDZ Dz ȅǼǼǭDzǺǨǴ

ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ, ȚȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ. DzȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈȕȍȍ, ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ șȚȈȘȣ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ Ȑȏ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ. ȅȌȊȈȘȌ ǹȔȐȚ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ 70-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȉȈȏȈȔ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȗ ȉȖȓȍȍ 400 ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ1, Ȑ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȍȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȉȓȐȎȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ 1967-1973ȋȋ.: ȠȍșȚȐȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ 1967 ȋȖȌȈ, ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȘȐȏȐșȍ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ 1970 Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ ǹțȌȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ (DZȖȔDzȐȗțȘ) 1973 ȋȖȌȈ.

ǪȣȉȖȘ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȊ ȖȉțșȓȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȈȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ, ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐ țȟȈșȚȐȐ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȌȕȐȝ Ȑ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȋ ȒȘȐȏȐșȣ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȊȖȊȓȍȒȈȓȐșȤ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ, Ȑ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȕȕȍȔ ȒțȉȐȕșȒȖȔ ȒȘȐȏȐșȍ, ȐȔȍȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ Ȓ ȧȌȍȘȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ.

1.DzȘȐȏȐșȣ

1.1ȀȍșȚȐȌȕȍȊȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ, ȐȦȕȤ 1967ȋ.

ǨȘȈȉȖ-ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ 1967 ȋȖȌȈ ȊȈȎȕȈ ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ Ȋ ȘȧȌț ȒȖȕȜȘȖȕȚȈȞȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ ȕȈ ǩȓȐȎȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȉȈȏȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ. DzȘȈȚȒȈȧ ȝȘȖȕȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ. ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȐȧ ǺȐȘȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈ, ȊȣȊȖȌȈ ȊȖȑșȒ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ǶǶǵ, ȖȚȗȘȈȊȒȐ ȐȘȈȒșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑșȒ Ȋ ǭȋȐȗȍȚ Ȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȈȒȚȈ ȔȍȎȌț ǭȋȐȗ-

1 Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S Kaplan. Force without War: US Armed Forces as a Political Instrument. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1978;

Zelikow, Philip D. “Force without War, 1975-1982.” The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 1984, pp. 29-54;

Siegel, Adam. The Use of Naval Forces in the Post War Era: U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps Crisis Response Activity, 1946-1990. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, February, 1991. 12 January 2011. <http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA258187>;

U.S. Department of the Air Force, Air Staff. The United States Air Force and U.S. National Security: A Historical Perspective. Washington, DC: USAF Historical Office, 1991.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȚȖȔ Ȑ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȍȑ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. 12 ȔȈȧ 1967ȋ., ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȖ-șȐȘȐȑșȒȐȑ ȗȈȒȚ, ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ. ǹȐȘȐȧ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȐȓȈ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ Ȋ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȍ Ȓ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȦ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȗȈȒȚȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȏȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ Ȓ ǭȋȐȗȚț. 14 ȔȈȧ ǭȋȐȗȍȚ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȔȖȉȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȦ, Ȑ 18 ȔȈȧ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȍ ȊȖȑșȒȈ ȊȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȌȍȔȐȓȐȚȈȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ ȏȖȕț ǹȐȕȈȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȖșȚȘȖȊȈ. 22 ȔȈȧ ȗȘȍȏȐȌȍȕȚ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ ǵȈșȍȘ, ȘȈȏȔȍșȚȐȊ ȋȈȘȕȐȏȖȕ Ȋ ȀȈȘȔ-ȥȓȤ-Ȁȍȑȝȍ, ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȉȓȖȒȈȌț ǺȐȘȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈ1.

ǸȍȈȋȐȘțȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȐȏȐș, ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ șȐȓ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȚȤ ȉȓȖȒȈȌț. ǼȖȘșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȕȈȘȈȡȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ DzȘȈșȕȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ ȒȈȒ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ2. 30 ȔȈȧ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȓ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊȈȔ țȓȤȚȐȔȈȚțȔ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȌȈȊȈȓ 1-2 ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ3. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ țșȐȓȐȧ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ ȊșȒȖȘȍ șȚȖȓȒȕțȓȐșȤ ș ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ. ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȖȑ Ȋ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȘȐȚȈȕșȒȈȧ ȈȊȐȈȕȍșțȡȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ Ȋ DzȘȈșȕȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ, Ȑ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ țȋȘȖȏ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȈȘȈȉșȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ, țȋȘȖȎȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȗȖșȚȈȊȒȐ ȕȍȜȚȐ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ țȌȈȘ ȗȖ ȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ. 31 ȔȈȧ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȓȈ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȘȎȈȊȣ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ țșȐȓȐȑ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȌȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ4.

5 ȐȦȕȧ, ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȑ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȈȘȈȉșȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ, ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȕȈȗȈȓ ȕȈ ǭȋȐȗȍȚ, ȏȈȚȍȔ ǹȐȘȐȦ Ȑ ǰȖȘȌȈȕ. ǹȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȀȚȈȚȣ Ȑ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ǹȖȦȏ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȓȐ șȊȖȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ, ȕȈ ȌȐșȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȖȚ ȏȖȕȣ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǷȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȈȘȈȉșȒȖ-ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȓȈșȤ, ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȋ ȉȖȍȊțȦ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȐșȓȖȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȊȗȓȖȚȕțȦ Ȓ ȏȖȕȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. Ƕȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȗȍȠȕȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȓ țșȐȓȍȕȐȦ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ, Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȒȖȘȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ 47 ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ 25 șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ5.

ǷȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȔȖȘȍ ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȓȖ ȌȖ 10 ȐȦȕȧ, ȗȖȒȈ ǹǹǹǸ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ țșȗȍȠȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ șȚȈȓ țȋȘȖȎȈȚȤ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ǨȘȔȐȐ ȖȉȖ-

1 Abu-Lughod, Ibraham. The Arab-Israeli Confrontation of June 1967: An Arab Perspective. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970, pp. 49-51.

2 Johnson, Lyndon Baines. The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, pp. 290-291.

3 Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 294.

4 Wilson, Harold. A Personal Record: The Labour government, 1964-1971. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1971, p. 396.

5 Finney, John W. “Backing Reported for Plan to Test Aqaba Blockade,” New York Times, June 1, 1967, Page 1, Col 8. ǾȐȚȈȚȈ ȗȖ Smith, Effects Based Operations.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȘȖȕȣ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȧ Ȓ șȐȘȐȑșȒȖȑ șȚȖȓȐȞȍ – ǬȈȔȈșȒț. Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ ǹȀǨ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȓȐ VI ȜȓȖȚ, ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ Ȧȋț ȖȚ ȖșȚȘȖȊȈ DzȘȐȚ, Ȋ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȏȖȕȣ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. ǷȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ǩȍȓȣȑ ȌȖȔ șȊȧȏȈȓșȧ ș DzȘȍȔȓȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȓ, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȖȍ ȗȘȧȔȖȍ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕț ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȔ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ǹȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȀȚȈȚȣ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȣ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ șȐȚțȈȞȐȍȑ, Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȓȦȉȖȔ ȍȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ǬȈȔȈșȒ. DzȖȋȌȈ ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȖȍ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ǬȈȔȈșȒȈ, ȊȖȑȕȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓȈșȤ, ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȗȖȌ ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȐȔ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȍȔ ȟȈșȚȤ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ, ǹȐȘȐȐ, Ȑ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȈ.

1.2 ǰȖȘȌȈȕșȒȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ, șȍȕȚȧȉȘȤ 1970ȋ.

ȅșȒȈȓȈȞȐȧ ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȊȍșȕȖȑ 1970 ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ șȍȘȐȐ șȚȣȟȍȒ ȔȍȎȌț ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȍȑ, ȖșȚȈȊȈȊȠȍȑșȧ ȓȖȧȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȦ ǽțșșȍȑȕț, Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȈȔȐ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȗȖȊșȚȈȕȞȍȊ Ȑ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȖȊ, ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ ǹȐȘȐȍȑ1. ǵȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ țșțȋțȉȓȧȓȈșȤ șȍȘȐȍȑ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȈȒȚȖȊ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕȞȍȊ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȐ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒț 9 ȐȦȕȧ țȉȐȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǽțșșȍȑȕȈ2, țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ 12 ȐȦȕȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȚȚȈȠȍ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȐ, ȏȈȝȊȈȚ 60 ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȝ ȏȈȓȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȍ «ǨȔȔȈȕ».

ǷȖșȒȖȓȤȒț șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȐ țȝțȌȠȈȓȈșȤ, ǹȀǨ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȜțȕȒȞȐȑ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕȞȈȔȐ Ȑ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȗȋȕȧ ȔȍȎȌț ǰȏȘȈȐȓȍȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȖșȍȌȧȔȐ3. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȐȓȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȈȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȓȐȉȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ. Ǫ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȐȐ ȘȍȏȒȖ țȝțȌȠȈȓȈșȤ. 1 șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕșȒȐȍ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕț ȗȖȗȣȚȒț țȉȐȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǽțșȍȑȕȈ, ȏȈȚȍȔ 6 șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ șȍȘȐȦ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȈȒȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ ȓȐȕȐȧȝ. ǹȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȔț ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚț ȔȍȎȌț ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕșȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȊșȚȈȕȞȈȔȐ Ȑ ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȍȑ, șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȊȚȖȘȎȍȕȐȍȔ ǹȐȘȐȐ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕȞȍȊ. DzȖ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȔț țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȦ, ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȈȧ ȈȘȔȐȧ șȔȖȋȓȈ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ, Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ șȐȘȐȑșȒȐȔ șȐȓȈȔ, ȊȏȧȊ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕșȒȐȍ ȓȈȋȍȘȧ4.

Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ țȝțȌȠȈȦȡțȦșȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ Ȋ ǰȖȘȌȈȕȍ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ǹȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ. ǷȍȘȍȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ șȐȘȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȊȚȖȘȎȍȕȐȧ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȓȐ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȐȘȐȦ, ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚșȧ, ȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȍȍȑ-

1 Nixon, Richard M. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. Norwalk, CT: Easton, 1978, p. 485. 2 Kissinger, Henry A. The White House Years. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1979, p. 595. 3 Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, p. 483.

4 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 628.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

șȚȊȐȧ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȧ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ. Ǫ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȈȞȐȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȖȍȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ șȐȓȣ ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ1. ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȐȘȐȑșȒȖȍ (Ȑ ȐȘȈȒșȒȖȍ) ȊȚȖȘȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ, ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ǹȀǨ ȕȈ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȔ ǺǪǬ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȋ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȕțȦ ȉȖȍȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤ, Ȉ VI ȜȓȖȚ ǹȀǨ ȉȣȓ țșȐȓȍȕ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȈȊȐȈȕȍșțȡȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ. Ǫ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ǹǹǹǸ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ țșȐȓȍȕȐȍ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȣ. ǬȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȈȧ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖ-ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȒȖȕȜȘȖȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȜȖȘȔț ȔȈȕȍȊȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȔȖȘșȒȐȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ Ȋ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȗȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȖȡȕȣȍ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ Ȋȕȍ ȏȖȕȣ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. ǽȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ țșȗȍȝȖȊ ȐȖȘȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȍ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ ǹȀǨ Ȑ ǹǹǹǸ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȕȍȌȍȓȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐ țșȐȓȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ.

1.3 ǪȖȑȕȈ ǹțȌȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ (DZȖȔ-DzȐȗțȘ), ȖȒȚȧȉȘȤ 1973ȋ.

ǪȖȑȕȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ 6 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ 1973 ȋȖȌȈ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȖȑ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȝ Ȑ șȐȘȐȑșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑșȒ. ǨȘȔȐȐ ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȓȐ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȗȋȕȧ ȕȈ ǹȐȕȈȑșȒȖȔ ȗȖȓțȖșȚȘȖȊȍ Ȑ ǫȖȓȈȕșȒȐȝ ȊȣșȖȚȈȝ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȤ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȧ. ǭȋȐȗȍȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȓ ȗȓȈȞȌȈȘȔ ȕȈ ȖȒȒțȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȍȔ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȒȈȕȈȓȈ Ȑ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȓ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȊȖșȤȔȐ Ȍȕȍȑ. ǹȐȘȐȧ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ, șȚȖȓȒȕțȓȈșȤ ș ȔȖȡȕȣȔ ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȐȔ ȒȖȕȚȘȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ Ȓ 10 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȉȘȖȠȍȕȈ. Dz 14 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ Ȗȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ, ȕȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȟȈȠȈ ȊȍșȖȊ șȚȈȓȈ șȒȓȖȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ǰȏȘȈȐȓȧ. ǹȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ Ȗȋȕȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȖ 22 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȖ. ǪȚȖȘȖȍ șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ 24 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ țȋȘȖȏȣ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖ-ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȜȘȖȕȚȈȞȐȐ. ǶȕȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ 25 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ, ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȊ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȊȖȑȕț2.

ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǹǹǹǸ, ȊȐȌȧ țșȗȍȝȐ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ Ȑ ǹȐȘȐȐ, ȖȉȍȡȈȓ ȐȔ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț. DzȖȋȌȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ ȕȈ șȐȘȐȑșȒȖȔ ȜȘȖȕȚȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȘȍȏȒȖ țȝțȌȠȈȚȤșȧ, ǹǹǹǸ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȖȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ǹȐȘȐȐ ȗȖ ȊȖȏȌțȝț. ǹȀǨ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕțȦ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȦ Ȑ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț ț ǹǹǹǸ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ. ǵȍ ȕȈȑȌȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ, ǹȀǨ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȓ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȦ. 13 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ Ȋ ǪȐǪǺ, ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȊȐȌȈȝ șȕȈȉȎȍȕȐȧ, ǹȀǨ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȓ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ3.

1 Ibid, p. 629.

2 Sobel, Lester A. Israel and the Arabs: The October 1973 War. New York: Facts on File, Inc, 1974, pp. 90-111. 3 Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, p. 514.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȓȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ Ȓ ȒȘȐȏȐșț. ǷȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ Ȗȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȉȣȚȤ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȣȔȐ1 Ȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘ- șȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȦȎȕȍȍ ȖșȚȘȖȊȈ DzȘȐȚ. ǹȐȚțȈȞȐȧ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ 9-10 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ǹǹǹǸ

ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔț țșȐȓȍȕȐȦ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȣ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȐșȓȖȞȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐ ș ȈȕȚȐȒȖȘȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȒȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȓțȠȒȖȑ, ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȊ Ȑȝ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȖȒ ǹȀǨ2. DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȖȋȖȊȖȘ Ȗ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ Ȗȋȕȧ ȖȚ 22 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕ, șȖȊȍȚșȒȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ șȚȈȓȈ țȋȘȖȎȈȚȤ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȦ «șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔȐ». ǹȐȓȣ ȉȣșȚȘȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȖȍȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ ǹǹǹǸ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȖșȒȐ ȌȐȊȐȏȐȑ ǪǪǹ Ȋ ǬȈȔȈșȒ. ǺȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȊȣșȐȓșȧ ȚȍȔȗ țșȐȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȘȍȋȐȖȕȍ. 24 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ Ȋ ȘȍȏȒȖȑ ȕȖȚȍ ȗȘȍȏȐȌȍȕȚț ǵȐȒșȖȕț ǹǹǹǸ țȋȘȖȎȈȓ ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȕȈ ǩȓȐȎȕȐȑ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ȍȓȧ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȔȐȘȈ – ȠȈȋ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ǹȀǨ. ǵȖȚȈ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ țȟȍȕȐȑ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȣ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȈȊȐȈȕȍșțȡȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǹȀǨ3. ǹȀǨ, Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ǹǹǹǸ, ȗȍȘȍȌȐșȓȖȞȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȑȖȕ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ȈȊȐȈȕȍșțȡțȦ ȋȘțȗȗț Ȑ ȗȖȊȣșȐȓȐ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ. ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖ-ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȒȖȕȜȘȖȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȓȈ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȖȧȉȘȧ, ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȧșȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȗȋȕȧ șȖȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ.

1.4 ǶȉȏȖȘ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȊ

ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ Ȋ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ:

x ȝȖȚȧ Ȋ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȒȈȒ ș șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȕȣ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ, ȖȕȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȌȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȉȍ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊȣ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȟȘȍȊȈȚȖ ȧȌȍȘȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ;

x ȘȍȠȈȦȡțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȕȖ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȔȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, șȖȦȏȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȖȊ;

x Ȋșȍ ȚȘȐ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȑ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȓȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȐȓȐȧ, șȖȏȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ Ȑ șȘȍȌț ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ țșȐȓȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ.

1 Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr. On Watch: A Memoir. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976, p. 435. 2 Zumwalt, On Watch, p. 442.

3 Israelyan, Victor. Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, pp. 169-170.

343

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǪȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȖȑ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ VI ȜȓȖȚȖȔ ǹȀǨ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, Ȉ ȕȍ șȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȈȔȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ș ȖȉȍȐȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ǵǶǸǬȞȐȒȓȖȊ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȝ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ, ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ. ǴȈȕȍȊȘȣ ȜȓȖȚȈȔȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊȣ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț șȊȖȐ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ.

Ǫ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȊ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȣ, ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ:

ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȘȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ; ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔ-

ȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȖȑ Ȑ VI ȜȓȖȚȖȔ ǹȀǨ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȚȈ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȍȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ (inter-position strategy), ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤșȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȖȑ; ȕȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȜȘȖȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ǹǹǹǸ

Ȑ ǹȀǨ, ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȊȠȈȧșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ǺǪǬ; ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȥȚȖ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȔȍȎȌț ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ

ǹȀǨ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȉȓȖȒȈȔȐ, ȒȓȐȍȕȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȈȔȐ, ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ Ȑ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȦ, ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț, ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȒț Ȑ ȗȘ.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ǫ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȊ țșȗȍȝ ȕȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȏȈȊȐșȍȓ, ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ, ȖȚ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ. DzȘȐȏȐșȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȠȍșȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ǶǩǬȅ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȐșȈȕȣ, ȗȖȕȧȚȣ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȣ. ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȚȘȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȐȋȘȣ, ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣ.

1.ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ. Ǫ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȐȋȘȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȝȖȌȖȊ ȕȈȞȍȓȍȕȈ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȊȏȧȚȐȍ ȜȐȋțȘ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȕȖ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȣȐȋȘȣȠȕȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȐȋȘȖȒȖȊ – șȊȖȐȔȐ ȝȖȌȈȔȐ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȕțȎȕȖȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ Ȑ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȣȠȍ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȝȖȌȣ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ, ȗȘȐȟȍȔ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ, ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ ȐȋȘȣ, ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȐ ȌȖșȒȐ

ȐȧȌȍȘȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ. ǰ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȊ ș ȖȉȍȐȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȘȈșȠȐȘȐȚȤ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ ȊȖȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊ Ȋ ȒȘȐȏȐș, ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ.

ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊȈȔȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȊ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȓȈșȤ. ǪȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȕ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȧ

ȐȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. DzȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȈ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȍȔ, ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ șȐȓ, Ȑ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȈ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȐ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ. ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȏȈ șȟȍȚ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȖȊ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȍ «ȔȈȕȍȊȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȉȍȏ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ», ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ 50 ȓȍȚ1. ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ (ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ): Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕțȎȕȖȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ.

2.ȅȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȣ. Ǫ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ Ȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ șȍȘȐȧ ȝȖȌȖȊ, ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍ șȓțȟȈȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕ, ȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕțȎȕȖȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ. ǰȋȘȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ șȌȈȚȤșȧ. ǷȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ, ȕȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ. ȅȜȜȍȒȚ, ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȣȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȍ, ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȞȐȒȓȣ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐ-

1 Blechman, Force without War, p. 271.

345

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȉȖȉȡȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ șȍȘȐȦ ȊȖȑȕ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ șȚȘȈȕȈ, ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ.

3. ǾȐȒȓ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȣȝ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȝȖȌȣ ȐȋȘȖȒȖȊ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȕȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ, ȕȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȚȐȓȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕ ȚȖȔț ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȔț ȔȈșȚȍȘț. ǫȖȚȖȊȧșȤ Ȓ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ, ȐȋȘȖȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȈ ȐȏțȟȈȦȚ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ șȚȐȓȤ, șȚȘȍȔȧșȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ șȓȈȉȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔȐ țȎȍ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȚȐȑ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȐ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȡȐȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȒȐ țȎȍ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȈȘȚȐȧȝ. ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȔ, ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ Ȓ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ, ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȚȤșȧ Ȑ țȋȓțȉȓȧȚȤșȧ. ǼȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȏȈ ȠȈȋȈȔȐ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȓ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ, ȌȍȓȈȧ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ Ȗ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȝ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȍ

ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ ǹȀǨ. ǷȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ ǶǩǬȅ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ (ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ), ȚȈȒ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȣȝ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ (ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȖȊ), ȋȖȚȖȊȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȑ șȚȈȚțș Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȡȐȝ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȊșȊȖȐȝșȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȧȝ.

ǾȐȒȓ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ. Ǫ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȊ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȣ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ:

ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ ȏȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ; ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȓȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔȖȘșȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ șȊȍȘȝȌȍȘȎȈȊ; ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȠȈȋȐ Ȍȓȧ

țșȐȓȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȔȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȏȖȕȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ, ȘȍȠȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ șȕȈȉȎȍȕȐȧ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȖȒ Ȑ ȗȘ.; ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈ-

ȓȐ ȠȈȋȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ, ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ǬǸ-ȞȐȒȓȣ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ, ȊȓȐȧȧ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ. DzȘȐȏȐș Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧȝ ǶǩǬȅ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȍȌȐȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ.

346

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

5.Ǫșȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȣ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ, ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȖȊ. ȅȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȝ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȖȑ Ȑ ȠȍșȚȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȌȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȥșȒȈȓȈȞȐȐ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ. ǭșȚȤ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ. DzȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ, ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȖȔț ȥȜȜȍȒȚț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȖȓȖȕȋȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȖȚșȚȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ 1967 ȋȖȌȈ, ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȍȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈȝ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ǶǩǬȅ, ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ, șȖȏȌȈȦȚ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ. ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȖȑ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ, ȕȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȦȡȐȝ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ ȌȖșȖȒ, ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ țȘȖȊȕȐ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ.

6.ȅȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ. ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ șȊȧȏȤ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ș ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ

ȐȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔȐ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȐȌȕȈ. ǴȈȕȍȊȘȣ șȘȍȌȐȏȍȔȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȣ Ȑ ȠȍșȚȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȐ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȖȑ, șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȖșȔȣșȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ, ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ, Ȉ ȞȍȓțȦ șȍȘȐȦ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ șȊȧȏȤ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȈ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖȑ, ȚȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȝ. ǶǩǬȅ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȗșȐ- Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ – ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȑ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ. ǶȚșȓȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȞȍȗȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ.

ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȜȘȍȑȔȍ ǶǩǬȅ (ǸȐș. 31), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȌȈȚȤ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȞȍȗȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȚȐȗ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ. DzȈȒȖȊȣ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕțȎȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ? ǬȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȊȍȌțȚ Ȓ ȌȊțȔ ȌȘțȋȐȔ. DzȈȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȦ? DzȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȦȚșȧ

347

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

șȖȏȌȈȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, țȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕ? ǶȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȦȈȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ.

3. ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ǶǩǬȅ: ȖȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȓ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ

ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ ǶǩǬȅ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȖșȓȍȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȝ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ. ǷȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ «ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ» Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȕȈ «ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȝȈȖșȈ». ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȊȊȍșȚȐȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ, ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ țșȓȖȊȕȖȍ, ȕȈ ȚȘȐ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ:

x șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ;

x șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȒȈșȒȈȌȣ ȗȘȧȔȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȧȔȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȊȣȏȖȊțȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ;

x șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȣ Ȋ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ.

3.1 ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ

ǶȞȍȕȒȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȝ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȊȣȟȐșȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȠȈȋȐ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ – șȊȖȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǶȕȐ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ, Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȓȐ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȒțȘșȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ. DzȈȒȐȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ? DzȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȤ, ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȑȝ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣ. ǷȓȈȕȐȘțȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȣ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ, ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ ȐȓȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ (ǸȐș. 33). ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȌȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȍ ȥȒȊȐȊȈȓȍȕȚȕȖ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȈȒȚȖȘ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȤ.

348