Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǵȐȎȍ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǴȐȌțȥȑ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ. ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȎȍșȚȒȖ șȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕțȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȦ. ǷȐȒȐȘțȦȡȐȍșȧ ȉȖȔȉȈȘȌȐȘȖȊȡȐȒȐ Ȑ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȖȕȖșȞȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȈȚȈȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȜȓȖȚ. DzȖȋȌȈ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ țȌȈȘȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȘȈșșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ, ȗȓȈȕ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ, Șțȝȕțȓ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȘȈșșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȈ Ȓ ȕȍȏȈȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȔȍșȚȖ ȌȊȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȐȔțȓȈ, ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȈȚȈȒȈ.

ǷȍȘȊȣȑ șȚȐȔțȓ, ȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȑ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȊȐ- Ȟȍ-ȈȌȔȐȘȈȓȈ ǵȈȋțȔȖ, ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȈȊȐȈȕȖșȞȈ «DZȖȘȒȚȈțȕ» ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȔ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șȈȔȖȓȍȚȖȔ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ǵȈȋțȔȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȘȍȠȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ țȋȘȖȏȣ șȊȖȍȔț ȜȓȖȚț Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖ Ȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȦ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȔ ȔȖȘșȒȖȔ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ. ǵȍ ȏȕȈȧ Ȗ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ Ȋ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȧȝ ȍȡȍ ȌȊțȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȈȊȐȈȕȖșȞȍȊ, ǵȈȋțȔȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȘȐșȒȕțȚȤ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ țșȐȓȐȧ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ, Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓȈ Ȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȦ ȈȊȐȈȒȘȣȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȐȧ țȌȈȘȈ ȗȖ ȈȊȐȈȕȖșȞț «DZȖȘȒȚȈțȕ».

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ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȐȔțȓ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȖȕȖșȞȈȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȉȐȚȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȕȍșȓȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȡȍȘȉȈ1. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȈȚȈȒȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȓȈ ȞȐȒȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȧ ȈȊȐȈȕȍșțȡțȦ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒț ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ țșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖ Ȓ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȑ ȜȓȖȚ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȘȍȏȒȐȍ ȔȈȕȍȊȘȣ, ȟȚȖȉȣ țȒȓȖȕȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȕȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȐ, ȟȚȖ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȧ ȈȊȐȈȒȘȣȓȈ Ȑ șȖȒȘȈȡȈȓȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȧȗȖȕșȒȈȧ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȐȧ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȉȈȏȣ, ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȧ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȖȕȖșȞȍȊ. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȉȣȓȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȣ țșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ ȈȊȐȈȕȖșȞȍȊ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȗȐȒȐȘțȦȡȐȔȐ ȉȖȔȉȈȘȌȐȘȖȊȡȐȒȈȔȐ, ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈȌ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȔ ȜȓȖȚȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȕȖ, ȒȈȒ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ, Ȋ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ. ǨȚȈȒȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ ȈȊȐȈȕȖșȞȍȊ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȈ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȌȊȈ șȚȐȔțȓȈ – ȗȍȘȍȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ șȐȓ ȕȈ ȈȚȈȒț «DZȖȘȒȚȈțȕȈ» Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȕȈȧ ȈȚȈȒȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȐ – ȐȔȍȓȐ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ ȞȐȒȓȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȑ ȒțȘș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȟȚȖ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ ȈȔȉȐȞȐȑ ȕȈ ǺȐȝȖȔ ȖȒȍȈȕȍ. ǶȚȔȍȚȐȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ț ǴȐȌțȥȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ, ȕȖ ȐȋȘȖȑ șȓțȟȈȧ, șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔ șȚȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȍȘȐȧ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ, ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȖȔȍȕ, ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȞȐȒȓȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȈșȚȈȦȚ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ, ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȐșȝȖȌ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ. ǪȣȏȖȊ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ, șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ.

ǿȚȖȉȣ șȔȖȌȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ, șȌȍȓȈȊȠțȦ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ǴȐȌțȥȑ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȘȍȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȞȐȒȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ șȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȔȍșȚț șȚȐȔțȓȣ/ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȜȓȖȚ Ȋ 1942 ȋȖȌț, ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ șȐȓȈȝ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ șȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ș ȚȍȔȗȖȔ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓȍ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ

1 Prange, Miracle at Midway, p. 257.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǵȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȍ șȊȧȏȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ, ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘ., Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȣ.

ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ǹǾǶ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ȕȈ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǾǫǩǴ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȑȏ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȍȌȐȕȐȞ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖȑ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȝ șȔȍȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȐȚȤ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ (ǸȐș. 21).

ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȖȉȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ș șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȔ ǾǫǩǴ, ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȦȡȐȝ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ (ǸȐș. 22).

Ǫ ȐȌȍȈȓȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȚȖȓȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȒȈ ȞȐȒȓȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȏȈ ȘȈȏȖȔ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȞȐȒȓ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ.

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ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȌȊȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ ǴȐȌțȥȑ. ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ țȌȈȘȖȔ, ȕȈȕȖșȐȔȣȔ Ȋ ȕțȎȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ǵǶǸǬ-ȞȐȒȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȏȌȍșȤ, șȒȖȘȍȍ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȘȖȍȊȈȧ ȈȚȈȒȈ. ǬȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ Ȑȏ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȤȦ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ, ȖȉȡȐȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ. ǷȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȖȍȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȕȈ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ1. DzȈȒ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȖȑ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȍȠȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ǵǶǸǬȞȐȒȓȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ? DzȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȈșșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ țșȐȓȐȧ Ȑ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖ ȟȈșȚȧȔ? ǿȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ, ȘȖȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȔ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ țȕȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȑ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ.

1 Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt. Swarming and the Future of Conflict. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, DB-311-OSD, 2000.12 January 2011. <http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB311/>;

Edwards, Sean J. A. Swarming and the Future of Warfare. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005.12 January 2011. <http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD189/index.html>;

Arquilla, John. “The New Rules of War: The U.S. Military Needs to Adopt a Network-Centric Vision of Warfare,” Foreign Policy, March/April 2010. 12 January 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/22/the_new_rules_of_war.

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3. ǷȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ «ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȝȈȖșȈ» Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ǶǩǬȅ

«DzȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ» Ȋ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȝ. ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȘȖȍȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȒȈȒ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔ, ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗșȐ-ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ – ȝȈȖșȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȖȧ. ǪȣȠȍ ȉȣȓȖ țȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȦ «ȒȘȖȔȒȐ ȝȈȖșȈ», ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȓ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ ȕȈ ȊȝȖȌȍ. ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ, ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȗȖ ȖȉȢȍȔț ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ (șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ) Ȋ ȕțȎȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȕțȎȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȗȘȖȗȖȘȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ (ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧȔ).

ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ Ȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ «ȒȘȖȔȒȐ ȝȈȖșȈ» Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ǶǩǬȅ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȝȈȖșȈ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ, ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ/ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ (ǸȐș. 23). ǰȕȚțȐȚȐȊȕȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȔȗȈ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȧȍȚ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ (ȖșȤ ȝ).

ǸȐș. 23

«DzȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ» ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ

DzȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ

ǺȍȔȗ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ

324

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȅȒșȚȘȈȗȖȓȐȘțȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȖșȐ ȝ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȍȒȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ǽȗȘȍȌ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȔȗ ȚȈȒ ȊȣșȖȒ, ȟȚȖ ȚȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȍȑ, Ȑ, ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȈ ȖșȐ y ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ YȗȘȍȌ, ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝ Ȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ, ȟȚȖ ȚȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȈ Ȗșȧȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȌȊȍ ȚȖȟȒȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȦȚ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ ȊȖȑșȒ ȖȚ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ Ȓ ȝȈȖșț. ǨȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȓȐȕȐȐ, șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȍȑ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȖȟȒȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȖȧ ȕȈ ȌȊȍ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ. Ǫ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȑșȧ «ȏȈ ȓȐȕȐȍȑ», ȚȍȔȗ, ȘȈȏȔȈȝ ȐȓȐ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ȚȈȒ ȊȍȓȐȒ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȚ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȖșȚȤ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ, Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ «ȏȖȕȍ ȝȈȖșȈ», Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ țȎȍ ȕȍțȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȣ Ȑ ȕȍșȊȧȏȕȣ – ȝȈȖȚȐȟȕȣ. ǷȖ «ȥȚț șȚȖȘȖȕț» ȓȐȕȐȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ «ȏȖȕȍ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ». ǯȖȕȈ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȖȔ/ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȖȔ Ȑ ȚȍȔȗȖȔ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕțȦ ȊȣȠȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț, ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȦȡțȦ ȏȖȕȣ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ Ȑ ȝȈȖșȈ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖșȖȏȕȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ «ȒȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ» ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȈ (ǸȐș. 24).

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǾȍȓȍȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȖȍȊȈȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ, țȓțȟȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȒȐȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ǪȐǪǺ, ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ «ȖȚȖȌȊȐȋȈȚȤ ȒȘȖȔȒț ȝȈȖșȈ», țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȧ ȏȖȕț ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ. DzȈȎȌȖȍ Ȑȏ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȦ «ȒȘȖȔȒț ȝȈȖșȈ», Ȑ ȓțȟȠȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȥȒȐȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȐȕșȒȐȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ, ȋȌȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȝȈȖșȈ.

ǷȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȧ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ, ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ Ȑȏ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȘȖȌȖȊ ȊȖȑșȒ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȦ «ȒȘȖȔȒț ȝȈȖșȈ», ȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȖȌȖȊ ȊȖȑșȒ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǵȈ ǸȐș. 25 ȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȘȍȝ ȏȖȕȈȝ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȧ «ȒȘȖȔȖȒ ȝȈȖșȈ» ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ.

ǺȍȔȗ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ

«ǯȖȕȈ 1» – ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȚȍȔȗȈ ȐȓȐ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ/ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ. «ǯȖȕȈ 2» – ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȓțȟȠȍ ȥȒȐȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȉȖȍȋȖȚȖȊȣȍ ȊȖȑșȒȈ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ țȎȍ ȗȖȚȍ-

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȘȧȓȈ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ. «ǯȖȕȈ 3» – ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȐ ȚȍȔȗȈ Ȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ/ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ȚȈȒȖȊȣ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤȐȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐș ȚȖȑȐȓȐȐȕȖȑșȚȍȗȍȕȤȦ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ.

ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ «ǯȖȕȍ 1» ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ, ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ «ǯȖȕȍ 3». ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ «ǯȖȕȈ 2» ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȖȗȖȘȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǵȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȖȑ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȚȈȊȐȚ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕțȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȗȍȘȍȌ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȌȐȓȍȔȔȖȑ. ǭșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȖȕȈ ȘȐșȒțȍȚ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȚȤ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ Ȑ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȝȈȖșȈ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ, ȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȈ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȐȚȤșȧ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǨșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȧ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȈȧșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȝȈȖșȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ «ȐȋȘȈȚȤ» ȕȈ «ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȝȈȖșȈ», ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț șȊȖȦ ȊȖȓȦ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒțȦ ȞȍȓȤ șȚȈȊȧȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ.

ǨȕȈȓȐȏ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȚȘȍȝ ȏȖȕ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț ȠȈȋț. ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ «ǯȖȕȣ 2» ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȈ Ȑ ȗșȐ-ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț șȊȖȦ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ «ȒȘȖȔȒȖȑ ȝȈȖșȈ», ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț Ȗ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ. ȅȌȊȈȘȌ ǹȔȐȚȚ, ǬȥȊȐȌ ǨȓȤȉȍȘȚș Ȑ ǸȐȟȈȘȌ ǽȈȑȍș (Richard Hayes) ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ǺȘȈȜȈȓȤȋȈȘșȒȖȑ ȉȐȚȊȣ 1805 ȋȖȌȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȈȌȔȐȘȈȓ ǵȍȓȤșȖȕ ȘȈȏȉȐȓ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȐȑ ȜȓȖȚ. ǨȌȔȐȘȈȓ ǷȤȍȘ ǪȐȓȤȕȍȊ (Pierre de Villeneuve) ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȓ șȊȖȑ ȜȓȖȚ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȉȖȍȊȣȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ 18 ȊȍȒȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȊȍ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ Ȑ ȊȍȌțȚ ȖȋȖȕȤ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ, ȗȖȒȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ șȗțșȚȐȚ ȜȓȈȋ, ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȈ. ǵȍȓȤșȖȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȒȓȦȟȍ Ȑ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȘȣȊ ȜȘȈȕȒȖ-ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ. Ƕȕ ȘȍȏȒȖ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓ ȚȍȔȗ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȍȊȣșȐȓ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ «ǵȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖȑ ȈȘȔȈȌȣ» țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȉȖȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȓȖ ȜȘȈȕȒȖ-ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȔț ȜȓȖȚț ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ. ǵȍȓȤșȖȕ șțȔȍȓ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȜȓȖȚȈ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ șȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȐ țșȐȓȐȧ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȍ ȗȖ ȟȈșȚȧȔ.

ǽȖȚȧ ȐȌȍȧ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȖ ȟȈșȚȧȔ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȕȈ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȍ, ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȒȓȦȟȖȔ Ȓ țșȗȍȝț ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȈ ȉȣȓ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ șȔȍȓȣȑ ȔȈȕȍȊȘ ȕȈ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȜȘȈȕȒȖ-ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȑ ȥșȒȈȌȘȖȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ șȊȖȐȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ. Ǫ ȖșȕȖȊȍ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȈ Ȋ șȗȖșȖȉ-

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț șȐȓ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȕȍȊȘ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ «ȔȖȏȋȖȊȖȑ șȍȚȐ» (cerebral networking), șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȔȍȎȌț ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȖȔ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈȔȐ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ. ǺȈȒȈȧ șȍȚȤ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȊȠȈȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ș ȗȖȓțșȓȖȊȈ, șȗȈȧȕȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ, ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȔȍșȚȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȑ țȊȍȘȍȕ, ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȦȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȗȕ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȘȍȎȐȔȈ «ȖȉȔȍȕȈ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ» Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ǹǾǶ Ȑ ǶǩǬȅ1. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ǵȍȓȤșȖȕ ȉȣȓ țȊȍȘȍȕ, ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ, ȕȖ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȕȖ ȉțȌțȚ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȤșȧ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȍȏ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊț ȗȍȘȍȌ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ: «ǨȕȋȓȐȧ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ,

ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚ șȊȖȑ ȌȖȓȋ» (England expects every man to do his duty).

ǬȈȕȕȈȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ș ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȍȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȜȘȈȕȒȖ-ȐșȗȈȕșȒȐȑ ȜȓȖȚ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, Ȉ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȈȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȍ, ț «ǵȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖȑ ȈȘȔȈȌȣ» ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȉȖȍȊȈȧ șȗȈȑȒȈ Ȑ ȖȗȣȚ ǵȍȓȤșȖȕȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ. ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȍ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐ ȗȘȖȊȍȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȏȈȉȓȖȒȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȗȖȘȚȈȝ, Ȉ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȣ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȓȐ ǷȤȍȘț ǪȐȓȤȕȍȊț. ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ǺȘȈȜȈȓȤȋȈȘșȒȈȧ ȉȐȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȣȔ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȍ, ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȗȘȍȌȘȍȠȍȕ ȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȈȘȔȈȌȣ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ǵȍȓȤșȖȕ ȊȊȍȓ Ȋ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȣ – ȚȍȔȗ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȗȈȑȒț ȒȖȔȈȕȌȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ, Ȑ ȖȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȗȖȉȍȌț.

ǹȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ǺȘȈȜȈȓȤȋȈȘșȒȖȑ ȉȐȚȊȣ ș ȘȍȈȒȞȐȍȑ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȐ ǴȐȌțȥȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȈȝ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. Ǫ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȜȓȖȚ ȉȣȓ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕ, ȚȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕ, șȗȈȧȕ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ. ǹȚȐȔțȓȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȧ Ȓ ȝȈȖșț, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȊȣȕțȌȐȓȐ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȘȧȌ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, Ȋ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȝ ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ2. Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ ǺȘȈȜȈȓȤȋȈȘșȒȖȑ ȉȐȚȊȣ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȓțȟȠȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȣ, ȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔț ȜȓȖȚț Ȋ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȍ Ȑ șȗȈȧȕȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ. ǹȚȐȔțȓ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȑ ȈȚȈȒȖȑ, ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ, ȟȚȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȉȖȍȔ. Ǫ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȝțȎȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȍȚ ȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȈȚȈȒțȧ, ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȞȍȗȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ.

1 ǼȓȖȚȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȘȍȝ ȟȈșȖȊ. ȅȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȖȊ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏțȟȐȚȤ ȓȐȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȔȍșȚȈ, ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕȈ. ǴȖȏȋȖȊȈȧ șȍȚȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȓȈ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȣ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍȑ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȊȏȈȐȔȕțȦ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț Ȑ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȧȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ (șȔ. Marcus, Geoffrey J. The Age of Nelson: The Royal Navy 1793-1815. New York: Viking, 1971, p. 276).

2 Prange, Miracle at Midway, p. 257.

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